Endocrinology and Metabolism

Most-read articles are from the articles published in 2023 during the last three month.

Review Articles

Adrenal gland
The Fascinating Interplay between Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Insulin: Eline C. Nijenhuis-Noort, Kirsten A. Berk, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers, Aart J. van der Lely; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):83-89. Published online January 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.101

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This review intends to provide the reader with a practical overview of several (patho)physiological conditions in which knowledge of the interplay between growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin is important. This might help treating physicians in making the right decisions on how to intervene and improve metabolism for the benefit of patients, and to understand why and how metabolism responds in their specific cases. We will specifically address the interplay between GH, IGF-1, and insulin in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and acromegaly as examples in which this knowledge is truly necessary.

Citations

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Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies
Jie Miao, Yanli Zhang, Chen Su, Qiandan Zheng, Junhong Guo
Molecular Neurobiology.2025; 62(3): 3195. CrossRef
Signaling pathways and targeted therapies in Ewing sarcoma
Ke Jia, Li Cao, Yihan Yu, Doudou Jing, Wei Wu, Brian Andrew Van Tine, Zengwu Shao
Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 266: 108765. CrossRef
Expanding the Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of Biallelic POC1A Variants: Characterization of Four Patients and a Comprehensive Review of POC1A‐Related Phenotypes
Umut Altunoglu, Gozde Tutku Turgut, Esin Karakılıç Özturan, Tuğba Kalaycı, Mert Kaya, Güven Toksoy, Firdevs Baş, Hülya Kayserili, Feyza Darendeliler
Clinical Genetics.2025; 107(4): 390. CrossRef
Bridging Pubertal Changes and Endotype Based Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
M. A. Roma‐Wilson, R. Buzzetti, S. Zampetti
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
IGF-1 and IGF-2 as Molecules Linked to Causes and Consequences of Obesity from Fetal Life to Adulthood: A Systematic Review
Justyna Szydlowska-Gladysz, Adrianna Edyta Gorecka, Julia Stepien, Izabela Rysz, Iwona Ben-Skowronek
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(7): 3966. CrossRef
Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: secondary analysis of a randomized trial
Benjamin D. Horne, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Heidi T. May, Tami L. Bair, Viet T. Le, Leslie Iverson, Kirk U. Knowlton, Joseph B. Muhlestein
npj Metabolic Health and Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
GHRH in diabetes and metabolism
Charlotte Steenblock, Stefan R. Bornstein
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis in health and disease states: an update on the role of intra-portal insulin
Kevin C. J. Yuen, Rikke Hjortebjerg, Ashok Ainkaran Ganeshalingam, David R. Clemmons, Jan Frystyk
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Based Therapies: A New Horizon in Obesity Management: Jang Won Son, Soo Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):206-221. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1940

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Obesity is a significant risk factor for health issues like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It often proves resistant to traditional lifestyle interventions, prompting a need for more precise therapeutic strategies. This has led to a focus on signaling pathways and neuroendocrine mechanisms to develop targeted obesity treatments. Recent developments in obesity management have been revolutionized by introducing novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based drugs, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide. These drugs are part of an emerging class of nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapeutics, acting as incretin mimetics to target G-protein–coupled receptors like GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon. These receptors are vital in regulating body fat and energy balance. The development of multiagonists, including GLP-1–glucagon and GIP–GLP-1–glucagon receptor agonists, especially with the potential for glucagon receptor activation, marks a significant advancement in the field. This review covers the development and clinical efficacy of various GLP-1-based therapeutics, exploring the challenges and future directions in obesity management.

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Diabetes and Osteoarthritis: Exploring the Interactions and Therapeutic Implications of Insulin, Metformin, and GLP-1-Based Interventions
Iryna Halabitska, Liliia Babinets, Valentyn Oksenych, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1630. CrossRef
Why you should not skip tailored exercise interventions when using incretin mimetics for weight loss
Katharina Gross, Christian Brinkmann
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Beyond Glycemic Control: GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Their Impact on Calcium Homeostasis in Real-World Patients
Bandar T. Alenezi, Nadra Elfezzani, Rukhsana Uddin, Hinali Patel, Sydney Chester, Ahmed Abdelmaksoud, Mohammad H. Hussein, Sawsan A. Zaitone, Manal S. Fawzy, Hani Aiash, Eman A. Toraih
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4896. CrossRef
Innovative approaches to the treatment of obesity: from pharmacotherapy to nanomedicine
T. I. Romantsova
Obesity and metabolism.2024; 21(4): 389. CrossRef

Miscellaneous
Brown Adipose Tissue: Activation and Metabolism in Humans: Imane Hachemi, Mueez U-Din; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):214-222. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1659

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ contributing to non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT becomes active under cold stress via sympathetic nervous system activation. However, recent evidence has suggested that BAT may also be active at thermoneutrality and in a postprandial state. BAT has superior energy dissipation capacity compared to white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscles. Thus, it has been proposed that the recruitment and activation of additional BAT may increase the overall energy-expending capacity in humans, potentially improving current whole-body weight management strategies. Nutrition plays a central role in obesity and weight management. Thus, this review discusses human studies describing BAT hyper-metabolism after dietary interventions. Nutritional agents that can potentially recruit brown adipocytes via the process of BAT-WAT transdifferentiation are also discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Identification and functional analysis of a new cold induced LncRNA44154
Dongjie Zhang, Shouzheng Ma, Liang Wang, Di Liu
Gene.2025; 933: 148921. CrossRef
The Human Energy Balance: Uncovering the Hidden Variables of Obesity
Nikolaos Theodorakis, Maria Nikolaou
Diseases.2025; 13(2): 55. CrossRef
Spermidine activates adipose tissue thermogenesis through autophagy and fibroblast growth factor 21
Yinhua Ni, Liujie Zheng, Liqian Zhang, Jiamin Li, Yuxiang Pan, Haimei Du, Zhaorong Wang, Zhengwei Fu
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2024; 125: 109569. CrossRef
A natural sustained-intestinal release formulation of red chili pepper extracted capsaicinoids (Capsifen®) safely modulates energy balance and endurance performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
N. Roopashree, Das S. Syam, I. M. Krishnakumar, K. N. Mala, Bradley S. Fleenor, Jestin Thomas
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Thermogenic Fat as a New Obesity Management Tool: From Pharmaceutical Reagents to Cell Therapies
Ying Cheng, Shiqing Liang, Shuhan Zhang, Xiaoyan Hui
Biomedicines.2024; 12(7): 1474. CrossRef
Ling-gui-zhu-gan granules reduces obesity and ameliorates metabolic disorders by inducing white adipose tissue browning in obese mice
Yuxiu Li, Zimengwei Ye, Yi Zhao, Bingrui Xu, Wanying Xue, Zhufeng Wang, Ran An, Fan Wang, Rui Wu
Frontiers in Physiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
When Being Lean Is Not Enough: The Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight Phenotype and Cardiometabolic Disease
Dahyun Park, Min-Jeong Shin, Faidon Magkos
CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal.2024; 4(2): 57. CrossRef
The Interplay between Liver and Adipose Tissue in the Onset of Liver Diseases: Exploring the Role of Vitamin Deficiency
Ivan Tattoli, Aimee Rachel Mathew, Antonella Verrienti, Lucia Pallotta, Carola Severi, Fausto Andreola, Virve Cavallucci, Mauro Giorgi, Mara Massimi, Lapo Bencini, Marco Fidaleo
Cells.2024; 13(19): 1631. CrossRef
Nutrition, hydration and supplementation considerations for mountaineers in high-altitude conditions: a narrative review
Ewa Karpęcka-Gałka, Barbara Frączek
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Whole-Body Cold Stimulation Improves Cardiac Autonomic Control Independently of the Employed Temperature
Nadia Solaro, Luca Giovanelli, Laura Bianchi, Paolo Piterà, Federica Verme, Mara Malacarne, Massimo Pagani, Jacopo Maria Fontana, Paolo Capodaglio, Daniela Lucini
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(24): 7728. CrossRef
Brown Fat and Metabolic Health: The Diverse Functions of Dietary Components
Zachary Brown, Takeshi Yoneshiro
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 839. CrossRef
MRI Methods to Visualize and Quantify Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Katerina Nikiforaki, Kostas Marias
Biomedicines.2023; 11(12): 3179. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Neglected Problem: Jung-Hwan Cho, Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):222-238. Published online March 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1951

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Glucocorticoids provide a potent therapeutic response and are widely used to treat a variety of diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, the issue of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH), which is observed in over one-third of patients treated with glucocorticoids, is often neglected. To improve the clinical course and prognosis of diseases that necessitate glucocorticoid therapy, proper management of GIH is essential. The key pathophysiology of GIH includes systemic insulin resistance, which exacerbates hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity, as well as proteolysis and lipolysis of muscle and adipose tissue, coupled with β-cell dysfunction. For patients on glucocorticoid therapy, risk stratification should be conducted through a detailed baseline evaluation, and frequent glucose monitoring is recommended to detect the onset of GIH, particularly in high-risk individuals. Patients with confirmed GIH who require treatment should follow an insulin-centered regimen that varies depending on whether they are inpatients or outpatients, as well as the type and dosage of glucocorticoid used. The ideal strategy to maintain normoglycemia while preventing hypoglycemia is to combine basal-bolus insulin and correction doses with a continuous glucose monitoring system. This review focuses on the current understanding and latest evidence concerning GIH, incorporating insights gained from the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Quercetin inhibits steroid-induced hypergluconeogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Victor Arokia Doss, Gowtham Subramaniam, Keerthana Manoharan
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Complications related to oral corticosteroid use in asthma patients: a retrospective cohort study
Chih-Cheng Lai, Chao-Hsien Chen, Ya-Hui Wang, Cheng-Yi Wang, Hao-Chien Wang
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Effect of hypoglycemic events on cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a dose–response meta-analysis
Min Ye, Qiqi Yang, Lele Zhang, Hudie Song, Qin Fu, Jun Qian, Hongyu Xie, Aihong Yuan
Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes and the associated complications: The role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care
Lowell Dilworth, Dewayne Stennett, Aldeam Facey, Felix Omoruyi, Shada Mohansingh, Felix O. Omoruyi
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117641. CrossRef

Original Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Tirzepatide and Cancer Risk in Individuals with and without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Deep Dutta, Thanikai Sasikanth, Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona, Lakshmi Nagendra; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):112-124. Published online January 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2164

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Data on the carcinogenic potential of tirzepatide from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are limited. Furthermore, no meta-analysis has included all relevant RCTs to assess the cancer risk associated with tirzepatide.
Methods
RCTs involving patients receiving tirzepatide in the intervention arm and either a placebo or any active comparator in the control arm were searched through electronic databases. The primary outcome was the overall risk of any cancer, and secondary outcomes were the risks of specific types of cancer in the tirzepatide versus the control groups.
Results
Thirteen RCTs with 13,761 participants were analyzed. Over 26 to 72 weeks, the tirzepatide and pooled control groups had identical risks of any cancer (risk ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 1.16; P=0.22). The two groups had comparable cancer risks in patients with and without diabetes. In subgroup analyses, the risks were also similar in the tirzepatide versus placebo, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist groups. The overall cancer risk was also comparable for different doses of tirzepatide compared to the control groups; only a 10-mg tirzepatide dose had a lower risk of any cancer than placebo. Furthermore, compared to the control groups (pooled or separately), tirzepatide did not increase the risk of any specific cancer types. Despite greater increments in serum calcitonin with 10- and 15-mg tirzepatide doses than with placebo, the included RCTs reported no cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Conclusion
Tirzepatide use in RCTs over 26 to 72 weeks did not increase overall or specific cancer risk.

Review Articles

Thyroid
Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and Postpartum: 2023 Revised Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines: Hwa Young Ahn, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(3):289-294. Published online June 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1696

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Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in fetal growth and development, and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with several adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage and preterm birth. In this review, we introduce and explain three major changes in the revised Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy: first, the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy; second, the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism; and third, the management of euthyroid pregnant women with positive thyroid autoantibodies. The revised KTA guidelines adopt 4.0 mIU/L as the upper limit of TSH in the first trimester. A TSH level between 4.0 and 10.0 mIU/L, combined with free thyroxine (T4) within the normal range, is defined as subclinical hypothyroidism, and a TSH level over 10 mIU/L is defined as overt hypothyroidism regardless of the free T4 level. Levothyroxine treatment is recommended when the TSH level is higher than 4 mIU/L in subclinical hypothyroidism, regardless of thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity. However, thyroid hormone therapy to prevent miscarriage is not recommended in thyroid autoantibody-positive women with normal thyroid function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Management of Thyroid Disorders during Pregnancy: A Survey of Physicians from the Middle East and North Africa
Salem A. Beshyah, Mohammed Bashir, Aly B. Khalil, Bashir Salih
Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: A survey of members of the Endocrine Society of Australia
Nicole Lafontaine, Suzanne J. Brown, Petros Perros, Enrico Papini, Endre V. Nagy, Roberto Attanasio, Laszlo Hegedüs, John P. Walsh
Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 100(5): 477. CrossRef
A Prospective Clinical Trial of Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Unifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Favoring Active Surveillance Over Surgery
Ji Ye Lee, Dong Gyu Na, Jung Suk Sim, Jin Yong Sung, Sun Wook Cho, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park, Ji-hoon Kim
Thyroid®.2024; 34(9): 1126. CrossRef
Association between antinuclear antibodies status and preterm birth in Japanese pregnant women: a prospective cohort study from Adjunct Study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Mami Fukushige, Xi Lu, Minoru Satoh, Masako Oda, Takashi Ohba, Takahiko Katoh
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Differentiation Between Clinical and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – A Narrative Review
Mustafa Mohammed Albassam, Noor Mohammed Obaid, Yasser Kadhim Hashem Al-Zwaini
Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences.2024; 5(3): 144. CrossRef
Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Focus on Proven Health Effects in the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines
Eu Jeong Ku, Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 381. CrossRef
Maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, except for macrosomia: a prospective cohort study in China
Jing Du, Linong Ji, Xiaomei Zhang, Ning Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Dan Zhao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update: Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):12-22. Published online February 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1942

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Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths with numbers continuing to increase worldwide. In the last 20 years, the emergence of pharmacological treatments for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones has transformed the therapeutic landscape. The successful development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, followed by the synergistic combined effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists achieved remarkable weight loss and glycemic control in those with the diseases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The multiple cardiometabolic benefits include improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. The 2023 phase 2 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (retatrutide) in patients with the disease of obesity reported 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks with 12 mg retatrutide. This review evaluates the current available evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists with a focus on GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonists and discusses the potential future benefits and research directions.

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New Mechanisms to Prevent Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism (GLP-1 RA) in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Jorge E. Jalil, Luigi Gabrielli, María Paz Ocaranza, Paul MacNab, Rodrigo Fernández, Bruno Grassi, Paulina Jofré, Hugo Verdejo, Monica Acevedo, Samuel Cordova, Luis Sanhueza, Douglas Greig
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(8): 4407. CrossRef
New Molecules in Type 2 Diabetes: Advancements, Challenges and Future Directions
Kyriazoula Chatzianagnostou, Melania Gaggini, Adrian Suman Florentin, Ludovica Simonini, Cristina Vassalle
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(11): 6218. CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, anti-diabetic drugs in heart failure and cognitive impairment: potential mechanisms of the protective effects
Maria Antonietta Riemma, Elena Mele, Maria Donniacuo, Marialucia Telesca, Gabriella Bellocchio, Giuseppe Castaldo, Francesco Rossi, Antonella De Angelis, Donato Cappetta, Konrad Urbanek, Liberato Berrino
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanisms of Glucagon Receptor Agonism and GLP-1/Glucagon/GIP Receptor Triple Agonism for Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity
Se Hee Min
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2024; 25(2): 82. CrossRef
Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide
Wenzhuo Li, Qingtong Zhou, Zhaotong Cong, Qingning Yuan, Wenxin Li, Fenghui Zhao, H. Eric Xu, Li-Hua Zhao, Dehua Yang, Ming-Wei Wang
Cell Discovery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Mechanisms behind Obesity and Their Potential Exploitation in Current and Future Therapy
Michał Nicze, Adrianna Dec, Maciej Borówka, Damian Krzyżak, Aleksandra Bołdys, Łukasz Bułdak, Bogusław Okopień
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(15): 8202. CrossRef
Semaglutide “Ozempic” Face and Implications in Cosmetic Dermatology
Karen Montecinos, Barbara Kania, David J. Goldberg
Dermatological Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: Pleiotropic Cardiometabolic Effects and Add-on Value of a Combined Therapy
André J. Scheen
Drugs.2024; 84(11): 1347. CrossRef
Retatrutide
Nathan Ramsbacher
Clinical Diabetes.2024; 42(4): 579. CrossRef
The power of three: Retatrutide's role in modern obesity and diabetes therapy
Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Poulami Roy, Fatma Kamal Ahmed, Jann Ludwig Mueller-Gomez, Sarmistha Sarkar, Neil Garg, Victor Oluwafemi Femi-Lawal, Andrew Awuah Wireko, Hala Ibrahim Thaalibi, Muhammad Usman Hashmi, Andrew Sefenu Dzebu, Sewar Basheer Banimusa, Aayus
European Journal of Pharmacology.2024; 985: 177095. CrossRef
Old and new anti-obesity drugs
Salimeh Dodangeh, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Innovative approaches to the treatment of obesity: from pharmacotherapy to nanomedicine
T. I. Romantsova
Obesity and metabolism.2024; 21(4): 389. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism by Re-Establishing the Effects of Parathyroid Hormone: Lars Rejnmark; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):262-266. Published online April 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1916

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The conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) includes active vitamin D and calcium. Despite normalization of calcium levels, the conventional treatment is associated with fluctuations in calcium levels, hypercalciuria, renal impairment, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Replacement therapy with parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1-84) is an option in some countries. However, convincing beneficial effects have not been demonstrated, which may be due to the short duration of action of this treatment. Recently, palopegteriparatide (also known as TransCon PTH) has been marketed in Europe and is expected also to be approved in other countries. Palopegteriparatide is a prodrug with sustained release of PTH(1-34) designed to provide stable physiological PTH levels for 24 hours/day. A phase 3 study demonstrated maintenance of normocalcemia in patients with chronic HypoPT, with no need for conventional therapy. Furthermore, this treatment lowers urinary calcium and improves QoL. Another long-acting PTH analog with effects on the parathyroid hormone receptor (eneboparatide) is currently being tested in a phase 3 trial. Furthermore, the treatment of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 with a calcilytic (encaleret) is also being tested. All in all, improved treatment options are on the way that will likely take the treatment of HypoPT to the next level.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Hypoparathyroidism: diagnosis, management and emerging therapies
Sarah Khan, Aliya A. Khan
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2024 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest
Othman Al Musaimi, Danah AlShaer, Beatriz G. de la Torre, Fernando Albericio
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 291. CrossRef
PTH Substitution Therapy for Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: PTH 1–84 and Palopegteriparatide
Andrea Palermo, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Yu Kwang Tay Donovan, Gaia Tabacco, Guido Zavatta
Current Osteoporosis Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
La gestione terapeutica dell’ipoparatiroidismo: tra terapia convenzionale e nuove prospettive
Giulia Del Sindaco, Giovanna Mantovani
L'Endocrinologo.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypoparathyroidism update
Cherie Chiang
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential of Calcilytics as a Novel Treatment for Post-Surgical Hypoparathyroidism
Han Seok Choi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(3): 534. CrossRef
Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs
Gurinderdeep Singh, Ronald Darwin, Krishna Chandra Panda, Shaikh Amir Afzal, Shashwat Katiyar, Ram C. Dhakar, Sangeetha Mani
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; : 1. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Cardiovascular Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: A Narrative Review: Fatima Zarzour, Ahmad Didi, Mohammed Almohaya, David Kendler; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):56-68. Published online February 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1644

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Calcium and vitamin D play an important role in mineral homeostasis and the maintenance of skeletal health. Calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely used for fracture prevention in elderly populations. Many trials have studied the effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, with disparate results. In this review, we summarize the most important trials and systematic reviews. There is significant heterogeneity in clinical trial design, differences in the nature of trial outcomes (self-reported vs. verified), prior calcium intake, and trial size. Inconsistent results have been reported concerning the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. Most current guidelines recommend calcium intake of up to 1,200 mg daily, preferably from the diet, without concern for cardiovascular risk. Recommendations regarding vitamin D supplementation vary widely. There is compelling evidence from well-conducted randomized trials that modest vitamin D supplementation is safe but does not confer cardiovascular benefit or cardiovascular harm.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Calcium Supplementation: To Do or Not to Do
Emanuella Graciela Borges Fonseca, Carlos Marques dos Santos, Felipe Freire da Silva, Ana Tereza Amoedo Martinez, Jozélio Freire de Carvalho
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2025; 32(1): 67. CrossRef
Evaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study
Mariangela Rondanelli, Salvatore Minisola, Marco Barale, Daniele Barbaro, Francesca Mansueto, Santina Battaglia, Gloria Bonaccorsi, Santina Caliri, Alessandro Cavioni, Luciano Colangelo, Sabrina Corbetta, Federica Coretti, Giorgia Dito, Valentina Gavioli,
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women
Jae Kyung Lee, Thi Minh Chau Tran, Euna Choi, Jinkyung Baek, Hae-Rim Kim, Heeyon Kim, Bo Hyon Yun, Seok Kyo Seo
Nutrients.2024; 16(7): 1043. CrossRef
Calcium deficiency and its implications for cardiovascular disease and cancer: Strategies for resolution via agronomic fortification
Liping Cheng, Jiapan Lian, Yongfeng Ding, Xin Wang, Mehr Ahmed Mujtaba Munir, Shafqat Ullah, Erjiang Wang, Zhenli He, Xiaoe Yang
Food Science & Nutrition.2024; 12(11): 8594. CrossRef
Effect of Denosumab on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Comparison with and without Calcium Supplementation in Patients on Standard Diets in Korea
Chaiho Jeong, Jinyoung Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Yejee Lim, Dong-Jun Lim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jeonghoon Ha
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(21): 6904. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Initial Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):23-32. Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1816

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease in which it is challenging to achieve long-term durable glycemic control. However, intensive glycemic control is crucial for preventing diabetes-related complications. Previous studies showed that monotherapy with a stepwise add-on approach was seldom effective for long-term durable glycemic control. Combination therapy, which refers to the use of two or more drugs to control hyperglycemia, has multiple benefits, including the ability to target a variety of pathophysiological processes underlying hyperglycemia. In clinical trials, initial combination therapy showed better glycemic control than monotherapy or a stepwise approach. Emerging evidence indicates that initial combination therapy is associated with preserved β-cell function and fewer complications in T2D. However, cost-effectiveness and adverse events with combination therapy are issues that should be considered. Therefore, initial combination therapy is an important option for patients with T2D that clinicians should consider with a view toward balancing benefits and potential harms. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing initial combination therapy in T2D, and we suggest optimal strategies based on clinical situations and patient characteristics.

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Glycemia Risk Index is Associated With Risk of Albuminuria Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Jee Hee Yoo, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Vector of glycated hemoglobin in the formation of dysglycemia in postmenopause: Emphasis on early diagnosis and therapy
L. A. Ruyatkina, D. S. Ruyatkin, L. V. Shcherbakova, I. S. Iskhakova
Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council.2024; (16): 135. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucagon: Physiological and Pharmacological Functions and Pathophysiological Significance in Type 2 Diabetes: Tadahiro Kitamura; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):33-39. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1911

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Glucagon has many functions, including the promotion of hepatic glucose production, fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy consumption, lipolysis, and myocardial contraction, as well as the suppression of lipogenesis, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility. However, it remains unclear which of these functions are physiological and which are pharmacological. Research on glucagon has lagged behind research on insulin because cross-reactivity with glucagon-related peptides in plasma has hindered the development of an accurate measurement system for glucagon. We recently developed a new glucagon sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is more specific and more sensitive to glucagon than the currently used measurement systems. The new sandwich ELISA is expected to contribute to personalized medicine for diabetes through its use in clinical examinations, the diagnosis of the pathophysiological condition of individual diabetes patients, and the choice of a treatment strategy. Efforts are continuing to develop glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonists to improve obesity and fatty liver by enhancing glucagon’s appetite-suppressing and lipolysis- and thermogenesis-promoting effects. Thus, glucagon is expected to be applied to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on a more accurate understanding of its functions.

Adrenal Gland
Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):373-380. Published online August 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1779

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Adrenal incidentalomas represent an increasingly common clinical conundrum with significant implications for patients. The revised 2023 European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) guideline incorporates cutting-edge evidence for managing adrenal incidentalomas. This paper provides a concise review of the updated contents of the revised guideline. In the 2023 guideline, in patients without signs and symptoms of overt Cushing’s syndrome, a post-dexamethasone cortisol level above 50 nmol/L (>1.8 μg/dL) should be considered as mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Regarding the criteria of benign adrenal adenomas, a homogeneous adrenal mass with ≤10 Hounsfield units on non-contrast computed tomography requires no further follow-up, irrespective of its size. The updated guideline also discusses steroid metabolomics using tandem mass spectrometry to discriminate malignancy. It underscores the importance of high-volume surgeons performing adrenalectomy and emphasizes the pivotal role of a multidisciplinary team approach in deciding the treatment plan for indeterminate adrenal masses. The guideline advocates for more proactive surgical treatment for indeterminate adrenal masses in young patients (<40 years) and pregnant women. This review of the 2023 ESE guideline underscores the ongoing evolution of the adrenal incidentaloma management landscape, emphasizing the need for further research and adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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Personalized Management of Malignant and Non-Malignant Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Proposed 10-Item Algorithm Approach
Mara Carsote, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Adrian Ciuche, Ovidiu Popa-Velea, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Claudiu Nistor
Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1868. CrossRef
Temporal trends in clinical features of patients with primary aldosteronism over 20 years
Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sang Wan Kim, Jung-Min Koh, Seung Hun Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Hypertension Research.2024; 47(8): 2019. CrossRef
Steroid Profiling in the Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome and Diagnosis of MACS
A. Nankova, T. Kamenova, V. Vasilev, At. Elenkova, D. Svinarov, G. Kirilov, S. Zaharieva
Acta Medica Bulgarica.2024; 51(2): 1. CrossRef
Adrenal incidentalomas
Ivana Ságová
Vnitřní lékařství.2024; 70(5): E9. CrossRef
Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Crossroad Between a Multi-Layered Endocrine Perspective and a Contemporary Approach in Thoracic Surgery
Claudiu Nistor, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Anca-Pati Cucu, Florina Vasilescu, Lucian-George Eftimie, Dana Terzea, Mihai Costachescu, Adrian Ciuche, Mara Carsote
Life.2024; 14(11): 1374. CrossRef
Mature Adrenal Ganglioneuroma With Lipomatous Content: A Radiological and Histopathological Diagnostic Challenge
Mohammed Lameir Hussein, Shams O Alkhateeb, Jouhar J Kolleri, Ala' Saleem Abu-Dayeh, Khaled Murshed, Nabil Sherif Mahmood
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Radioimmunoassay in Determining Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Plasma Renin Activity for Primary Aldosteronism Screening
So Yoon Kwon, Kyeong-Jin Kim, Soo-Youn Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 965. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect: Kainat Ahmed, Ha-Neul Choi, Jung-Eun Yim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):482-492. Published online October 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1776

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This review explores the potential benefits of taurine in ameliorating the metabolic disorders of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the factors that bridge these associations. Relevant articles and studies were reviewed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between obesity and the development of T2D and the effect of taurine on those conditions. The loss of normal β-cell function and development of T2D are associated with obesity-derived insulin resistance. The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The relationships among obesity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and T2D are complex and intertwined. Taurine may play a role in ameliorating these metabolic disorders through different pathways, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential as a therapeutic intervention.

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Enhancing metformin efficacy with cholecalciferol and taurine in diabetes therapy: Potential and limitations
Gehan El-Akabawy, Nabil Eid
World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of a Very Low-Calorie Diet on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory and Metabolomic Profile in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese Subjects
Neus Bosch-Sierra, Carmen Grau-del Valle, Christian Salom, Begoña Zaragoza-Villena, Laura Perea-Galera, Rosa Falcón-Tapiador, Susana Rovira-Llopis, Carlos Morillas, Daniel Monleón, Celia Bañuls
Antioxidants.2024; 13(3): 302. CrossRef
Association of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio with Body Mass Index in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Kainat Ahmed, Ha-Neul Choi, Sung-Rae Cho, Jung-Eun Yim
Metabolites.2024; 14(10): 518. CrossRef
Spatial Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of Dietary Capsaicin Intervention on Interscapular Adipose Tissue Metabolome in Mice
Haoqing Yang, Peiying Zheng, Jiamiao Hu, Zhongjing Lin, Natthida Sriboonvorakul, Shaoling Lin
Foods.2024; 13(23): 3943. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Roles of Parathyroid Hormone and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Yosuke Nakagawa, Hirotaka Komaba; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):407-415. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1978

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) each play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder. Levels of both hormones increase progressively in advanced CKD and can lead to damage in multiple organs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia with increased PTH secretion, is associated with fractures and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that these associations may be partially explained by PTH-induced browning of adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure. Observational studies suggest a survival benefit of PTHlowering therapy, and a recent study comparing parathyroidectomy and calcimimetics further suggests the importance of intensive PTH control. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of FGF23 secretion by osteocytes in response to phosphate load have been unclear, but recent experimental studies have identified glycerol-3-phosphate, a byproduct of glycolysis released by the kidney, as a key regulator of FGF23 production. Elevated FGF23 levels have been shown to be associated with mortality, and experimental data suggest off-target adverse effects of FGF23. However, the causal role of FGF23 in adverse outcomes in CKD patients remains to be established. Further studies are needed to determine whether intensive SHPT control improves clinical outcomes and whether treatment targeting FGF23 can improve patient outcomes.

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Correlation linking fibroblast growth factor 23 in circulation (FGF-23) and serum aldosterone levels in different stages of chronic kidney disease
Amira Hassan Elsaid Dohuim, Medhat Abd El Megeid Ghazy, Nahla Abdel Aziz Nosair, Amr Khalifa Hussien
The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs
Gurinderdeep Singh, Ronald Darwin, Krishna Chandra Panda, Shaikh Amir Afzal, Shashwat Katiyar, Ram C. Dhakar, Sangeetha Mani
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; : 1. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Diabetic Retinopathy: What We Have Now and What to Expect in the Future: Mingui Kong, Su Jeong Song; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):416-424. Published online June 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1913

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and is a leading cause of vision loss globally. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for ensuring favorable visual outcomes, highlighting the need for increased access to medical care. The recent remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have raised high expectations for its role in disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction across various medical fields. In addition to achieving high precision comparable to that of ophthalmologists, AI-based diagnosis of DR has the potential to improve medical accessibility, especially through telemedicine. In this review paper, we aim to examine the current role of AI in the diagnosis of DR and explore future directions.

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Revolutionizing diabetic retinopathy screening and management: The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning
Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla, Jaiprakash Mohanraj
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Retinal Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Early Detection to Personalized Treatment
Georgios Chondrozoumakis, Eleftherios Chatzimichail, Oussama Habra, Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Nikolaos Papanas, Zisis Gatzioufas, Georgios D. Panos
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1343. CrossRef
Enhancing Ophthalmic Diagnosis and Treatment with Artificial Intelligence
David B. Olawade, Kusal Weerasinghe, Mathugamage Don Dasun Eranga Mathugamage, Aderonke Odetayo, Nicholas Aderinto, Jennifer Teke, Stergios Boussios
Medicina.2025; 61(3): 433. CrossRef

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