Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Persistent Adipose Inflammation Despite Metabolic Recovery Reveals Tissue-Specific Immunomodulation by Tirzepatide: Mihye Seo, Maria Averia, Vivi Julietta, Shindy Soedono, Esther Jin Joo, Ellen Budiono, Minjoon Lee, Min-Kyu Kim, Yongsung Hwang, Hyeong Kyu Park, Kyoil Suh, Kae Won Cho; Received November 3, 2025 Accepted January 15, 2026 Published online May 15, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2766 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of adipose tissue; however, the extent to which these pathological features persist during pharmacologically induced weight loss remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of tirzepatide, a dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors, on adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis in obese mice.
Methods
Diet-induced obesity was treated with tirzepatide or vehicle for 25 days. Metabolic parameters, tissue inflammation, fibrosis, and macrophage activation were assessed using histology, flow cytometry, gene expression analyses, and immunoblotting. In vitro experiments were conducted to compare the effects of tirzepatide on classically activated and metabolically activated macrophages.
Results
Tirzepatide significantly reduced body weight and adiposity, increased energy expenditure, and upregulated thermogenic and mitochondrial proteins in brown adipose tissue. Hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance were normalized. However, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis persisted despite weight loss, as evidenced by sustained immune cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling. In contrast, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were substantially improved. Mechanistically, tirzepatide suppressed inflammatory gene expression in classically activated macrophages but not in metabolically activated macrophages, suggesting that the local metabolic context determines tissue responsiveness to its anti-inflammatory actions.
Conclusion
Tirzepatide exerts distinct tissue-specific effects on inflammation and fibrosis during weight loss, ameliorating hepatic pathology while sparing adipose tissue inflammation. These findings identify metabolically activated macrophages as potential determinants of tissue-specific inflammatory persistence and underscore the need for therapeutic strategies that target macrophage activation and fibrotic remodeling to achieve durable metabolic benefits during pharmacological weight loss.

Dietary Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Alleviates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats Through Inhibiting Inflammation and Modulating Gut/Vaginal Microbiota: Xiaoxia Zhang, Mei Liu, Shan Li, Yiwei Li, Junbai Ma, Yuanyuan Liu, Feng Zhang, Jiani Zhang, Ting Wang, Hao Wang; Received September 13, 2025 Accepted January 21, 2026 Published online May 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2660 [Epub ahead of print]

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine–metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries, and it is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation and microbiota dysbiosis. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a flax-derived polyphenol, exhibits estrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored the therapeutic potential of dietary SDG in a rat model of PCOS.
Methods
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, model, SDG-treated control, and SDG-treated model. After 3 weeks of PCOS modeling, dietary SDG was administered for 8 weeks. Samples were collected after the intervention for subsequent analyses.
Results
SDG improved estrous cyclicity, ovulation, ovarian morphology, and sex hormone balance. It reduced obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Inflammation was alleviated through reductions in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α, along with an elevation in IL-10. SDG increased splenic regulatory T cells and intestinal γδT cells while reducing ovarian and peritoneal macrophages. Gut microbiota composition was reshaped, with increased abundances of Bifidobacterium, Butyrivibrio, and Ruminiclostridium, and decreased abundances of Bacteroides and Parasutterella. Vaginal microbiota composition improved, as indicated by increased Lactobacillus and decreased Enterobacteriaceae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide levels decreased, whereas short-chain fatty acids increased. Metabolomic analysis highlighted alterations in histidine metabolism.
Conclusion
SDG ameliorates PCOS by suppressing inflammation and modulating gut and vaginal microbiota.

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
LGALS3BP Induces Insulin Resistance via TLR2-IKKα/β Pathway-Mediated IRS1 Serine Phosphorylation: Minjeong Sung, Dae-Hwan Kim, Eun-Gene Sun, Jun-Eul Hwang, Sang-Hee Cho, Ik-Joo Chung, Hyun-Jeong Shim, Woo Kyun Bae; Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(1):121-137. Published online October 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2448

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Background
Insulin resistance (IR) disrupts hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, contributing to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and progression to severe liver complications. Galectin-3-binding protein (LGALS3BP) is a secreted glycoprotein implicated in inflammation and metabolic disorders. Elevated LGALS3BP levels are associated with MASLD and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but its role in IR remains unclear.
Methods
LGALS3BP-deficient models were used to investigate its role in IR and inflammation. Glucose metabolism and insulin signaling were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Hepatic cell lines were employed to evaluate the direct effects of LGALS3BP on insulin signaling and inflammation. Mechanistic insights were obtained through RNA sequencing, structural modeling, immunoprecipitation, and protein/gene expression analyses.
Results
LGALS3BP deficiency improved insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice by enhancing glucose tolerance, lowering serum glucose and insulin, and increasing hepatic insulin signaling, without altering lipid accumulation. In vitro, LGALS3BP deficiency enhanced insulin signaling and suppressed gluconeogenesis, whereas recombinant LGALS3BP impaired insulin signaling and upregulated gluconeogenesis. RNA sequencing revealed activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways by LGALS3BP. Immunoprecipitation confirmed a direct interaction between LGALS3BP and TLR2, leading to inhibitor kappa kinase (IKK)/NF-κB activation and increased insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) serine phosphorylation, a key inhibitory modification in IR. Furthermore, LGALS3BP deficiency attenuated hepatic fibrosis under chronic HFD, accompanied by downregulated inflammatory signaling pathways.
Conclusion
LGALS3BP contributes to IR through inflammatory responses, particularly via TLR2-IKKα/β signaling that regulates IRS1 serine phosphorylation. LGALS3BP deficiency improves insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation, suggesting that targeting LGALS3BP may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders such as T2D and MASLD.

Citations

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Correlation of Plasma and Liver Tissue Proteomics for Plasma Biomarkers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Achuthan Sourianarayanane, Ju-Seog Lee, Honsoul Kim, Brett S Phinney
Journal of Proteome Research.2026; 25(2): 1015. CrossRef
Progress on exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment
Yuqiong Xiang, Yulong Zhao, Lin Huang, Junjie Zhou
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The insulin resistance-systemic vascular resistance-isolated diastolic hypertension axis: a metabolic framework for an overlooked hypertension phenotype
Jiao-Yang Zhao, Yan Shu, Si-Hui Wang, Hong Wu
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Miscellaneous
Lipid Variability Induces Endothelial Dysfunction by Increasing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Marie Rhee, Joonyub Lee, Eun Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):511-520. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1915

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Background
This study investigates the impact of fluctuating lipid levels on endothelial dysfunction.
Methods
Human aortic and umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured under varying palmitic acid (PA) concentrations: 0, 50, and 100 μM, and in a variability group alternating between 0 and 100 μM PA every 8 hours for 48 hours. In the lipid variability group, cells were exposed to 100 μM PA during the final 8 hours before analysis. We assessed inflammation using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels with dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay; mitochondrial function through oxygen consumption rates via XF24 flux analyzer; and endothelial cell functionality via wound healing and cell adhesion assays. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay.
Results
Variable PA levels significantly upregulated inflammatory genes and adhesion molecules (Il6, Mcp1, Icam, Vcam, E-selectin, iNos) at both transcriptomic and protein levels in human endothelial cells. Oscillating lipid levels reduced basal respiration, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and maximal respiration, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. This lipid variability also elevated ROS levels, contributing to a chronic inflammatory state. Functionally, these changes impaired cell migration and increased monocyte adhesion, and induced endothelial apoptosis, evidenced by reduced cell viability, increased BAX, and decreased BCL2 expression.
Conclusion
Lipid variability induce endothelial dysfunction by elevating inflammation and oxidative stress, providing mechanistic insights into how lipid variability increases cardiovascular risk.

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Thyroid
Phospholipase C-γ as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Graves’ Orbitopathy: Tae Hoon Roh, Min Kyung Chae, Jae Sang Ko, Don O. Kikkawa, Sun Young Jang, Jin Sook Yoon; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):739-749. Published online November 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1780

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Background
Phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) plays a crucial role in immune responses and is related to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of PLC-γ and the therapeutic effect of the PLC-specific inhibitor U73122 using orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).
Methods
The expression of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1) and phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction in GO and normal orbital tissues/fibroblasts. The primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts were treated with non-toxic concentrations of U73122 with or without interleukin (IL)-1β to determine its therapeutic efficacy. The proinflammatory cytokine levels and activation of downstream signaling molecules were determined using Western blotting.
Results
PLCG1 and PLCG2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in GO orbital tissues than in controls (P<0.05). PLCG1 and PLCG2 mRNA expression was significantly increased (P<0.05) in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and a cluster of differentiation 40 ligand-stimulated GO fibroblasts. U73122 significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) and p38 (p-p38) kinase in GO fibroblasts, whereas it inhibited IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1, and p-Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in normal fibroblasts (P<0.05).
Conclusion
PLC-γ-inhibiting U73122 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 kinase in GO fibroblasts. This study indicates the implications of PLC-γ in GO pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target for GO.

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Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect: Kainat Ahmed, Ha-Neul Choi, Jung-Eun Yim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):482-492. Published online October 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1776

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This review explores the potential benefits of taurine in ameliorating the metabolic disorders of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the factors that bridge these associations. Relevant articles and studies were reviewed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between obesity and the development of T2D and the effect of taurine on those conditions. The loss of normal β-cell function and development of T2D are associated with obesity-derived insulin resistance. The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The relationships among obesity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and T2D are complex and intertwined. Taurine may play a role in ameliorating these metabolic disorders through different pathways, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential as a therapeutic intervention.

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Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Association between Serum Amyloid A Levels and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Ting Liu, Meng Li, Chunying Cui, Jielin Zhou; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(3):315-327. Published online June 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1621

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Background
To date, consistent data have not been reported on the association between serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to systematically summarize their relationship.
Methods
Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched until August 2021. Cross-sectional and case-control studies were included.
Results
Twenty-one studies with 1,780 cases and 2,070 controls were identified. SAA levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in healthy groups (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.98). A subgroup analysis showed that the mean age of participants and the continent that participants were from were related to differences in SAA levels between cases and controls. Furthermore, in T2DM patients, SAA levels were positively associated with body mass index (r=0.34; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.66), triglycerides (r=0.12; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.24), fasting plasma glucose (r=0.26; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.45), hemoglobin A1c (r=0.24; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.33), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r=0.22; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.34), C-reactive protein (r=0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.91), and interleukin-6 (r=0.42; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.54), but negatively linked with highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (r=–0.23; 95% CI, –0.44 to –0.03).
Conclusion
The meta-analysis suggests that high SAA levels may be associated with the presence of T2DM, as well as lipid metabolism homeostasis and the inflammatory response.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Stimulation of Alpha-1-Adrenergic Receptor Ameliorates Obesity-Induced Cataracts by Activating Glycolysis and Inhibiting Cataract-Inducing Factors: Yong-Jik Lee, Yoo-Na Jang, Hyun-Min Kim, Yoon-Mi Han, Hong Seog Seo, Youngsub Eom, Jong-suk Song, Ji Hoon Jeong, Tae Woo Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):221-232. Published online March 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1237

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Background
Obesity, the prevalence of which is increasing due to the lack of exercise and increased consumption of Westernized diets, induces various complications, including ophthalmic diseases. For example, obesity is involved in the onset of cataracts.
Methods
To clarify the effects and mechanisms of midodrine, an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, in cataracts induced by obesity, we conducted various analytic experiments in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a rat model of obesity.
Results
Midodrine prevented cataract occurrence and improved lens clearance in OLETF rats. In the lenses of OLETF rats treated with midodrine, we observed lower levels of aldose reductase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and sorbitol, but higher levels of hexokinase, 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-alpha, adenosine 5´-triphosphate, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptordelta, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.
Conclusion
The ameliorating effects of midodrine on cataracts in the OLETF obesity rat model are exerted via the following three mechanisms: direct inhibition of the biosynthesis of sorbitol, which causes cataracts; reduction of reactive oxygen species and inflammation; and (3) stimulation of normal aerobic glycolysis.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk of Diabetes in Subjects with Positive Fecal Immunochemical Test: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Kwang Woo Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jung Min Moon, Seung Wook Hong, Eun Ae Kang, Jooyoung Lee, Hosim Soh, Seong-Joon Koh, Jong Pil Im, Joo Sung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1069-1077. Published online October 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1119

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Background
Positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) results have been recently suggested as a risk factor for systemic inflammation. Diabetes induces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract via several ways. We investigated the association between FIT results and the incidence of diabetes.
Methods
A total of 7,946,393 individuals aged ≥50 years from the National Cancer Screening Program database who underwent FIT for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening from 2009 to 2012 were enrolled. The primary outcome was newly diagnosed diabetes based on the International Classification of Disease 10th revision codes and administration of anti-diabetic medication during the follow-up period.
Results
During a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, the incidence rates of diabetes were 11.97, 13.60, 14.53, and 16.82 per 1,000 personyears in the FIT negative, one-positive, two-positive, and three-positive groups, respectively. The hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of diabetes were 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.16; HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.27; and HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.55) in the one-positive, two-positive, and three-positive FIT groups compared with the FIT negative group, respectively. The effect was consistent in individuals with normal fasting blood glucose (adjusted HR 1.55 vs. 1.14, P for interaction <0.001).
Conclusion
Positive FIT results were associated with a significantly higher risk of diabetes, suggesting that the FIT can play a role not only as a CRC screening tool, but also as a surrogate marker of systemic inflammation; thus, increasing the diabetes risk.

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Uncovering a dose-response relationship between positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality
Chi Pang Wen, Min Kuang Tsai, June Han Lee, Hung Yi Chiou, Christopher Wen, Ta-Wei David Chu, Chien Hua Chen
European Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 120: 69. CrossRef
Risk of Cancers Proximal to the Colon in Fecal Immunochemical Test Positive Screenees in a Colorectal Cancer Screening Program
Willemijn de Klaver, Manon van der Vlugt, Manon C.W. Spaander, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Evelien Dekker
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Yu Kyung Jun, Seung Woo Lee, Kwang Woo Kim, Jung Min Moon, Seong-Joon Koh, Hyun Jung Lee, Joo Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jong Pil Im
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Endocrine Research
Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Combination on the Atherosclerosis-Related Process in a Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model: Jin Hee Kim, Gha Young Lee, Hyo Jin Maeng, Hoyoun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyoung Min Kim, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):157-170. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.781

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Background
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues regulate glucose homeostasis and have anti-inflammatory properties, but cause gastrointestinal side effects. The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism that has poor pharmacokinetic properties, including a short half-life. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the effect of a low-dose combination of a GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 on atherosclerosis-related molecular pathways.
Methods
C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 30 weeks followed by an atherogenic diet for 10 weeks and were divided into four groups: control (saline), liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg/day), FGF21 (5 mg/kg/day), and low-dose combination treatment with liraglutide (0.1 mg/kg/day) and FGF21 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (n=6/group) for 6 weeks. The effects of each treatment on various atherogenesisrelated pathways were assessed.
Results
Liraglutide, FGF21, and their low-dose combination significantly reduced atheromatous plaque in aorta, decreased weight, glucose, and leptin levels, and increased adiponectin levels. The combination treatment upregulated the hepatic uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and Akt1 mRNAs compared with controls. Matric mentalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were downregulated and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were upregulated in liver of the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups. The combination therapy also significantly decreased the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Caspase-3 was increased, whereas MMP-9, ICAM-1, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in the liraglutide-alone and combination-treatment groups.
Conclusion
Administration of a low-dose GLP-1 analogue and FGF21 combination exerts beneficial effects on critical pathways related to atherosclerosis, suggesting the synergism of the two compounds.

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Review Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity: Norbert Stefan; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):487-493. Published online August 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.301

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Increased fat mass is an established risk factor for the cardiometabolic diseases type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, also very low fat mass associates with such an increased risk. Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. An important pathomechanism of impaired metabolic health is disproportionate fat distribution. In this article the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality in subjects with metabolically healthy and unhealthy normal weight and obesity is summarized. Furthermore, the change of metabolic health during a longer period of follow-up and its impact on cardiometabolic diseases is being discussed. Finally, the implementation of the concept of metabolic health in daily clinical practice is being highlighted.

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Miscellaneous
Multifaceted Actions of Succinate as a Signaling Transmitter Vary with Its Cellular Locations: Yuqi Guo, Sun Wook Cho, Deepak Saxena, Xin Li; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):36-43. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.36

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Since the identification of succinate's receptor in 2004, studies supporting the involvement of succinate signaling through its receptor in various diseases have accumulated and most of these investigations have highlighted succinate's pro-inflammatory role. Taken with the fact that succinate is an intermediate metabolite in the center of mitochondrial activity, and considering its potential regulation of protein succinylation through succinyl-coenzyme A, a review on the overall multifaceted actions of succinate to discuss whether and how these actions relate to the cellular locations of succinate is much warranted. Mechanistically, it is important to consider the sources of succinate, which include somatic cellular released succinate and those produced by the microbiome, especially the gut microbiota, which is an equivalent, if not greater contributor of succinate levels in the body. Continue learning the critical roles of succinate signaling, known and unknown, in many pathophysiological conditions is important. Furthermore, studies to delineate the regulation of succinate levels and to determine how succinate elicits various types of signaling in a temporal and spatial manner are also required.

Citations

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Original Article

Diabetes
Pioglitazone Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic β-Cells: Seok-Woo Hong, Jinmi Lee, Jung Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Cheol-Young Park, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):105-113. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.105

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activator gamma (PPARγ) is a useful therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes, but its role in protecting β-cell function and viability is unclear.

Methods

To identify the potential functions of PPARγ in β-cells, we treated mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in conditions of lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation.

Results

Palmitate-treated cells incubated with pioglitazone exhibited significant improvements in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the repression of apoptosis, as shown by decreased caspase-3 cleavage and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase activity. Pioglitazone also reversed the palmitate-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 [IL-6], and IL-1β) and ER stress markers (phosphor-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, glucose-regulated protein 78 [GRP78], cleaved-activating transcription factor 6 [ATF6], and C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]), and pioglitazone significantly attenuated inflammation and ER stress in lipopolysaccharide- or tunicamycin-treated MIN6 cells. The protective effect of pioglitazone was also tested in pancreatic islets from high-fat-fed KK-Ay mice administered 0.02% (wt/wt) pioglitazone or vehicle for 6 weeks. Pioglitazone remarkably reduced the expression of ATF6α, GRP78, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, prevented α-cell infiltration into the pancreatic islets, and upregulated glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) expression in β-cells. Moreover, the preservation of β-cells by pioglitazone was accompanied by a significant reduction of blood glucose levels.

Conclusion

Altogether, these results support the proposal that PPARγ agonists not only suppress insulin resistance, but also prevent β-cell impairment via protection against ER stress and inflammation. The activation of PPARγ might be a new therapeutic approach for improving β-cell survival and insulin secretion in patients with diabetes mellitus

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Review Article

Small Heterodimer Partner and Innate Immune Regulation: Jae-Min Yuk, Hyo Sun Jin, Eun-Kyeong Jo; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):17-24. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.17

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Abstract PDF PubReader

The nuclear receptor superfamily consists of the steroid and non-steroid hormone receptors and the orphan nuclear receptors. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an orphan family nuclear receptor that plays an essential role in the regulation of glucose and cholesterol metabolism. Recent studies reported a previously unidentified role for SHP in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. The innate immune system has a critical function in the initial response against a variety of microbial and danger signals. Activation of the innate immune response results in the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to promote anti-microbial effects. An excessive or uncontrolled inflammatory response is potentially harmful to the host, and can cause tissue damage or pathological threat. Therefore, the innate immune response should be tightly regulated to enhance host defense while preventing unwanted immune pathologic responses. In this review, we discuss recent studies showing that SHP is involved in the negative regulation of toll-like receptor-induced and NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3)-mediated inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. Understanding the function of SHP in innate immune cells will allow us to prevent or modulate acute and chronic inflammation processes in cases where dysregulated innate immune activation results in damage to normal tissues.

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Namgok Lecture 2015

Obesity and Metabolism
The Impact of Organokines on Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis: Kyung Mook Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):1-6. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.1

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Immoderate energy intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and aging have contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for the development of novel pharmacological interventions that can target excessive fat accumulation and decreased muscle mass and/or strength. Adipokines, bioactive molecules derived from adipose tissue, are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, inflammation, energy expenditure, insulin resistance and secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Recently, there is emerging evidence that skeletal muscle and the liver also function as endocrine organs that secrete myokines and hepatokines, respectively. Novel discoveries and research into these organokines (adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines) may lead to the development of promising biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiometabolic disease. In this review, I summarize recent data on these organokines and focus on the role of adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines in the regulation of insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.

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Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen Levels and Serological Biomarkers of Gastric Inflammation are Associated with Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Maryam Zarif-yeaganeh, Homayoun Zojaji, Fereidoun Azizi; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):280-287. Published online May 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.280

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Background

Helicobacter pylori infection and subsequent gastric inflammation have been proposed as risk factors for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In this study we assessed the possible association of H. pylori bacterial load, and serum biomarker of gastric inflammation with cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 84 H. pylori-infected type 2 diabetic patients were assessed for anthropometrics, biochemical and clinical measurements. Pearson correlation test, linear, and logarithmic regression curve estimation models were used to assess the association of H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) levels, and pepsinogen I (PGI) to pepsinogen II (PGII) ratio with fasting serum glucose, insulin, serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters, malondialdehyde, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index.

Results

The mean age of participants was 54±10 years, and 44% were men. Mean HpSAg levels and PGI/PGII ratio were 0.24±0.23 µg/mL and 9.9±9.0, respectively. Higher HpSAg as well as lower PGI/PGII was correlated with higher anthropometric measures and LAP. A significant negative correlation between PGI/PGII ratio and blood pressure (r=-0.21 and r=-0.22, systolic and diastolic, respectively, P<0.05), serum insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.05), and hs-CRP (r=-0.17, P=0.05) was observed. A significant linear association between PGI/PGII ratio with serum triglycerides (β=-0.24, P<0.05), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β=0.43, P<0.01), and triglycerides/HDL-C ratio (β=-0.28, P<0.05) were observed.

Conclusion

Higher H. pylori bacterial load and lower PGI/PGII ratio was associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in H. pylori infected type 2 diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric carcinoma: A narrative reviews
Mulat Erkihun
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Zhimao Cai, Hualang Cai, Dan Zhou, Zhenzhou Li, Jiashuang Lin, Ye Ye, Sixia Chen, Rourou Li, Mengjia Chen, Yuan Dai, Hui Peng, Weifeng Chen
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Obesity and Metabolism
Lipid Accumulation Product Is Associated with Insulin Resistance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Systemic Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Parvin Mirmiran, Zahra Bahadoran, Fereidoun Azizi; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):443-449. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.443

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Background

Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is a novel biomarker of central lipid accumulation related to risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed the association of LAP with glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipid peroxidation, and subclinical systemic inflammation in diabetic patients.

Methods

Thirty-nine male and 47 female type 2 diabetic patients were assessed for anthropometrics and biochemical measurements. LAP was calculated as [waist circumference (cm)-65]×[triglycerides (mmol/L)] in men, and [waist circumference (cm)-58]×[triglycerides (mmol/L)] in women. Associations of LAP with fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, lipid and lipoprotein levels, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed.

Results

Mean age and LAP index were 53.6±9.6 and 51.9±31.2 years, respectively. After adjustments for age, sex and body mass index status, a significant positive correlation was observed between LAP index and fasting glucose (r=0.39, P<0.001), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r=0.31, P<0.05). After additional adjustment for fasting glucose levels, antidiabetic and antilipidemic drugs, the LAP index was also correlated to total cholesterol (r=0.45, P<0.001), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (r=-0.29, P<0.05), triglycerides to HDL-C ratio (r=0.89, P<0.001), malondialdehyde (r=0.65, P<0.001), and hs-CRP levels (r=0.27, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Higher central lipid accumulation in diabetic patients was related to higher insulin resistance, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Adrenal gland
Herpes Virus Entry Mediator Signaling in the Brain Is Imperative in Acute Inflammation-Induced Anorexia and Body Weight Loss: Kwang Kon Kim, Sung Ho Jin, Byung Ju Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(3):214-220. Published online September 13, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.3.214

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Background

Reduced appetite and body weight loss are typical symptoms of inflammatory diseases. A number of inflammatory stimuli are responsible for the imbalance in energy homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) protein plays an important role in the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as intestinal inflammation and diet-induced obesity. However, the role of HVEM in the brain is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether HVEM signaling in the brain is involved in inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss.

Methods

Food intake and body weight were measured at 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant mouse LIGHT (also called tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 14, TNFSF14), an HVEM ligand, into 8- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice and mice lacking HVEM expression (HVEM-/-). We also assessed LPS-induced change in hypothalamic expression of HVEM using immunohistochemistry.

Results

Administration of LPS significantly reduced food intake and body weight, and moreover, increased expression of HVEM in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. However, LPS induced only minor decreases in food intake and body weight in HVEM-/- mice. Administration of LIGHT into the brain was very effective at decreasing food intake and body weight in wild-type mice, but was less effective in HVEM-/- mice.

Conclusion

Activation of brain HVEM signaling is responsible for inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss.

Citations

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Obesity and Metabolism
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α as a Predictor for the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study: Yun Yong Seo, Yong Kyun Cho, Ji-Cheol Bae, Mi Hae Seo, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Cheol-Young Park, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(1):41-45. Published online March 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.1.41

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Background

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is associated with insulin resistance and systemic inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between TNF-α and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a longitudinal study.

Methods

Three hundred and sixty-three apparently healthy subjects (mean age, 40.5±6.1 years; male, 57.6%) without NAFLD were enrolled in 2003. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were performed. The participants were grouped into tertiles according to their serum TNF-α levels from samples taken in 2003. At a 4-year follow-up, we compared the odds ratios (ORs) of the development of NAFLD according to the tertiles of TNF-α levels measured in 2003.

Results

At the 4-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of NAFLD was 29.2% (106/363). The group that developed NAFLD had higher levels of TNF-α than those in the group without NAFLD (3.65±1.79 pg/mL vs. 3.15±1.78 pg/mL; P=0.016). When the 2003 serum TNF-α levels were categorized into tertiles: incidence of NAFLD observed in 2007 was significantly higher with increasing tertiles (22.6%, 35.8%, and 41.5%, respectively; P<0.05). The risk of developing NAFLD was significantly greater in the highest tertile of TNF-α than in the lowest tertile after adjusting for age, smoking, and BMI (OR, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 4.01; P<0.05).

Conclusion

Higher serum TNF-α levels in subjects without NAFLD were associated with the development of NAFLD. The results of study might suggest a pathologic role of inflammation in NAFLD.

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The Association between CRP and the Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults.: Sin Gon Kim, Dong Lim Kim, Dong Hyun Shin, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(2):226-235. Published online April 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by insulin resistance accompanied by one or more of the following: obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, low HDL cholesterol levels, and/or hypertriglyceridemia. However, the precise underlying pathogenic mechanism of MS is not known. Several recent reports have suggested a positive association between components of MS and markers of the acute-phase response, including C-reactive protein (CRP). These results imply that MS is accompanied by an ongoing inflammatory process. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between circulating levels of C-reactive protein, a sensitive systemic marker of inflammation, with components of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. METHODS: A total of 1,461 subjects aged between 20 and 81 years, who visited the Health Management Center at Korea university between November 2000 and February 2001 were studied. We investigated the correlation between CRP levels and components of MS. The components of MS were categorized, and age-sex adjusted mean values of CRP calculated for the categorized components. The BMI was categorized into 5 classes, and the CRP levels examined according to their BMI class. In addition, subjects with a different number of the MS components were grouped as follows: group 1 for 0 components, group 2 for 1 components, group 3 for 2 components and group 4 for > or = 3 components, and the CRP levels calculated for each group. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations of CRP levels with age, BMI, TG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBS), uric acid, insulin,and homeostasis model assessment IR (HOMAIR). A significant inverse correlation was observed between CRP levels and serum HDL. From the multivariate analysis, age and BMI were significantly correlated with CRP levels. The means of the CRP for the categorized components of MS were significantly higher in the BMI categories: > or =25 for female/27 for male, TG > or =200 mg/dL, fasting plasma glucose > or =126 mg/dL and blood pressure > or =140/90 mmHg, and the CRP levels by BMI class were: 1.19 (BMI <18.5), 1.54 (BMI 18.5~22.9), 1.59 (BMI 23.0~24.9), 1.77 (BMI 25.0~29.9) and 2.07 (BMI >30.0) mg/L. Furthermore, the increase in the CRP levels in relation to the numbers of MS were 1.46 (group 1), 1.70 (group 2), 1.95 (group 3) and 2.11 mg/L (group 4) with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The above data showed associations between the CRP levels and the different components of MS. This might suggest that MS in Koreans could be accompanied by a systemic inflammation response

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