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1Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human Ecology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
2Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
Copyright © 2023 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Study | Activity | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Kulakowski et al. (1984) [52], Wu et al. (2010) [51] | Enhancement of insulin sensitivity | Insulin resistance can be caused by changes in phosphorylation states of certain proteins, such as IRS-1, IRS-2, Akt, and JNK-1 in peripheral tissues. Taurine regulates these changes through direct interactions with insulin receptors. |
Carneiro et al. (2009) [45], Park et al. (2004) [53] | Inducing insulin secretion | By increasing the expression of genes involved in insulin secretion and/or by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels, insulin production is stimulated. |
Jong et al. (2012) [54] | Anti-oxidation | Taurine protects the mitochondria from excessive superoxide production by binding to the uridine moiety of mitochondrial tRNA Leu. |
Park et al. (1993) [55], Liu et al. (2002) [56] | Anti-inflammation | Taurine has been found to suppress the secretion of cytokines that are related to diabetes, including TNF-α and MCP-1. These cytokines are known to play a role in the development and progression of diabetes. By suppressing their secretion, taurine helps to reduce the risk or severity of diabetes. |
Effect | Underlying mechanism |
---|---|
Antioxidative effects | Upregulation of cellular antioxidant defense system by enhancement of anti-oxidative enzymes, such as hepatic thioredoxin reductase activity [57], superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity [58]. Inhibition of mitochondrial stress by disruption of events causing intracellular Ca2+ overload. |
Anti-inflammatory effects | Scavenging of hypochlorous acid and inhibition of the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α [59]. |
Energy metabolism | Reduction of the NADH/NAD+ ratio during glycolysis, thus activating complex I and NADH-sensitive enzymes [60]. |
Pancreatic β-cell function | Taurine inactivates ATP-sensitive K+ channels, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload that results in exocytosis of insulin molecules, thereby enhancing insulin secretion and availability [61]. |
Study | Activity | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Kulakowski et al. (1984) [52], Wu et al. (2010) [51] | Enhancement of insulin sensitivity | Insulin resistance can be caused by changes in phosphorylation states of certain proteins, such as IRS-1, IRS-2, Akt, and JNK-1 in peripheral tissues. Taurine regulates these changes through direct interactions with insulin receptors. |
Carneiro et al. (2009) [45], Park et al. (2004) [53] | Inducing insulin secretion | By increasing the expression of genes involved in insulin secretion and/or by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels, insulin production is stimulated. |
Jong et al. (2012) [54] | Anti-oxidation | Taurine protects the mitochondria from excessive superoxide production by binding to the uridine moiety of mitochondrial tRNA Leu. |
Park et al. (1993) [55], Liu et al. (2002) [56] | Anti-inflammation | Taurine has been found to suppress the secretion of cytokines that are related to diabetes, including TNF-α and MCP-1. These cytokines are known to play a role in the development and progression of diabetes. By suppressing their secretion, taurine helps to reduce the risk or severity of diabetes. |
Effect | Underlying mechanism |
---|---|
Antioxidative effects | Upregulation of cellular antioxidant defense system by enhancement of anti-oxidative enzymes, such as hepatic thioredoxin reductase activity [57], superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity [58]. Inhibition of mitochondrial stress by disruption of events causing intracellular Ca2+ overload. |
Anti-inflammatory effects | Scavenging of hypochlorous acid and inhibition of the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α [59]. |
Energy metabolism | Reduction of the NADH/NAD+ ratio during glycolysis, thus activating complex I and NADH-sensitive enzymes [60]. |
Pancreatic β-cell function | Taurine inactivates ATP-sensitive K+ channels, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload that results in exocytosis of insulin molecules, thereby enhancing insulin secretion and availability [61]. |
IRS, insulin receptor substrate; JNK-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NADH/NAD, reduced and oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.