Endocrinology and Metabolism

Most-read articles are from the articles published in 2023 during the last three month.

Review Article

Adrenal gland
The Fascinating Interplay between Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Insulin: Eline C. Nijenhuis-Noort, Kirsten A. Berk, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers, Aart J. van der Lely; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):83-89. Published online January 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.101

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This review intends to provide the reader with a practical overview of several (patho)physiological conditions in which knowledge of the interplay between growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin is important. This might help treating physicians in making the right decisions on how to intervene and improve metabolism for the benefit of patients, and to understand why and how metabolism responds in their specific cases. We will specifically address the interplay between GH, IGF-1, and insulin in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and acromegaly as examples in which this knowledge is truly necessary.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies
Jie Miao, Yanli Zhang, Chen Su, Qiandan Zheng, Junhong Guo
Molecular Neurobiology.2025; 62(3): 3195. CrossRef
GHRH in diabetes and metabolism
Charlotte Steenblock, Stefan R. Bornstein
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2025; 26(3): 413. CrossRef
Signaling pathways and targeted therapies in Ewing sarcoma
Ke Jia, Li Cao, Yihan Yu, Doudou Jing, Wei Wu, Brian Andrew Van Tine, Zengwu Shao
Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 266: 108765. CrossRef
Expanding the Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of Biallelic POC1A Variants: Characterization of Four Patients and a Comprehensive Review of POC1A‐Related Phenotypes
Umut Altunoglu, Gozde Tutku Turgut, Esin Karakılıç Özturan, Tuğba Kalaycı, Mert Kaya, Güven Toksoy, Firdevs Baş, Hülya Kayserili, Feyza Darendeliler
Clinical Genetics.2025; 107(4): 390. CrossRef
Bridging Pubertal Changes and Endotype Based Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
M. A. Roma‐Wilson, R. Buzzetti, S. Zampetti
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Training with electrical muscle stimulation: a novel method to improve Body Mass Index, lipid profile, growth hormone, and cortisol in overweight subjects
Elnaz RIYAHI, Jalil REISI, Sayyed M. MARANDI, Milad ABDOLLAHI
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bilateral ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a neonate with Donohue syndrome: a case report and review of literature
Amany Reda Elbahbity, Amr Abdelhamid AbouZeid, Mohammad Hassan Mohamed, Mohammad Hassan Elibiary, Soha M. khafagy, Amira Mostafa Rashad, Shaimaa Mahmoud Abdelraouf, Sohair Abdelbaset Zayed, Manal Fawzy Gadalla, Shaimaa Abdelsattar Mohammad
Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 with metabolic abnormalities among children and adolescents
Zhenghao Zhao, Yuanyuan Ma, Xinyi Zhang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Yang Li, Zhongze Fang, Rongxiu Zheng, Jing Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Early Cardiovascular and Metabolic Benefits of rhGH Therapy in Adult Patients with Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency: Impact on Oxidative Stress Parameters
Maria Kościuszko, Angelika Buczyńska, Justyna Hryniewicka, Dorota Jankowska, Agnieszka Adamska, Katarzyna Siewko, Małgorzata Jacewicz-Święcka, Marcin Zaniuk, Adam Jacek Krętowski, Anna Popławska-Kita
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(12): 5434. CrossRef
IGF-1 and IGF-2 as Molecules Linked to Causes and Consequences of Obesity from Fetal Life to Adulthood: A Systematic Review
Justyna Szydlowska-Gladysz, Adrianna Edyta Gorecka, Julia Stepien, Izabela Rysz, Iwona Ben-Skowronek
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(7): 3966. CrossRef
Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: secondary analysis of a randomized trial
Benjamin D. Horne, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Heidi T. May, Tami L. Bair, Viet T. Le, Leslie Iverson, Kirk U. Knowlton, Joseph B. Muhlestein
npj Metabolic Health and Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis in health and disease states: an update on the role of intra-portal insulin
Kevin C. J. Yuen, Rikke Hjortebjerg, Ashok Ainkaran Ganeshalingam, David R. Clemmons, Jan Frystyk
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly: A Review
Bharat Kumar, Ravi Kant, Gopal Krishana Bohra
Journal of Cardio-diabetes and Metabolic Disorders.2023; 3(2): 21. CrossRef

Original Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Tirzepatide and Cancer Risk in Individuals with and without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Deep Dutta, Thanikai Sasikanth, Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona, Lakshmi Nagendra; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):112-124. Published online January 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2164

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Background
Data on the carcinogenic potential of tirzepatide from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are limited. Furthermore, no meta-analysis has included all relevant RCTs to assess the cancer risk associated with tirzepatide.
Methods
RCTs involving patients receiving tirzepatide in the intervention arm and either a placebo or any active comparator in the control arm were searched through electronic databases. The primary outcome was the overall risk of any cancer, and secondary outcomes were the risks of specific types of cancer in the tirzepatide versus the control groups.
Results
Thirteen RCTs with 13,761 participants were analyzed. Over 26 to 72 weeks, the tirzepatide and pooled control groups had identical risks of any cancer (risk ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 1.16; P=0.22). The two groups had comparable cancer risks in patients with and without diabetes. In subgroup analyses, the risks were also similar in the tirzepatide versus placebo, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist groups. The overall cancer risk was also comparable for different doses of tirzepatide compared to the control groups; only a 10-mg tirzepatide dose had a lower risk of any cancer than placebo. Furthermore, compared to the control groups (pooled or separately), tirzepatide did not increase the risk of any specific cancer types. Despite greater increments in serum calcitonin with 10- and 15-mg tirzepatide doses than with placebo, the included RCTs reported no cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Conclusion
Tirzepatide use in RCTs over 26 to 72 weeks did not increase overall or specific cancer risk.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Dietary and pharmacological energy restriction and exercise for healthspan extension
Maria Lastra Cagigas, Isabella De Ciutiis, Andrius Masedunskas, Luigi Fontana
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 36(6): 521. CrossRef
GLP-1 receptor agonists in the context of cancer: the road ahead
Isabelle R. Miousse
American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology.2025; 328(6): C1822. CrossRef
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus - a current view of the different drug classes and strategies for their use
Jan Brož
Vnitřní lékařství.2025; 71(3): 144. CrossRef
Repurposing glucose-lowering drugs for cancer therapy
Michaela Luconi, Giulia Cantini, Clara Crescioli
Trends in Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of 1-Year Tirzepatide Use on Glycemic and Metabolic Profile in Oerweight to Obese People with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Deep Dutta, Abul Bashar Mohammad Kamrul-Hasan, Ritin Mohindra, Nishant Raizada
Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine.2025; 1(1): 289. CrossRef

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Neglected Problem: Jung-Hwan Cho, Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):222-238. Published online March 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1951

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Glucocorticoids provide a potent therapeutic response and are widely used to treat a variety of diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, the issue of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH), which is observed in over one-third of patients treated with glucocorticoids, is often neglected. To improve the clinical course and prognosis of diseases that necessitate glucocorticoid therapy, proper management of GIH is essential. The key pathophysiology of GIH includes systemic insulin resistance, which exacerbates hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity, as well as proteolysis and lipolysis of muscle and adipose tissue, coupled with β-cell dysfunction. For patients on glucocorticoid therapy, risk stratification should be conducted through a detailed baseline evaluation, and frequent glucose monitoring is recommended to detect the onset of GIH, particularly in high-risk individuals. Patients with confirmed GIH who require treatment should follow an insulin-centered regimen that varies depending on whether they are inpatients or outpatients, as well as the type and dosage of glucocorticoid used. The ideal strategy to maintain normoglycemia while preventing hypoglycemia is to combine basal-bolus insulin and correction doses with a continuous glucose monitoring system. This review focuses on the current understanding and latest evidence concerning GIH, incorporating insights gained from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Quercetin inhibits steroid-induced hypergluconeogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Victor Arokia Doss, Gowtham Subramaniam, Keerthana Manoharan
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Complications related to oral corticosteroid use in asthma patients: a retrospective cohort study
Chih-Cheng Lai, Chao-Hsien Chen, Ya-Hui Wang, Cheng-Yi Wang, Hao-Chien Wang
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2025; 18(4): 225. CrossRef
The presumable combined effects of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites on the blood lipids and glucose in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Huaixuan Zhang, Xueting Wu, Yue Wang, Zhongling Yang, Yaqian Dai, Zongwen Shuai
Inflammopharmacology.2025; 33(5): 2769. CrossRef
Inhalable multilevel responsive microspheres for radiation-induced lung injury
Xinlian Wang, Jinhui Lin, Dongtao Yin, Xin Li, Zhichen Lang, Guanghui Zhang, Yueguang Xue, Shilin Li, Xiao Zhang, Bing Han, Fengsheng Li, Ying Liu
Nano Research.2025; 18(5): 94907339. CrossRef
Add-On Treatment with Gliclazide for Cancer Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Cyclic Glucocorticoid-Containing Chemotherapy
Seung Eun Lee, Ju-Hyun Park, Dalyong Kim, Hyun-A Lee, Yun Seong Kang, Young Soon Yoon, Yun Jeong Jeong, Han Seok Choi, Kyoung-Ah Kim
Biomedicines.2025; 13(5): 1101. CrossRef
Bioengineered platelet nanoplatform enables renal-targeted dexamethasone delivery for chronic nephritis therapy with dual anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects and minimized systemic toxicity
Lingling Zhang, Haifeng Gong, Xuelian Gong, Bing Zhou, Xijian Wang, Shengnan Fei, Donglin Xia, Chunyang Xu, Xinzhong Huang
Bioactive Materials.2025; 52: 213. CrossRef
Continuous glucose monitoring to characterize hyperglycemia during chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer
Sophie R. Ulene, Shikun Wang, Joshua R. Cook, Fiona McAuley, Margaux E. Wooster, Khadija F. Faheem, Andrew Varoli, Julia E. McGuinness, Neil Vasan, Meghna S. Trivedi, Katherine D. Crew, Erik Harden, Cynthia Law, Dawn L. Hershman, Melissa K. Accordino
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of hypoglycemic events on cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a dose–response meta-analysis
Min Ye, Qiqi Yang, Lele Zhang, Hudie Song, Qin Fu, Jun Qian, Hongyu Xie, Aihong Yuan
Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes and the associated complications: The role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care
Lowell Dilworth, Dewayne Stennett, Aldeam Facey, Felix Omoruyi, Shada Mohansingh, Felix O. Omoruyi
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117641. CrossRef

Thyroid
Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and Postpartum: 2023 Revised Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines: Hwa Young Ahn, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(3):289-294. Published online June 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1696

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Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in fetal growth and development, and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with several adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage and preterm birth. In this review, we introduce and explain three major changes in the revised Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy: first, the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy; second, the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism; and third, the management of euthyroid pregnant women with positive thyroid autoantibodies. The revised KTA guidelines adopt 4.0 mIU/L as the upper limit of TSH in the first trimester. A TSH level between 4.0 and 10.0 mIU/L, combined with free thyroxine (T4) within the normal range, is defined as subclinical hypothyroidism, and a TSH level over 10 mIU/L is defined as overt hypothyroidism regardless of the free T4 level. Levothyroxine treatment is recommended when the TSH level is higher than 4 mIU/L in subclinical hypothyroidism, regardless of thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity. However, thyroid hormone therapy to prevent miscarriage is not recommended in thyroid autoantibody-positive women with normal thyroid function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Management of Thyroid Disorders during Pregnancy: A Survey of Physicians from the Middle East and North Africa
Salem A. Beshyah, Mohammed Bashir, Aly B. Khalil, Bashir Salih
Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice.2025; 08(01): 045. CrossRef
Association of coexposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and heavy metals with thyroid function across varied age pregnant women and the potential role of hemoglobin
Fang Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Yuxin Hu, Gang Wang, Jingbo Pi, Tingyu Wang, Haina Guo, Mingqi Zhang, Lijuan Zhang, Yuanyuan Xu
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2025; 266: 114574. CrossRef
DIAGNÓSTICO E MANEJO DO HIPOTIREOIDISMO SUBCLÍNICO: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Dayane Beserra Costa Felício, Mariana Barbosa Silva, Mileide Beatriz de Lima Santos, Yasmin Cabral Menezes de Oliveira, Vinícius de Lima Paes, Ana Paula Simadon, Cleyciane Camila de Souza Belo Nogueira, Giulia Costa Moura
REVISTA FOCO.2025; 18(4): e8209. CrossRef
The Relationship between Thyroid Serum Indexes in Early Pregnancy and Diabetes in Pregnancy
敏谢
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(05): 2119. CrossRef
Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: A survey of members of the Endocrine Society of Australia
Nicole Lafontaine, Suzanne J. Brown, Petros Perros, Enrico Papini, Endre V. Nagy, Roberto Attanasio, Laszlo Hegedüs, John P. Walsh
Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 100(5): 477. CrossRef
A Prospective Clinical Trial of Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Unifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Favoring Active Surveillance Over Surgery
Ji Ye Lee, Dong Gyu Na, Jung Suk Sim, Jin Yong Sung, Sun Wook Cho, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park, Ji-hoon Kim
Thyroid®.2024; 34(9): 1126. CrossRef
Association between antinuclear antibodies status and preterm birth in Japanese pregnant women: a prospective cohort study from Adjunct Study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Mami Fukushige, Xi Lu, Minoru Satoh, Masako Oda, Takashi Ohba, Takahiko Katoh
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Differentiation Between Clinical and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – A Narrative Review
Mustafa Mohammed Albassam, Noor Mohammed Obaid, Yasser Kadhim Hashem Al-Zwaini
Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences.2024; 5(3): 144. CrossRef
Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Focus on Proven Health Effects in the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines
Eu Jeong Ku, Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 381. CrossRef
Maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, except for macrosomia: a prospective cohort study in China
Jing Du, Linong Ji, Xiaomei Zhang, Ning Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Dan Zhao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab: Insights beyond 10 Years of Use: Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek, on Behalf of the Catholic Medical Center Bone Research Group; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):47-56. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2125

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Osteoporosis management in post-menopausal women focuses on fracture prevention, with denosumab as a key therapeutic option. Despite its proven efficacy in reducing fracture risk and increasing bone mineral density (BMD) over 10 years, its long-term impact remains uncertain. We evaluated the literature on its efficacy and safety beyond the initial decade. Clinical trials and real-world studies confirm denosumab’s sustained efficacy, especially in lumbar spine BMD, with hip BMD stabilizing. Concerns about adverse events (AEs) like hypocalcemia and osteonecrosis of the jaw necessitate vigilant monitoring. Risks of atypical femoral fractures and malignancies also require attention, despite unclear links to treatment duration. Clinical guidelines for denosumab beyond 10 years are limited, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring. In certain scenarios, such as advanced chronic kidney disease, prolonged denosumab may be required to balance AE risks with fracture prevention benefits. Denosumab shows potential for long-term efficacy in augmenting BMD; however, monitoring for AEs is crucial to guide clinical decision-making effectively.

Adrenal Gland
Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):373-380. Published online August 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1779

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Adrenal incidentalomas represent an increasingly common clinical conundrum with significant implications for patients. The revised 2023 European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) guideline incorporates cutting-edge evidence for managing adrenal incidentalomas. This paper provides a concise review of the updated contents of the revised guideline. In the 2023 guideline, in patients without signs and symptoms of overt Cushing’s syndrome, a post-dexamethasone cortisol level above 50 nmol/L (>1.8 μg/dL) should be considered as mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Regarding the criteria of benign adrenal adenomas, a homogeneous adrenal mass with ≤10 Hounsfield units on non-contrast computed tomography requires no further follow-up, irrespective of its size. The updated guideline also discusses steroid metabolomics using tandem mass spectrometry to discriminate malignancy. It underscores the importance of high-volume surgeons performing adrenalectomy and emphasizes the pivotal role of a multidisciplinary team approach in deciding the treatment plan for indeterminate adrenal masses. The guideline advocates for more proactive surgical treatment for indeterminate adrenal masses in young patients (<40 years) and pregnant women. This review of the 2023 ESE guideline underscores the ongoing evolution of the adrenal incidentaloma management landscape, emphasizing the need for further research and adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images
Fanxing Meng, Tuo Zhang, Yukun Pan, Xiaojing Kan, Yuwei Xia, Mengyuan Xu, Jin Cai, Fangbin Liu, Yinghui Ge
BMC Medical Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Secret Revealed: The Coexistence of a Pheochromocytoma and Independent Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Cushing Syndrome Within the Same Adrenal Gland
Sana Rafi, Meryam Alahyane, Ghizlane Elmghari, Nawal El Ansari, Fatim Zahra Hazmiri, Oumayma Ait Ouhssain, Hanane Rais
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Landmark Series: Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Lily Owei, Heather Wachtel
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2025; 32(7): 4712. CrossRef
Management of adrenal incidentalomas: who, why and how?
Marta Araujo-Castro, María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Paola Parra-Ramírez, Sara Donato
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Changing paradigms in evaluating adrenal incidentalomas: Bayesian evaluation of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography use, honed on adrenocortical carcinoma
Ioannis Ilias, Georgios Meristoudis
World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Personalized Management of Malignant and Non-Malignant Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Proposed 10-Item Algorithm Approach
Mara Carsote, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Adrian Ciuche, Ovidiu Popa-Velea, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Claudiu Nistor
Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1868. CrossRef
Temporal trends in clinical features of patients with primary aldosteronism over 20 years
Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sang Wan Kim, Jung-Min Koh, Seung Hun Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Hypertension Research.2024; 47(8): 2019. CrossRef
Steroid Profiling in the Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome and Diagnosis of MACS
A. Nankova, T. Kamenova, V. Vasilev, At. Elenkova, D. Svinarov, G. Kirilov, S. Zaharieva
Acta Medica Bulgarica.2024; 51(2): 1. CrossRef
Adrenal incidentalomas
Ivana Ságová
Vnitřní lékařství.2024; 70(5): E9. CrossRef
Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Crossroad Between a Multi-Layered Endocrine Perspective and a Contemporary Approach in Thoracic Surgery
Claudiu Nistor, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Anca-Pati Cucu, Florina Vasilescu, Lucian-George Eftimie, Dana Terzea, Mihai Costachescu, Adrian Ciuche, Mara Carsote
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Mature Adrenal Ganglioneuroma With Lipomatous Content: A Radiological and Histopathological Diagnostic Challenge
Mohammed Lameir Hussein, Shams O Alkhateeb, Jouhar J Kolleri, Ala' Saleem Abu-Dayeh, Khaled Murshed, Nabil Sherif Mahmood
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Radioimmunoassay in Determining Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Plasma Renin Activity for Primary Aldosteronism Screening
So Yoon Kwon, Kyeong-Jin Kim, Soo-Youn Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 965. CrossRef

Miscellaneous
Brown Adipose Tissue: Activation and Metabolism in Humans: Imane Hachemi, Mueez U-Din; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):214-222. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1659

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ contributing to non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT becomes active under cold stress via sympathetic nervous system activation. However, recent evidence has suggested that BAT may also be active at thermoneutrality and in a postprandial state. BAT has superior energy dissipation capacity compared to white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscles. Thus, it has been proposed that the recruitment and activation of additional BAT may increase the overall energy-expending capacity in humans, potentially improving current whole-body weight management strategies. Nutrition plays a central role in obesity and weight management. Thus, this review discusses human studies describing BAT hyper-metabolism after dietary interventions. Nutritional agents that can potentially recruit brown adipocytes via the process of BAT-WAT transdifferentiation are also discussed.

Citations

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Dongjie Zhang, Shouzheng Ma, Liang Wang, Di Liu
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Perinatal Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Weanling Rats
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The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2024; 125: 109569. CrossRef
A natural sustained-intestinal release formulation of red chili pepper extracted capsaicinoids (Capsifen®) safely modulates energy balance and endurance performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
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Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Thermogenic Fat as a New Obesity Management Tool: From Pharmaceutical Reagents to Cell Therapies
Ying Cheng, Shiqing Liang, Shuhan Zhang, Xiaoyan Hui
Biomedicines.2024; 12(7): 1474. CrossRef
Ling-gui-zhu-gan granules reduces obesity and ameliorates metabolic disorders by inducing white adipose tissue browning in obese mice
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When Being Lean Is Not Enough: The Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight Phenotype and Cardiometabolic Disease
Dahyun Park, Min-Jeong Shin, Faidon Magkos
CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal.2024; 4(2): 57. CrossRef
The Interplay between Liver and Adipose Tissue in the Onset of Liver Diseases: Exploring the Role of Vitamin Deficiency
Ivan Tattoli, Aimee Rachel Mathew, Antonella Verrienti, Lucia Pallotta, Carola Severi, Fausto Andreola, Virve Cavallucci, Mauro Giorgi, Mara Massimi, Lapo Bencini, Marco Fidaleo
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Nutrition, hydration and supplementation considerations for mountaineers in high-altitude conditions: a narrative review
Ewa Karpęcka-Gałka, Barbara Frączek
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Whole-Body Cold Stimulation Improves Cardiac Autonomic Control Independently of the Employed Temperature
Nadia Solaro, Luca Giovanelli, Laura Bianchi, Paolo Piterà, Federica Verme, Mara Malacarne, Massimo Pagani, Jacopo Maria Fontana, Paolo Capodaglio, Daniela Lucini
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Brown Fat and Metabolic Health: The Diverse Functions of Dietary Components
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Initial Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):23-32. Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1816

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease in which it is challenging to achieve long-term durable glycemic control. However, intensive glycemic control is crucial for preventing diabetes-related complications. Previous studies showed that monotherapy with a stepwise add-on approach was seldom effective for long-term durable glycemic control. Combination therapy, which refers to the use of two or more drugs to control hyperglycemia, has multiple benefits, including the ability to target a variety of pathophysiological processes underlying hyperglycemia. In clinical trials, initial combination therapy showed better glycemic control than monotherapy or a stepwise approach. Emerging evidence indicates that initial combination therapy is associated with preserved β-cell function and fewer complications in T2D. However, cost-effectiveness and adverse events with combination therapy are issues that should be considered. Therefore, initial combination therapy is an important option for patients with T2D that clinicians should consider with a view toward balancing benefits and potential harms. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing initial combination therapy in T2D, and we suggest optimal strategies based on clinical situations and patient characteristics.

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Glycemia Risk Index is Associated With Risk of Albuminuria Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Jee Hee Yoo, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
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Ginsenoside Rb1 and berberine synergistically protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus via GDF15/HAMP pathway throughout the liver lobules: Insights from spatial transcriptomics analysis
Rongfang Guo, Shuying Zhang, Anyao Li, Ping Zhang, Xin Peng, Xiaoyan Lu, Xiaohui Fan
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Vector of glycated hemoglobin in the formation of dysglycemia in postmenopause: Emphasis on early diagnosis and therapy
L. A. Ruyatkina, D. S. Ruyatkin, L. V. Shcherbakova, I. S. Iskhakova
Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council.2024; (16): 135. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update: Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):12-22. Published online February 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1942

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Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths with numbers continuing to increase worldwide. In the last 20 years, the emergence of pharmacological treatments for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones has transformed the therapeutic landscape. The successful development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, followed by the synergistic combined effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists achieved remarkable weight loss and glycemic control in those with the diseases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The multiple cardiometabolic benefits include improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. The 2023 phase 2 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (retatrutide) in patients with the disease of obesity reported 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks with 12 mg retatrutide. This review evaluates the current available evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists with a focus on GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonists and discusses the potential future benefits and research directions.

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Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis
Moaz Safwan, Mariam Safwan Bourgleh, Shahad Abdullah Alotaibi, Eman Alotaibi, Abdulsalam Al-Ruqi, Fathiya El Raeya
Annals of Saudi Medicine.2025; 45(2): 129. CrossRef
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and beyond: co-agonist innovations in the treatment of metabolic diseases
Chenxu Zhou, Binbin Gong, Xiyu Liu, Guoqiang Hu, Lidan Sun
European Journal of Pharmacology.2025; 999: 177681. CrossRef
Advancing Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Medicine: A Narrative Review of Insights and Innovations for the Future
Kevin Fernando, Derek Connolly, Eimear Darcy, Marc Evans, William Hinchliffe, Patrick Holmes, W. David Strain
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Review Article: GLP‐1 Receptor Agonists and Glucagon/GIP/GLP‐1 Receptor Dual or Triple Agonists—Mechanism of Action and Emerging Therapeutic Landscape in MASLD
Maryam Zafer, Federica Tavaglione, Manuel Romero‐Gómez, Rohit Loomba
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Retatrutide—A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy
Vasiliki Katsi, Georgios Koutsopoulos, Christos Fragoulis, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Tsioufis
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New Mechanisms to Prevent Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism (GLP-1 RA) in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Jorge E. Jalil, Luigi Gabrielli, María Paz Ocaranza, Paul MacNab, Rodrigo Fernández, Bruno Grassi, Paulina Jofré, Hugo Verdejo, Monica Acevedo, Samuel Cordova, Luis Sanhueza, Douglas Greig
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(8): 4407. CrossRef
New Molecules in Type 2 Diabetes: Advancements, Challenges and Future Directions
Kyriazoula Chatzianagnostou, Melania Gaggini, Adrian Suman Florentin, Ludovica Simonini, Cristina Vassalle
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(11): 6218. CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, anti-diabetic drugs in heart failure and cognitive impairment: potential mechanisms of the protective effects
Maria Antonietta Riemma, Elena Mele, Maria Donniacuo, Marialucia Telesca, Gabriella Bellocchio, Giuseppe Castaldo, Francesco Rossi, Antonella De Angelis, Donato Cappetta, Konrad Urbanek, Liberato Berrino
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Mechanisms of Glucagon Receptor Agonism and GLP-1/Glucagon/GIP Receptor Triple Agonism for Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity
Se Hee Min
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2024; 25(2): 82. CrossRef
Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide
Wenzhuo Li, Qingtong Zhou, Zhaotong Cong, Qingning Yuan, Wenxin Li, Fenghui Zhao, H. Eric Xu, Li-Hua Zhao, Dehua Yang, Ming-Wei Wang
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Molecular Mechanisms behind Obesity and Their Potential Exploitation in Current and Future Therapy
Michał Nicze, Adrianna Dec, Maciej Borówka, Damian Krzyżak, Aleksandra Bołdys, Łukasz Bułdak, Bogusław Okopień
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(15): 8202. CrossRef
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Retatrutide
Nathan Ramsbacher
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The power of three: Retatrutide's role in modern obesity and diabetes therapy
Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Poulami Roy, Fatma Kamal Ahmed, Jann Ludwig Mueller-Gomez, Sarmistha Sarkar, Neil Garg, Victor Oluwafemi Femi-Lawal, Andrew Awuah Wireko, Hala Ibrahim Thaalibi, Muhammad Usman Hashmi, Andrew Sefenu Dzebu, Sewar Basheer Banimusa, Aayus
European Journal of Pharmacology.2024; 985: 177095. CrossRef
Old and new anti-obesity drugs
Salimeh Dodangeh, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
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T. I. Romantsova
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Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Medical Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome: Laurence Guignat, Jerome Bertherat; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):26-38. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.501

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) refers to the manifestations of chronic cortisol excess. This rare disease is associated with multiple comorbidities, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. The management of CS remains challenging. Regardless of the underlying cause, surgical resection of the tumor is typically the first-line and preferred treatment. However, when surgery is not feasible or has been unsuccessful, medical therapies may be employed to control CS. The therapeutic strategy should be individualized based on the recommendations of a multidisciplinary team of experts and the patient’s preferences, informed by detailed information on the available options. All medications require careful monitoring, along with adequate instructions for patients and caregivers. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an overview of the main medical therapies currently used to treat CS, including their efficacy, safety, and management. Despite the availability of new drugs in recent years, the need remains for more effective specific targeted pharmacological therapies.

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucagon: Physiological and Pharmacological Functions and Pathophysiological Significance in Type 2 Diabetes: Tadahiro Kitamura; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):33-39. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1911

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Glucagon has many functions, including the promotion of hepatic glucose production, fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy consumption, lipolysis, and myocardial contraction, as well as the suppression of lipogenesis, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility. However, it remains unclear which of these functions are physiological and which are pharmacological. Research on glucagon has lagged behind research on insulin because cross-reactivity with glucagon-related peptides in plasma has hindered the development of an accurate measurement system for glucagon. We recently developed a new glucagon sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is more specific and more sensitive to glucagon than the currently used measurement systems. The new sandwich ELISA is expected to contribute to personalized medicine for diabetes through its use in clinical examinations, the diagnosis of the pathophysiological condition of individual diabetes patients, and the choice of a treatment strategy. Efforts are continuing to develop glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonists to improve obesity and fatty liver by enhancing glucagon’s appetite-suppressing and lipolysis- and thermogenesis-promoting effects. Thus, glucagon is expected to be applied to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on a more accurate understanding of its functions.

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures: Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):669-677. Published online September 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2073

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Diabetes is a serious public health concern that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes is 12.5% among individuals aged 19 and older, and 14.8% among individuals aged 30 and older as of 2022. The total number of people with diabetes among those aged 19 and older is estimated to be 5.4 million. The incidence of diabetes decreased from 8.1 per 1,000 persons in 2006 to 6.3 per 1,000 persons in 2014, before rising again to 7.5 per 1,000 persons in 2019. Meanwhile, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased significantly, from 1.1 per 100,000 persons in 1995 to 4.8 per 100,000 persons in 2016, with the prevalence reaching 41.0 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of gestational diabetes saw a substantial rise from 4.1% in 2007 to 22.3% in 2023. These changes have resulted in increases in the total medical costs for diabetes, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention strategies are urgently needed.

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Trends in prescribing sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular‐renal disease in South Korea, 2015–2021
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Soyoung Shin, EunJi Na, Dae Jung Kim
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Nutrients.2025; 17(9): 1600. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Based Therapies: A New Horizon in Obesity Management: Jang Won Son, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):206-221. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1940

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Obesity is a significant risk factor for health issues like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It often proves resistant to traditional lifestyle interventions, prompting a need for more precise therapeutic strategies. This has led to a focus on signaling pathways and neuroendocrine mechanisms to develop targeted obesity treatments. Recent developments in obesity management have been revolutionized by introducing novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based drugs, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide. These drugs are part of an emerging class of nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapeutics, acting as incretin mimetics to target G-protein–coupled receptors like GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon. These receptors are vital in regulating body fat and energy balance. The development of multiagonists, including GLP-1–glucagon and GIP–GLP-1–glucagon receptor agonists, especially with the potential for glucagon receptor activation, marks a significant advancement in the field. This review covers the development and clinical efficacy of various GLP-1-based therapeutics, exploring the challenges and future directions in obesity management.

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Katharina Gross, Christian Brinkmann
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Beyond Glycemic Control: GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Their Impact on Calcium Homeostasis in Real-World Patients
Bandar T. Alenezi, Nadra Elfezzani, Rukhsana Uddin, Hinali Patel, Sydney Chester, Ahmed Abdelmaksoud, Mohammad H. Hussein, Sawsan A. Zaitone, Manal S. Fawzy, Hani Aiash, Eman A. Toraih
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T. I. Romantsova
Obesity and metabolism.2024; 21(4): 389. CrossRef
Semaglutide effects on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with overweight or obesity who do not have diabetes: a systematic review
Anna Klasa, Aleksandra Ewa Sobaś, Kamil Biedka, Oliwia Ziobro, Katarzyna Błaszczyk, Jakub Maciej Bulski, Filip Maj, Karol Sornat, Barbara Pokora, Agata Estreicher
Medical Science Pulse.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism by Re-Establishing the Effects of Parathyroid Hormone: Lars Rejnmark; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):262-266. Published online April 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1916

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The conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) includes active vitamin D and calcium. Despite normalization of calcium levels, the conventional treatment is associated with fluctuations in calcium levels, hypercalciuria, renal impairment, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Replacement therapy with parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1-84) is an option in some countries. However, convincing beneficial effects have not been demonstrated, which may be due to the short duration of action of this treatment. Recently, palopegteriparatide (also known as TransCon PTH) has been marketed in Europe and is expected also to be approved in other countries. Palopegteriparatide is a prodrug with sustained release of PTH(1-34) designed to provide stable physiological PTH levels for 24 hours/day. A phase 3 study demonstrated maintenance of normocalcemia in patients with chronic HypoPT, with no need for conventional therapy. Furthermore, this treatment lowers urinary calcium and improves QoL. Another long-acting PTH analog with effects on the parathyroid hormone receptor (eneboparatide) is currently being tested in a phase 3 trial. Furthermore, the treatment of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 with a calcilytic (encaleret) is also being tested. All in all, improved treatment options are on the way that will likely take the treatment of HypoPT to the next level.

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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Diabetic Retinopathy: What We Have Now and What to Expect in the Future: Mingui Kong, Su Jeong Song; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):416-424. Published online June 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1913

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and is a leading cause of vision loss globally. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for ensuring favorable visual outcomes, highlighting the need for increased access to medical care. The recent remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have raised high expectations for its role in disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction across various medical fields. In addition to achieving high precision comparable to that of ophthalmologists, AI-based diagnosis of DR has the potential to improve medical accessibility, especially through telemedicine. In this review paper, we aim to examine the current role of AI in the diagnosis of DR and explore future directions.

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