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From articles published in Endocrinology and Metabolism during the past two years (2023 ~ ).

Review Articles
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):10-24.   Published online February 9, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.102
  • 9,275 View
  • 345 Download
  • 35 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The Korean National Health Information Database (NHID) contains big data combining information obtained from the National Health Insurance Service and health examinations. Data are provided in the form of a cohort, and the NHID can be used to conduct longitudinal studies and research on rare diseases. Moreover, data on the cause and date of death are provided by Statistics Korea. Research and publications based on the NHID have increased explosively in the field of endocrine disorders. However, because the data were not collected for research purposes, studies using the NHID have limitations, particularly the need for the operational definition of diseases. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the Korean NHID, operational definitions of endocrine diseases used for research, and an overview of recent studies in endocrinology using the Korean NHID.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Different Associations between Lipid Levels and Risk for Heart Failure according to Diabetes Progression
    Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyu Na Lee, Jong-Chan Youn, Hun Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 105.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
    Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Reflections on the 2024 KTA Guideline and the Role of Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
    Minseok Suh, So Won Oh, Gi Jeong Cheon, June-Key Chung
    Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2025; 59(2): 95.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Pancreatitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Development of Pancreatic Cancer: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study
    Young-eun Kim, Min Heui Yu, Chung Mo Nam, Eun Seok Kang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 252.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020)
    Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 172.     CrossRef
  • Association between glycaemic status and the risk of acromegaly: a nationwide population-based cohort study
    Eun Roh, Ji Hye Heo, Han Na Jung, Kyung Do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm
    BMJ Open.2025; 15(3): e087884.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Current Status of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Korean Adults Based on Fact Sheets 2024
    Eun-Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 174.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures among Patients with Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Eu Jeong Ku, Won Sang Yoo, Yu Been Hwang, Subin Jang, Jooyoung Lee, Shinje Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 225.     CrossRef
  • Association between mental disorders and suicide risk among people with type 2 diabetes
    Han-Sang Baek, Kyu-Na Lee, Dong Woo Kang, Jae-Seung Yun, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2025; 385: 119351.     CrossRef
  • Long-term Nonskeletal Complications in Patients With Thyroid Cancer and Hypoparathyroidism Post Total Thyroidectomy
    Eu Jeong Ku, Jooyoung Lee, Won Sang Yoo, Janghyeon Bae, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Young-Onset Dementia
    Jeong-Yoon Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jonguk Kim, Jae-Sung Lim, Dae Young Cheon, Minwoo Lee
    Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Kidney Function
    Ji-Hyun Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2025; 14(2): 190.     CrossRef
  • Risk of psychiatric disorders in patients with graves' disease: A nationwide population-based analysis
    Ju-Yeun Lee, Minha Hong, Young Hee Jung, Seo Young Sohn
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2025; 385: 119386.     CrossRef
  • High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and the Risk of Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Eun Roh, Ji Hye Heo, Han Na Jung, Kyung‐Do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung‐Hee Ihm
    Clinical Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Progression and Its Impact on Kidney Cancer Risk: Insights From a Longitudinal Korean Cohort Study
    Jin Yu, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations Between Physical Activity and the Risk of Hip Fracture Depending on Glycemic Status: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Kyoung Min Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyungdo Han, Yumie Rhee
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1194.     CrossRef
  • Weight change in patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with remission: Comprehensive real‐world data
    Jinyoung Kim, Bongseong Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 567.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes severity and the risk of depression: A nationwide population-based study
    Yunjung Cho, Bongsung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 694.     CrossRef
  • Information Bias Might Exaggerate Lung Cancer Risk of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
    Nobuyuki Horita, Kaoru Takase-Minegishi
    Journal of Thoracic Oncology.2024; 19(2): 348.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Duration, Cholesterol Levels, and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(12): e2317.     CrossRef
  • Risk of fracture in patients with myasthenia gravis: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
    Hye-Sun Park, Kyoungsu Kim, Min Heui Yu, Ha Young Shin, Yumie Rhee, Seung Woo Kim, Namki Hong
    Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2024; 39(6): 688.     CrossRef
  • All-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in individuals with diabetes living alone: A large-scale population-based cohort study
    Jae-Seung Yun, Kyungdo Han, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Yu-Bae Ahn, Yong-Moon Mark Park, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 217: 111876.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea
    Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(5): 678.     CrossRef
  • Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
    Ji Yoon Kim, Sojeong Park, Minae Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
    JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(11): e2443918.     CrossRef
  • Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Thyroid Disease in 7 Million Adult and 0.2 Million Adolescent Vaccine Recipients
    Sungho Bea, Hwa Young Ahn, Jieun Woo, Ju-Young Shin, Sun Wook Cho
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
    Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Research on obesity using the National Health Information Database: recent trends
    Eun-Jung Rhee
    Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 35.     CrossRef
  • Pituitary Diseases and COVID-19 Outcomes in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Jeonghoon Ha, Kyoung Min Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Keeho Song, Gi Hyeon Seo
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(14): 4799.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soon Jib Yoo
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 426.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study
    Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 436.     CrossRef
  • Is Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms? A Population-Based, Nested Case–Control Study from Korea
    Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
    Thyroid®.2023; 33(12): 1483.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525.     CrossRef
  • Risk of depression in patients with acromegaly in Korea (2006-2016): a nationwide population-based study
    Shinje Moon, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
    European Journal of Endocrinology.2023; 189(3): 363.     CrossRef
  • Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
    Jin Yu, Kyu-Na Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770.     CrossRef
  • Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
    Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 690.     CrossRef
Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Renal Protection of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, Finerenone, in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Dong-Lim Kim, Seung-Eun Lee, Nan Hee Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):43-55.   Published online February 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1629
  • 14,695 View
  • 1,218 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases; therefore, its prevention and treatment are important. The prevention of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can be achieved through intensive glycemic control and blood pressure management. Additionally, DKD treatment aims to reduce albuminuria and improve kidney function. In patients with T2DM, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can delay the progression of DKD. Hence, there is a need for novel treatments that can effectively suppress DKD progression. Finerenone is a first-in-class nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with clinically proven efficacy in improving albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and risk of cardiovascular events in early and advanced DKD. Therefore, finerenone is a promising treatment option to delay DKD progression. This article reviews the mechanism of renal effects and major clinical outcomes of finerenone in DKD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Finerenona no Tratamento da Nefropatia Diabética: Perspectivas Atuais e Evidências Clínicas
    Rosana Maciel Schmidt, Luis Alberto Batista Peres, Alfredo Casagrande Laude
    Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo.2025; 17(3): e7760.     CrossRef
  • Role and application prospective of non-steroidal MRA in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease
    Yu Sun, Mingzhu Wang
    International Urology and Nephrology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Distinct Roles of Common Genetic Variants and Their Contributions to Diabetes: MODY and Uncontrolled T2DM
    Shadi Bazzazzadehgan, Zia Shariat-Madar, Fakhri Mahdi
    Biomolecules.2025; 15(3): 414.     CrossRef
  • Renal function trajectories of Japanese adults with diabetic kidney disease on different diet therapies including energy-restricted and low-carbohydrate diets: a retrospective cohort study
    Tomomi Shirai, Sakiko Inaba, Miyu Maemura, Maki Saho, Miyu Sato, Mariko Sanada, Yoko Tsukamoto, Gaku Inoue, Taichi Nagahisa, Shinichi Tanaka, Hajime Tanaka, Hideaki Kurata, Takeshi Katsuki, Toshihide Kawai, Satoru Yamada
    Diabetology International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Neue Antihypertensiva im Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System
    Markus van der Giet
    CardioVasc.2024; 24(1): 33.     CrossRef
  • Chicoric acid advanced PAQR3 ubiquitination to ameliorate ferroptosis in diabetes nephropathy through the relieving of the interaction between PAQR3 and P110α pathway
    Weiwei Zhang, Yong Liu, Jiajun Zhou, Teng Qiu, Haitang Xie, Zhichen Pu
    Clinical and Experimental Hypertension.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endothelial CXCR2 deficiency attenuates renal inflammation and glycocalyx shedding through NF-κB signaling in diabetic kidney disease
    Siyuan Cui, Xin Chen, Jiayu Li, Wei Wang, Deqi Meng, Shenglong Zhu, Shiwei Shen
    Cell Communication and Signaling.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular Targets of Novel Therapeutics for Diabetic Kidney Disease: A New Era of Nephroprotection
    Alessio Mazzieri, Francesca Porcellati, Francesca Timio, Gianpaolo Reboldi
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(7): 3969.     CrossRef
  • Rediscovery of the implication of albuminuria in heart failure: emerging classic index for cardiorenal interaction
    Kyung‐Duk Min, Yuki Matsumoto, Masanori Asakura, Masaharu Ishihara
    ESC Heart Failure.2024; 11(6): 3470.     CrossRef
  • Decoding the role of aldosterone in glycation-induced diabetic complications
    Mayura Apte, Saee Zambre, Pratiksha Pisar, Bishnudeo Roy, Rashmi Tupe
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2024; 721: 150107.     CrossRef
  • Exploring the potential of finerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a promising frontier
    Ayesha Maryam, Muhammad Salman Nadeem, Ayesha Fatima, Kashaf Noor Asmat
    International Urology and Nephrology.2024; 57(1): 295.     CrossRef
  • A new perspective on proteinuria and drug therapy for diabetic kidney disease
    Ruimin Zhang, Qian Wang, Yaqing Li, Qihu Li, Xuefeng Zhou, Xiangmei Chen, Zheyi Dong
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular Therapeutics for Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Update
    Man Guo, Fangfang He, Chun Zhang
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(18): 10051.     CrossRef
  • Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Finerenone with Diltiazem, Fluconazole, and Ritonavir in Rats
    Tham Thi Bui, So-Hyeon Kim, Woojin Jung, Sung-yoon Yang, Quyen Thi Tran, Hyunjung Lee, Seongwon Park, Lien Thi Ngo, Hwi-yeol Yun, Jung-woo CHAE
    European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.2024; 49(6): 701.     CrossRef
  • A comprehensive review of finerenone—a third-generation non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
    Shuhui Zhai, Baisheng Ma, Weiwei Chen, Qini Zhao
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exercise as a therapeutic approach to alleviate diabetic kidney disease: mechanisms, clinical evidence and potential exercise prescriptions
    Rao Fan, Jianda Kong, Jiahao Zhang, Lei Zhu
    Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Merita Rroji, Goce Spasovski
    PROTEOMICS.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors for Cardiorenal Protection: Ready for Prime Time?
    Alessio Mazzieri, Francesca Timio, Francesco Patera, Francesco Trepiccione, Mario Bonomini, Gianpaolo Reboldi
    Kidney and Blood Pressure Research.2024; 49(1): 1041.     CrossRef
  • Finerenone: a breakthrough mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for heart failure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease
    Akshyaya Pradhan, Umesh Chandra Tripathi
    The Egyptian Heart Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Epigenetic modification in diabetic kidney disease
    Zhe Liu, Jiahui Liu, Wanning Wang, Xingna An, Ling Luo, Dehai Yu, Weixia Sun
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Novel Approaches in Chronic Renal Failure without Renal Replacement Therapy: A Review
    Sandra Martínez-Hernández, Martín Muñoz-Ortega, Manuel Ávila-Blanco, Mariana Medina-Pizaño, Javier Ventura-Juárez
    Biomedicines.2023; 11(10): 2828.     CrossRef
  • Finerenone and other future therapeutic options for Alport syndrome
    Helen Pearce, Holly Mabillard
    Journal of Rare Diseases.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Close layer
Original Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study
Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):406-417.   Published online August 3, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1703
  • 11,169 View
  • 303 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
While the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a measure of insulin resistance, its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been well elucidated. We evaluated the TyG index for prediction of CVDs in a prospective large communitybased cohort.
Methods
Individuals 40 to 70 years old were prospectively followed for a median 15.6 years. The TyG index was calculated as the Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. CVDs included any acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate CVD risks according to quartiles of the TyG index and plotted the receiver operating characteristics curve for the incident CVD.
Results
Among 8,511 subjects (age 51.9±8.8 years; 47.5% males), 931 (10.9%) had incident CVDs during the follow-up. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, exercise, and C-reactive protein, subjects in the highest TyG quartile had 36% increased risk of incident CVD compared with the lowest TyG quartile (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.68). Carotid plaque, assessed by ultrasonography was more frequent in subjects in the higher quartile of TyG index (P for trend=0.049 in men and P for trend <0.001 in women). The TyG index had a higher predictive power for CVDs than the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (area under the curve, 0.578 for TyG and 0.543 for HOMA-IR). Adding TyG index on diabetes or hypertension alone gave sounder predictability for CVDs.
Conclusion
The TyG index is independently associated with future CVDs in 16 years of follow-up in large, prospective Korean cohort.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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  • Inflammatory and Metabolic Predictors of Mortality in Pulmonary Thromboembolism: A Focus on the Triglyceride–Glucose Index and Pan-Immune Inflammation Value
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Close layer
Review Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update
Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):12-22.   Published online February 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1942
  • 21,603 View
  • 754 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths with numbers continuing to increase worldwide. In the last 20 years, the emergence of pharmacological treatments for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones has transformed the therapeutic landscape. The successful development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, followed by the synergistic combined effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists achieved remarkable weight loss and glycemic control in those with the diseases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The multiple cardiometabolic benefits include improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. The 2023 phase 2 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (retatrutide) in patients with the disease of obesity reported 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks with 12 mg retatrutide. This review evaluates the current available evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists with a focus on GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonists and discusses the potential future benefits and research directions.

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Close layer
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Acromegaly and Bone: An Update
Andrea Giustina
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):655-666.   Published online December 22, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.601
  • 7,232 View
  • 297 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Since our discovery in 2006 that acromegaly is associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures, many authors have confirmed this finding in both cross-sectional and prospective studies. Due to the high epidemiological and clinical impact of this newly discovered comorbidity of acromegaly, this topic has progressively become more important and prominent over the years, and the pertinent literature has been enriched by new findings on the pathophysiology and treatment. The aim of this narrative review was to discuss these novel findings, integrating them with the seminal observations, in order to give the reader an updated view of how the field of acromegaly and bone is developing, from strong clinical observations to a mechanistic understanding and possible prevention and treatment.

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Close layer
Thyroid
Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines
Min Joo Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Ji Ye Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Kyungsik Kim, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):47-60.   Published online February 15, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1937
  • 13,846 View
  • 694 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The indolent nature and favorable outcomes associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma have prompted numerous prospective studies on active surveillance (AS) and its adoption as an alternative to immediate surgery in managing low-risk thyroid cancer. This article reviews the current status of AS, as outlined in various international practice guidelines. AS is typically recommended for tumors that measure 1 cm or less in diameter and do not exhibit aggressive subtypes on cytology, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis. To determine the most appropriate candidates for AS, factors such as tumor size, location, multiplicity, and ultrasound findings are considered, along with patient characteristics like medical condition, age, and family history. Moreover, shared decision-making, which includes patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life and cost-effectiveness, is essential. During AS, patients undergo regular ultrasound examinations to monitor for signs of disease progression, including tumor growth, extrathyroidal extension, or lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, while AS is a feasible and reliable approach for managing lowrisk thyroid cancer, it requires careful patient selection, effective communication for shared decision-making, standardized follow-up protocols, and a clear definition of disease progression.

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Close layer
Original Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Efficacy and Safety of Omarigliptin, a Novel Once-Weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Samir Kumar Talukder, Deep Dutta, Shahjada Selim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):109-126.   Published online January 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1839
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  • 143 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
No recent meta-analysis has holistically analyzed and summarized the efficacy and safety of omarigliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a meta-analysis to address this knowledge gap.
Methods
Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included patients with T2DM who received omarigliptin in the intervention arm. The control arm consisted of either a placebo (passive control group [PCG]) or an active comparator (active control group [ACG]). The primary outcome assessed was changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), while secondary outcomes included variations in glucose levels, achievement of glycemic targets, adverse events (AEs), and hypoglycemic events.
Results
From 332 initially screened articles, data from 16 RCTs involving 8,804 subjects were analyzed. Omarigliptin demonstrated superiority over placebo in reducing HbA1c levels (mean difference, –0.58%; 95% confidence interval, –0.75 to –0.40; P<0.00001; I2=91%). Additionally, omarigliptin outperformed placebo in lowering fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and in the percentage of participants achieving HbA1c levels below 7.0% and 6.5%. The glycemic efficacy of omarigliptin was similar to that of the ACG across all measures. Although the omarigliptin group experienced a higher incidence of hypoglycemic events compared to the PCG, the overall AEs, serious AEs, hypoglycemia, and severe hypoglycemia were comparable between the omarigliptin and control groups (PCG and ACG).
Conclusion
Omarigliptin has a favorable glycemic efficacy and safety profile for managing T2DM.

Citations

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    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Shahjada Selim, Faria Afsana, Lakshmi Nagendra, Rezwana Ahmed, Deep Dutta
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    A B M Kamrul-Hasan, Shinjan Patra, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, AFM Muntahi-Reza, Sanja Borozan, Joseph M Pappachan
    World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 112.     CrossRef
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    Abul Bashar Mohammad Kamrul-Hasan, Joseph M Pappachan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammad Shafi Kuchay, Nitin Kapoor
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    Abul Bashar Mohammad Kamrul-Hasan, Vanishri Ganakumar, Lakshmi Nagendra, Deep Dutta, M Rafiqul Islam, Joseph M Pappachan
    World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona, Lakshmi Nagendra, Shahjada Selim, Deep Dutta
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    Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
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    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Sunetra Mondal, Saptarshi Bhattacharya, Sanjay Kalra
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  • Hepatobiliary effects and safety of tirzepatide: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    A. B. M. Kamrul‐Hasan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammad Shafi Kuchay, Md. Saiful Islam, Joseph M. Pappachan
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    A. B. M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Samir Kumar Talukder, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Shahjada Selim, Eusebio Chiefari
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  • Pancreatic Safety of Tirzepatide and Its Effects on Islet Cell Function: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
    A. B. M. Kamrul‐Hasan, Sunetra Mondal, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammed Ruhul Kabir, Joseph M. Pappachan
    Obesity Science & Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Close layer
Review Articles
Miscellaneous
Brown Adipose Tissue: Activation and Metabolism in Humans
Imane Hachemi, Mueez U-Din
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):214-222.   Published online March 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1659
  • 29,019 View
  • 814 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ contributing to non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT becomes active under cold stress via sympathetic nervous system activation. However, recent evidence has suggested that BAT may also be active at thermoneutrality and in a postprandial state. BAT has superior energy dissipation capacity compared to white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscles. Thus, it has been proposed that the recruitment and activation of additional BAT may increase the overall energy-expending capacity in humans, potentially improving current whole-body weight management strategies. Nutrition plays a central role in obesity and weight management. Thus, this review discusses human studies describing BAT hyper-metabolism after dietary interventions. Nutritional agents that can potentially recruit brown adipocytes via the process of BAT-WAT transdifferentiation are also discussed.

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Close layer
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis
Brendan F. Boyce, Jinbo Li, Zhenqiang Yao, Lianping Xing
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):504-521.   Published online September 26, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.501
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  • 189 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Maintenance of skeletal integrity requires the coordinated activity of multinucleated bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Osteoclasts form resorption lacunae on bone surfaces in response to cytokines by fusion of precursor cells. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal precursors and lay down new bone in resorption lacunae during bone remodeling. Nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) signaling regulates osteoclast and osteoblast formation and is activated in osteoclast precursors in response to the essential osteoclastogenic cytokine, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which can also control osteoblast formation through RANK-RANKL reverse signaling in osteoblast precursors. RANKL and some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), activate NF-κB signaling to positively regulate osteoclast formation and functions. However, these cytokines also limit osteoclast and osteoblast formation through NF-κB signaling molecules, including TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). TRAF6 mediates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation through canonical NF-κB signaling. In contrast, TRAF3 limits RANKL- and TNF-induced osteoclast formation, and it restricts transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced inhibition of osteoblast formation in young and adult mice. During aging, neutrophils expressing TGFβ and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) increase in bone marrow of mice in response to increased NF-κB-induced CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells and injection of these neutrophils into young mice decreased bone mass. TGFβ causes degradation of TRAF3, resulting in decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin-mediated osteoblast formation and age-related osteoporosis in mice. The CCR5 inhibitor, maraviroc, prevented accumulation of TGFβ+/CCR5+ neutrophils in bone marrow and increased bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing bone formation in aged mice. This paper updates current understanding of how NF-κB signaling is involved in the positive and negative regulation of cytokine-mediated osteoclast and osteoblast formation and activation with a focus on the role of TRAF3 signaling, which can be targeted therapeutically to enhance bone mass.

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Close layer
Original Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Inhibition of Fatty Acid β-Oxidation by Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 Induces Ferroptosis in HK2 Cells Under High Glucose Conditions
Jiasi Chen, Keping Wu, Yan Lei, Mingcheng Huang, Lokyu Cheng, Hui Guan, Jiawen Lin, Ming Zhong, Xiaohua Wang, Zhihua Zheng
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):226-244.   Published online April 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1604
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Ferroptosis, which is caused by an iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, is a type of cell death linked to diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Previous research has shown that fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is involved in the regulation of ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy. The present study was constructed to explore the role of FABP4 in the regulation of ferroptosis in DKD.
Methods
We first detected the expression of FABP4 and proteins related to ferroptosis in renal biopsies of patients with DKD. Then, we used a FABP4 inhibitor and small interfering RNA to investigate the role of FABP4 in ferroptosis induced by high glucose in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HG-HK2) cells.
Results
In kidney biopsies of DKD patients, the expression of FABP4 was elevated, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CP-T1A), glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain, and ferritin light chain showed reduced expression. In HG-HK2 cells, the induction of ferroptosis was accompanied by an increase in FABP4. Inhibition of FABP4 in HG-HK2 cells changed the redox state, sup-pressing the production of reactive oxygen species, ferrous iron (Fe2+), and malondialdehyde, increasing superoxide dismutase, and reversing ferroptosis-associated mitochondrial damage. The inhibition of FABP4 also increased the expression of CPT1A, reversed lipid deposition, and restored impaired fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, the inhibition of CPT1A could induce ferroptosis in HK2 cells.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that FABP4 mediates ferroptosis in HG-HK2 cells by inhibiting fatty acid β-oxidation.

Citations

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Close layer
Thyroid
Thyroid Cancer Screening
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Harms of Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review
Ji Yong Park, Wonsuk Choi, A Ram Hong, Jee Hee Yoon, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):104-116.   Published online February 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1669
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
There have concerns related with the potential harms of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). We aimed to summarize the clinical complications and evaluate the safety of FNAB.
Methods
Studies related with the harms of FNAB were searched on MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane library, and KoreaMed from 2012 to 2022. Also, studies reviewed in the previous systematic reviews were evaluated. Included clinical complications were postprocedural pain, bleeding events, neurological symptoms, tracheal puncture, infections, post-FNAB thyrotoxicosis, and needle tract implantation of thyroid cancers.
Results
Twenty-three cohort studies were included in this review. Nine studies which were related with FNAB-related pain showed that most of the subjects had no or mild discomfort. The 0% to 6.4% of the patients had hematoma or hemorrhage after FNAB, according to 15 studies. Vasovagal reaction, vocal cord palsy, and tracheal puncture have rarely described in the included studies. Needle tract implantation of thyroid malignancies was described in three studies reporting 0.02% to 0.19% of the incidence rate.
Conclusion
FNAB is considered to be a safe diagnostic procedure with rare complications, which are mainly minor events. Thorough assessement of the patients’ medical condition when deciding to perform FNABs would be advisable to lower potential complications.

Citations

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    Tony Chung, Shiven Sharma, Eric M. Genden, Jacob M. Appel
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    Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park, Chan Kwon Jung, Dong Gyu Na
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Close layer
Review Articles
Thyroid
A Narrative Review of the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guideline for Patients with Thyroid Nodules
Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park, Chan Kwon Jung, Dong Gyu Na
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):61-72.   Published online February 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1938
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  • 8 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The 2023 Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) Management Guideline for Patients with Thyroid Nodules constitute an update of the 2016 KTA guideline for thyroid nodules and cancers that focuses specifically on nodules. The 2023 guideline aim to offer updated guidance based on new evidence that reflects the changes in clinical practice since the 2016 KTA guideline. To update the 2023 guideline, a comprehensive literature search was conducted from January 2022 to May 2022. The literature search included studies, reviews, and other evidence involving human subjects that were published in English in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and other relevant databases. Additional significant clinical trials and research studies published up to April 2023 were also reviewed. The limitations of the current evidence are discussed, and suggestions for areas in need of further research are identified. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the 2023 KTA guideline for the management of thyroid nodules released in May 2023 and to give a balanced insight with comparison of recent guidelines from other societies.

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Close layer
Adrenal gland
The Fascinating Interplay between Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Insulin
Eline C. Nijenhuis-Noort, Kirsten A. Berk, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers, Aart J. van der Lely
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):83-89.   Published online January 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.101
  • 86,325 View
  • 1,003 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
This review intends to provide the reader with a practical overview of several (patho)physiological conditions in which knowledge of the interplay between growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin is important. This might help treating physicians in making the right decisions on how to intervene and improve metabolism for the benefit of patients, and to understand why and how metabolism responds in their specific cases. We will specifically address the interplay between GH, IGF-1, and insulin in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and acromegaly as examples in which this knowledge is truly necessary.

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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Osteocalcin: Beyond Bones
Jakub Krzysztof Nowicki, Elżbieta Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):399-406.   Published online May 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1895
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Apart from basic roles such as supporting the body, protecting internal organs, and storing calcium, the skeletal system also performs hormonal functions. In recent years, several reports have been published on proteins secreted by bones and their impact on the homeostasis of the entire body. These proteins include fibroblast growth factor 23, sclerostin, lipocalin 2, and osteocalcin. Osteocalcin, the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone tissue, is routinely measured as a clinical marker for diagnosing bone metabolism disorders. Its molecule undergoes numerous transformations, with decarboxylation being the critical process. Decarboxylation occurs in the acidic environment typical of bone resorption, facilitating the release of the molecule into the bloodstream and enabling its hormonal action. Decarboxylated osteocalcin promotes insulin secretion and stimulates the proliferation of pancreatic islet β-cells. It also plays a role in reducing the accumulation of visceral fat and decreasing fat storage in the liver. Furthermore, decarboxylated osteocalcin levels are inversely correlated with fasting serum glucose levels, total body fat, visceral fat area, and body mass index. Apart from its role in energy metabolism, osteocalcin affects testosterone production and the synthesis of glucagon-like peptide-1. It is also actively involved in muscle-bone crosstalk and influences cognitive function.

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Original Article
Miscellaneous
Incidence of Endocrine-Related Dysfunction in Patients Treated with New Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review
Won Sang Yoo, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):750-759.   Published online November 13, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1785
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study investigated the incidence of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) for recently developed immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) drugs.
Methods
We collected studies on newly developed ICI drugs using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception through January 31, 2023. Among ICI drugs, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab were excluded from the new ICI drugs because many papers on endocrine-related side effects have already been published.
Results
A total of 44,595 patients from 177 studies were included in this analysis. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9% to 11.4%), thyrotoxicosis was 4.6% (95% CI, 3.8% to 5.7%), hypophysitis was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.5% to 1.1%), adrenal insufficiency was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7% to 1.1%), and hyperglycemia was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6% to 3.4%). Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis occurred most frequently with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors (13.7% and 7.5%, respectively). The rate of endocrine side effects for the combination of a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor (durvalumab) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor (tremelimumab) was higher than that of monotherapy. In a meta-analysis, the combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab had a 9- to 10-fold higher risk of pituitary and adrenal-related side effects than durvalumab alone.
Conclusion
Newly developed PD-1 inhibitors had a high incidence of thyroid-related irAEs, and combined treatment with durvalumab and tremelimumab increased the risk of pituitary- and adrenal-related irAEs. Based on these facts, it is necessary to predict the endocrine side effects corresponding to each ICI drug, diagnose and treat them appropriately, and try to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients.

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