Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Thyroid
Investigating Birth and Thyroid Outcomes of Maternal-Fetal Environmental Exposures (IBM-E): A Cohort Protocol for Dietary Iodine and Endocrine Disruptors: Yun Ji Jung, Jeong Eun Shin, Ju-hee Yoon, Suhra Kim, Hayan Kwon, Sungbo Shim, Dong Yeob Shin, Minseo Gim, Younglim Kho, JoonHo Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(6):940-949. Published online September 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2475

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental pollutants that may impair maternal and fetal health by disrupting hormonal systems, including the thyroid. Both iodine deficiency and excess are associated with thyroid dysfunction and adverse obstetrical outcomes. However, the combined impacts of EDCs and iodine exposure on maternal-fetal thyroid homeostasis remain undetermined. We established the Investigating Birth and Thyroid Outcomes of Maternal-Fetal Environmental Exposures (IBM-E) cohort to prospectively assess the effects of maternal exposures to dietary iodine and EDCs on thyroid function, pregnancy complications, and offspring growth and development.
Methods
In this prospective observational study, we aim to enroll 556 pregnant women between 2024 and 2027 at a tertiary hospital in Korea. Maternal blood and urine samples will be collected at six time points, spanning from early pregnancy through 15 months postpartum, with infant samples collected at three time points. EDCs will be quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Thyroid function and urinary iodine concentration will be measured in both mothers and infants.
Results
As of the current interim analyses of 193 mothers and 229 neonates, 15.0% of mothers had thyroid dysfunction and 11.4% developed preeclampsia. Preterm birth occurred in 23.8% of cases, and 16.6% of neonates were small for gestational age.
Conclusion
The IBM-E cohort is designed to enable the longitudinal assessment of gestational environmental exposures and their potential impacts on maternal and fetal thyroid function, as well as pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. The findings of this study may inform preventive strategies and guide policy development in perinatal environmental health.

Songwon Lecture 2024

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Maternal and Fetal Complications: Jooyeop Lee, Na Keum Lee, Joon Ho Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):10-25. Published online January 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2264

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects over 10% of all pregnancies, both in Korea and worldwide. GDM not only increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and shoulder dystocia, but it also significantly increases the risk of developing postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in the mother. Additionally, GDM is linked to a higher risk of childhood obesity and diabetes in offspring, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders, including autistic spectrum disorder. This review offers a comprehensive summary of clinical epidemiological studies concerning maternal and fetal complications and explores mechanistic investigations that reveal the underlying pathophysiology.

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Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Importance of the Hemoglobin Glycation Index for Risk of Cardiovascular and Microvascular Complications and Mortality in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Claudia Regina Lopes Cardoso, Nathalie Carvalho Leite, Gil Fernando Salles; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):732-747. Published online October 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2001

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Background
This study investigated the prognostic importance of the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) for macrovascular and microvascular outcomes, mortality, and hypoglycemia occurrence in a type 2 diabetes cohort and compared it to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
Methods
Baseline and mean first-year HGI and HbA1c, and the variability thereof, were assessed in 687 individuals with type 2 diabetes (median follow-up, 10.6 years). Multivariable Cox regression was conducted to evaluate the associations of HGI and HbA1c parameters with macrovascular (total and major cardiovascular events) and microvascular outcomes (microalbuminuria, advanced renal failure, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy), mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular), and moderate/severe hypoglycemia occurrence.
Results
During follow-up, there were 215 total cardiovascular events (176 major) and 269 all-cause deaths (131 cardiovascular). Microalbuminuria developed in 126 patients, renal failure in 104, retinopathy in 161, and neuropathy in 177. There were 90 hypoglycemia episodes. Both HGI and HbA1c predicted all adverse outcomes, except microalbuminuria and hypoglycemia. Their adjusted risks were roughly equivalent for all outcomes. For example, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), estimated for 1 standard deviation increments, of mean first-year HGI were 1.23 (1.05 to 1.44), 1.20 (1.03 to 1.38), 1.36 (1.11 to 1.67), 1.28 (1.09 to 1.67), and 1.29 (1.09 to 1.54), respectively, for cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, renal failure, retinopathy, and neuropathy; whereas the respective HRs (95% CIs) of mean HbA1c were 1.31 (1.12 to 1.53), 1.28 (1.11 to 1.48), 1.36 (1.11 to 1.67), 1.33 (1.14 to 1.55), and 1.29 (1.09 to 1.53).
Conclusion
HGI was no better than HbA1c as a predictor of adverse outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and its clinical use cannot be currently advised.

Citations

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Association between glycated hemoglobin variability and risk of diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chan Wu, Hanrong Qin, Maoying Wei, Aijing Li, Qingyi Zhu, Jingyi Guo, Anning Sun, Xin Gu, Yincheng Li, Jun Zhang, Yanbing Gong
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Hemoglobin glycation index and rapid kidney function decline in diabetes patients: Insights from CHARLS
Fan Zhang, Rui Zhou, Yan Bai, Liuyan Huang, Jiao Li, Yifei Zhong
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 222: 112054. CrossRef
Association of hemoglobin glycation index and diabetic retinopathy results from NHANES
Ning Feng, Guang-Jie Cheng, Shun-Feng Zhao, Lin-Jun Du, Ning Guo, Na Zhang
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between the Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI) and Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Weiyi Zhou, Lingyu Zhang, Tongqiang Liu
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2025; Volume 18: 1859. CrossRef
Association between hemoglobin glycation index and 28-day all-cause mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients: Analysis of the MIMIC-IV database
Yue Lv, Lingchen Wei, Ziyue Wang, Zichuan Mu, Jianlin Wu, Fuad Abdu,
PLOS One.2025; 20(9): e0330819. CrossRef
Distinct patterns of association between the hemoglobin glycation index, the stress–hyperglycemia ratio, and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients
Qiqiang Jie, Gang Li, Weichun Qian, Mingzhu He, Haibo Jia, Fengfu Zhang, Jianping Wang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glycemic variability of glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a latest systematic review and meta-analysis
Chan Wu, Aijing Li, Qingyi Zhu, Jingyi Guo, Yincheng Li, Xin Gu, Anning Sun, Maoying Wei, Yanbing Gong
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hemoglobin glycation index predicts reduced mortality in critically ill patients with chronic kidney disease
Yangpei Peng, Wenwen Huang, Jie Wang
Clinics.2025; 80: 100812. CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Association between Smoking Status and the Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Se-Won Lee, Jun-Young Heu, Ju-Yeong Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):679-689. Published online December 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1760

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Background
Limited longitudinal evidence exists regarding the potential association between smoking status and hip fracture among individuals with type 2 diabetes. We investigated this association using large-scale, nationwide cohort data for the Korean population.
Methods
This nationwide cohort study included 1,414,635 adults aged 40 and older who received Korean National Health Insurance Service health examinations between 2009 and 2012. Subjects with type 2 diabetes were categorized according to their smoking status, amount smoked (pack-years), number of cigarettes smoked per day, and duration of smoking. The results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between smoking status parameters and risk of hip fracture in multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.
Results
Compared with never-smokers, an increased adjusted HR (aHR) for hip fracture was observed in current smokers (1.681; 95% CI, 1.578 to 1.791), and a comparable aHR for hip fracture was found in former smokers (1.065; 95% CI, 0.999 to 1.136). For former smokers who had smoked 20 pack-years or more, the risk was slightly higher than that for never-smokers (aHR, 1.107; 95% CI, 1.024 to 1.196). The hip fracture risk of female former smokers was similar to that of female current smokers, but the hip fracture risk in male former smokers was similar to that of male never-smokers.
Conclusion
Smoking is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes. Current smokers with diabetes should be encouraged to quit smoking because the risk of hip fracture is greatly reduced in former smokers.

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Hip fractures and type 2 diabetes in the elderly: Risk factors analysis of the Nedices cohort
Federico Hawkins Carranza, Cristina Martín-Arriscado Arroba, Arturo Corbatón-Anchuelo, Guillermo Martínez Díaz-Guerra, Félix Bermejo Pareja
Diabetes & Metabolism.2025; 51(4): 101656. CrossRef
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Hermine Carine Pouabe Epse Bodah, Suraiya Rahman Shifa, Sara Saleh, Tuba Abeer Hashmi, Tuleen Al Shawa, Badreshiya Kajal Akshaykumar, Nabeel Sufwan, Rajvinder Kaur, Andrii Shevchuk, Usman Ul Haq, Manju Rai
SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yashar Shahbaz, Rasoul Shirmohammadi, Shirin Shamsghahfarokhi, Hooman Esfahani, Mobin Forghan, Hojjat Eghbali Jelodar, Leila Ashrafi, Mohammad Mousavi
Journal of Parathyroid Disease.2025; 13: e13302. CrossRef
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Magdalena Walicka, Arkadiusz Krysiński, Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa, Ang Sun, Davide Campagna, Agostino Di Ciaula, Tabinda Dugal, Andre Kengne, Phuong Le Dinh, Anoop Misra, Riccardo Polosa, Syed Abbas Raza, Cristina Russo, Roberta Sammut, Noel Somasundaram
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2024; 18(5): 103044. CrossRef

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect: Kainat Ahmed, Ha-Neul Choi, Jung-Eun Yim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):482-492. Published online October 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1776

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This review explores the potential benefits of taurine in ameliorating the metabolic disorders of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the factors that bridge these associations. Relevant articles and studies were reviewed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between obesity and the development of T2D and the effect of taurine on those conditions. The loss of normal β-cell function and development of T2D are associated with obesity-derived insulin resistance. The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The relationships among obesity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and T2D are complex and intertwined. Taurine may play a role in ameliorating these metabolic disorders through different pathways, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential as a therapeutic intervention.

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Brian Wang, Kai Luo, Wenyan Ma, Yanbo Zhang, Christina Cordero, Amber Pirzada, Martha Daviglus, Krista M Perreira, Bing Yu, Eric Boerwinkle, Robert C Kaplan, Qibin Qi
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2026; 123(3): 101203. CrossRef
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Keqiang Rao, Ke Zheng, Yunfan Sun, Jing He
Cell Death Discovery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing metformin efficacy with cholecalciferol and taurine in diabetes therapy: Potential and limitations
Gehan El-Akabawy, Nabil Eid
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(16): 8097. CrossRef
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İrem Dağoğlu Polat, Özlem Baran
Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity.2025; 9(2): 136. CrossRef
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Zizheng Nie, Yingying Liu, Mu Zhang, Chenyang Wu, Qinglong Cao, Jiaoyang Xu, Yiren Zheng, Zixin Min, Weiguo Zhang, Shufen Han
Nutrition Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-term supplementation of taurine induces hepatic steatosis and disrupts bile acid homeostasis in male mice
Tong Shi, Shu-Yun Zhang
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Association of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio with Body Mass Index in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
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Original Articles

Thyroid Thyroid Cancer Screening
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Harms of Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review: Ji Yong Park, Wonsuk Choi, A Ram Hong, Jee Hee Yoon, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):104-116. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1669

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Background
There have concerns related with the potential harms of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). We aimed to summarize the clinical complications and evaluate the safety of FNAB.
Methods
Studies related with the harms of FNAB were searched on MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane library, and KoreaMed from 2012 to 2022. Also, studies reviewed in the previous systematic reviews were evaluated. Included clinical complications were postprocedural pain, bleeding events, neurological symptoms, tracheal puncture, infections, post-FNAB thyrotoxicosis, and needle tract implantation of thyroid cancers.
Results
Twenty-three cohort studies were included in this review. Nine studies which were related with FNAB-related pain showed that most of the subjects had no or mild discomfort. The 0% to 6.4% of the patients had hematoma or hemorrhage after FNAB, according to 15 studies. Vasovagal reaction, vocal cord palsy, and tracheal puncture have rarely described in the included studies. Needle tract implantation of thyroid malignancies was described in three studies reporting 0.02% to 0.19% of the incidence rate.
Conclusion
FNAB is considered to be a safe diagnostic procedure with rare complications, which are mainly minor events. Thorough assessement of the patients’ medical condition when deciding to perform FNABs would be advisable to lower potential complications.

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International Journal of Thyroidology.2024; 17(1): 115. CrossRef
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Important Role of Ultrasonography Immediately After Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules to Detect Acute Transient Thyroid Swelling
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Effect of the Concomitant Use of Subcutaneous Basal Insulin and Intravenous Insulin Infusion in the Treatment of Severe Hyperglycemic Patients: Yejee Lim, Jung Hun Ohn, Joo Jeong, Jiwon Ryu, Sun-wook Kim, Jae Ho Cho, Hee-Sun Park, Hye Won Kim, Jongchan Lee, Eun Sun Kim, Nak-Hyun Kim, You Hwan Jo, Hak Chul Jang; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):444-454. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1341

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Background
No consensus exists regarding the early use of subcutaneous (SC) basal insulin facilitating the transition from continuous intravenous insulin infusion (CIII) to multiple SC insulin injections in patients with severe hyperglycemia other than diabetic ketoacidosis. This study evaluated the effect of early co-administration of SC basal insulin with CIII on glucose control in patients with severe hyperglycemia.
Methods
Patients who received CIII for the management of severe hyperglycemia were divided into two groups: the early basal insulin group (n=86) if they received the first SC basal insulin 0.25 U/kg body weight within 24 hours of CIII initiation and ≥4 hours before discontinuation, and the delayed basal insulin group (n=79) if they were not classified as the early basal insulin group. Rebound hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose level of >250 mg/dL in 24 hours following CIII discontinuation. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods were additionally employed for adjusting the confounding factors (n=108).
Results
The rebound hyperglycemia incidence was significantly lower in the early basal insulin group than in the delayed basal insulin group (54.7% vs. 86.1%), despite using PSM methods (51.9%, 85.2%). The length of hospital stay was shorter in the early basal insulin group than in the delayed basal insulin group (8.5 days vs. 9.6 days, P=0.027). The hypoglycemia incidence did not differ between the groups.
Conclusion
Early co-administration of basal insulin with CIII prevents rebound hyperglycemia and shorten hospital stay without increasing the hypoglycemic events in patients with severe hyperglycemia.

Citations

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Early subcutaneous basal insulin with intravenous insulin infusion for diabetic ketoacidosis management: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Kitti Thammakosol, Patteera Vongtangton, Pawin Numthavaj, Arunrat Auttara‐atthakorn, Chutintorn Sriphrapradang
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Diabetes Care.2025; 48(Supplement): S321. CrossRef
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Asim Shah, Asad Jamal, Maria Qadri, Muhammad Jibran Afridi, Suleman Khan, Zaryab Bacha, Adil Nawaz, Hammad Iftikhar, Misbah Uddin, Aizaz Anwar Khalid
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Clinical Study
Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Diabetic Nephropathy: So-hyeon Hong, Young Bin Kim, Hoon Sung Choi, Tae-Dong Jeong, Jin Taek Kim, Yeon Ah Sung; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):106-113. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.826

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Background
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels are associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the association between 25OHD and metabolic health status or diabetic complications is inconclusive. We evaluated this relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic parameters and complications of T2DM.
Methods
This study included 1,392 patients with T2DM who visited Eulji and Ewha Diabetes Center between January 2011 and August 2016. Anthropometric parameters and laboratory tests including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, liver and kidney function, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were evaluated. Diabetic macro- and microvascular complications were determined through a medical record review. Serum 25OHD concentrations were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay.
Results
The mean 25OHD level was 16.8±9.6 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) were observed in 990 (71.1%) and 351 (25.2%) participants, respectively. 25OHD level was positively correlated with age and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and negatively correlated with HbA1c, triglyceride level, and UACR. HDL-C and UACR were significantly associated with 25OHD after adjusting for other variables. Vitamin D deficiency was independently related to nephropathy after adjusting for confounding variables.
Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency was common among Korean T2DM patients; it was independently associated with microalbuminuria and HDL level, and positively related to diabetic nephropathy.

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Clinical Study
Revisiting Rupture of Benign Thyroid Nodules after Radiofrequency Ablation: Various Types and Imaging Features: Sae Rom Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Jin Yong Sung, Ji Hwa Ryu, So Lyung Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):415-421. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.415

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Background

To evaluate the imaging features, clinical manifestations, and prognosis of patients with thyroid nodule rupture after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Methods

The records of 12 patients who experienced thyroid nodule rupture after RFA at four Korean thyroid centers between March 2010 and July 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data evaluated included baseline patient characteristics, treatment methods, initial presenting symptoms, imaging features, treatment, and prognosis.

Results

The most common symptoms of post-RFA nodule rupture were sudden neck bulging and pain. Based on imaging features, the localization of nodule rupture was classified into three types: anterior, posterolateral, and medial types. The anterior type is the most often, followed by posterolateral and medial type. Eight patients recovered completely after conservative treatment. Four patients who did not improve with conservative management required invasive procedures, including incision and drainage or aspiration.

Conclusion

Thyroid nodule rupture after RFA can be classified into three types based on its localization: anterior, posterolateral, and medial types. Because majority of thyroid nodule ruptures after RFA can be managed conservatively, familiarity with these imaging features is essential in avoiding unnecessary imaging workup or invasive procedures.

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Head & Neck.2022; 44(3): 633. CrossRef
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Complication and Prognosis of Craniopharyngioma According to the Age of Onset.: Eun Jig Lee, Moon Suk Nam, Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Kyung Rae Kim, Kun Hoon Song, Bong Soo Cha, Ji Hyun Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(3):262-272. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Craniopharyngioma is the most common tumor involving the hypothalamo-pituitary area in childhood and adolescence. Recently, we carried out collective review of 70 patients with craniopharyngioma treated from January 1980 to December 1994 in order to inverstigate the endocrine outcome and survival according to the age of onset.The following results were obtained:1) The male to female ratio was 1:1. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2 to 64 years(mean age: 23) with the greatest frequency in the 2nd decade of life(28.6%). Of the 70 cases, the first group, 27 cases were under the age of 15, and the other group, 43 cases were over 15 year-old.2) The most common symptom at diagnosis in both groups was headache. In the adult group, symptoms related to hypogonadism(amenorrhea, decreased libido, galactorrhea etc.) were not uncommon. The lag of time between onset of symptom and hospital visit ranged from 3 days to 156 months(mean: 20 months).3) The main site of tumor was suprasellar region in both groups. The most common CT finding in both groups was calcification in sella turcica.4) In pre-operative combined pituitary function test, the most common, abnormal responses were shown in growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone in both groups. In addition, prolactin frequently showed abnormal response in the adult group.In post-operative combined pituitary function test, more hormones tended to reveal abnormal response in the group treated with surgery plus radiation therapy.5) The operation by subtotal removal followed by radiation therapy was the most commonly used method in treatment of both groups. After treatment, panhypopituitarism was occurred more frequently in the group treated with RT after surgery than those treated with surgery alone, but the difference was not statistically significant(p=0.136 in childhood, 0.436 in adults). Except the cases with panhypopituitarism, the most commonly encountered endocrine abnormalities were growth retardation in the children group, and hypogonadism in adult. The recurrence was clinically observed in 11 cases. The recurrence rate were 11.1% in children, and 18.6% in adult respectively. The mean time from the initial treatment to recurrence was 23 months. There was no significant difference in recurrence rate between the group treated with RT after subtotal removal and the group treated with total removal(p=0.475).The overall five-year survival rate after treatment was 82.8%. According to the treatment modalities, the patients undergone RT after subtotal removal survived much longer than those treated with other modalities such as subtotal removal only or total removal, but the differences in survival were not statistically significant(Log rank test, p=0.0539).

Clinical Study
Current Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Korea: Da Hea Seo, Shinae Kang, Yong-ho Lee, Jung Yoon Ha, Jong Suk Park, Byoung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong-Soo Cha; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):282-290. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.282

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

This study investigated the overall status of diabetes control and screening for diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary care clinics in Korea.

Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, 191 primary care clinics were randomly selected across Korea from 2015 to 2016. In total, 3,227 subjects were enrolled in the study.

Results

The patients followed at the primary care clinics were relatively young, with a mean age of 61.4±11.7 years, and had a relatively short duration of diabetes (mean duration, 7.6±6.5 years). Approximately 14% of subjects had diabetic microvascular complications. However, the patients treated at the primary care clinics had suboptimal control of hemoglobin A1c levels, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels, along with a metabolic target achievement rate of 5.9% according to the Korean Diabetes Association guidelines. The screening rates for diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy within the past 12 months were 28.4%, 23.3%, and 13.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The overall status of diabetes management, including the frequency of screening for microvascular complications, was suboptimal in the primary care clinics. More efforts should be made and more resources need to be allocated for primary care physicians to promote adequate healthcare delivery, which would result in stricter diabetes control and improved management of diabetic complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evidence of Overlapping Roles Between Clinics and Hospitals in Primary Care
Boram Sim, Jihye Shin, Hyun Woo Kim, Jin Yong Lee, Min-Woo Jo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and safety in tirzepatide‐treated Korean adults with type 2 diabetes—A post hoc analysis of SURPASS‐AP‐combo and SURPASS‐3
Byung Wan Lee, Chang Beom Lee, Soo Lim, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Jong Chul Won, Woo Je Lee, Min Ju Kang, Ju Young Yuh, Li Ying Du, Hyojin Lim, Kyu Jeung Ahn
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(12): 7110. CrossRef
Digital Healthcare and Diabetic Retinopathy: Patient Experience Innovation and Support for Diabetes Care
Sang Jun Park
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2025; 26(4): 208. CrossRef
A mixed-method study on the screening practices and barriers to diabetic microvascular complications by general practitioners in community health centers of Xiamen, China
Zhang-Yan Chen, Cui-Ling Huang, Cheng-Dian Lan, Hua Yang
BMC Primary Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone/Metformin Fixed-Dose Combination Versus Uptitrated Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes without Adequate Glycemic Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Li-xin Guo, Lian-wei Wang, De-zeng Tian, Feng-mei Xu, Wei Huang, Xiao-hong Wu, Wei Zhu, Jun-Qiu Chen, Xin Zheng, Hai-Yan Zhou, Hong-Mei Li, Zhong-Chen He, Wen-Bo Wang, Li-Zhen Ma, Jun-Ting Duan
Diabetes Therapy.2024; 15(11): 2351. CrossRef
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Imad Osman Abu Reid, Sayda Mohamed Osman, Somia Mohammed Bakheet
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Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
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Ji Yoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(6): 837. CrossRef
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Chun Cai, Yuexing Liu, Yanyun Li, Yan Shi, Haidong Zou, Yuqian Bao, Yun Shen, Xin Cui, Chen Fu, Weiping Jia
Frontiers of Medicine.2022; 16(1): 126. CrossRef
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Hee-Chung Kang, Jae-Seok Hong
Healthcare.2022; 10(2): 334. CrossRef
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Jin Hee Jung, Jung Hwa Lee, Hyang Mi Jang, Young Na, Hee Sun Choi, Yeon Hee Lee, Yang Gyo Kang, Na Rae Kim, Jeong Rim Lee, Bok Rye Song, Kang Hee Sim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2022; 23(1): 64. CrossRef
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Lili Legiawati, Kusmarinah Bramono, Wresti Indriatmi, Em Yunir, Aditya Indra Pratama
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Hyunah Kim, Da Young Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hun-Sung Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
Anshul Sharma, Chen Lulu, Kee-Ho Song, Hae-Jeung Lee
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Chang Kyun Choi, Jungho Yang, Ji-An Jeong, Min-Ho Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(23): 15781. CrossRef
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Firas Farisi Alkaff, Fauzan Illavi, Sovia Salamah, Wiwit Setiyawati, Ristra Ramadhani, Elly Purwantini, Dicky L. Tahapary
Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ji In Park, Hyunjeong Baek, Sang-Wook Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Kee-Ho Song, Ji Hee Yu, Il Sung Nam-Goong, Eun-Hee Cho
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Retinal Vein Occlusion Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Min-Kyung Lee, Bongsung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Minhee Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Young-Jung Roh
Diabetes Care.2021; 44(10): 2419. CrossRef
Challenges in the Management of Diabetes in Primary Care
Yeon Kyung Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2020; 21(3): 161. CrossRef
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Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 897. CrossRef
Comprehensive Efforts Are Needed to Improve the Quality of Primary Diabetes Care in Korea
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(3): 265. CrossRef

Diabetes
Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Renal Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Jae Hyun Bae, Sunhee Kim, Eun-Gee Park, Sin Gon Kim, Seokyung Hahn, Nam Hoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(1):80-92. Published online March 21, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.1.80

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors from inception to September 2017. We selected eligible RCTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or other antidiabetic agents and reporting at least one renal outcome. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate standardized mean differences, weighted mean differences (WMDs), relative risks (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each renal outcome.

Results

We included 23 RCTs with 19 publications involving 41,359 patients. Overall changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio were comparable between DPP-4 inhibitors and controls (P=0.150). However, DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with significantly lower risk of incident microalbuminuria (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.98; P=0.022) and macroalbuminuria (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.97; P=0.027), as well as higher rates of regression of albuminuria (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.35; P<0.001) compared with controls. Although DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with small but significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (WMD, −1.11 mL/min/1.73 m²; 95% CI, −1.78 to −0.44; P=0.001), there was no difference in the risk of end-stage renal disease between two groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.14; P=0.475).

Conclusion

DPP-4 inhibitors had beneficial renal effects mainly by reducing the risk of development or progression of albuminuria compared with placebo or other antidiabetic agents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Review Article

Diabetes
Evolution of Diabetes Care in Hong Kong: From the Hong Kong Diabetes Register to JADE-PEARL Program to RAMP and PEP Program: Ivy H.Y. Ng, Kitty K.T. Cheung, Tiffany T.L. Yau, Elaine Chow, Risa Ozaki, Juliana C.N. Chan; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):17-32. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.17

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The rapid increase in diabetes prevalence globally has contributed to large increases in health care expenditure on diabetic complications, posing a major health burden to countries worldwide. Asians are commonly observed to have poorer β-cell function and greater insulin resistance compared to the Caucasian population, which is attributed by their lower lean body mass and central obesity. This “double phenotype” as well as the rising prevalence of young onset diabetes in Asia has placed Asians with diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular and renal complications, with cancer emerging as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The experience from Hong Kong had demonstrated that a multifaceted approach, involving team-based integrated care, information technological advances, and patient empowerment programs were able to reduce the incidence of diabetic complications, hospitalizations, and mortality. System change and public policies to enhance implementation of such programs may provide solutions to combat the burgeoning health problem of diabetes at a societal level.

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Original Article

Clinical Study
Factors Associated with Postoperative Diabetes Insipidus after Pituitary Surgery: Antonio L. Faltado, Anna Angelica Macalalad-Josue, Ralph Jason S. Li, John Paul M. Quisumbing, Marc Gregory Y. Yu, Cecilia A. Jimeno; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(4):426-433. Published online November 21, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.4.426

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Background

Determining risk factors for diabetes insipidus (DI) after pituitary surgery is important in improving patient care. Our objective is to determine the factors associated with DI after pituitary surgery.

Methods

We reviewed records of patients who underwent pituitary surgery from 2011 to 2015 at Philippine General Hospital. Patients with preoperative DI were excluded. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed and a predictive model was generated. The discrimination abilities of the predictive model and individual variables were assessed using the receiving operator characteristic curve.

Results

A total of 230 patients were included. The rate of postoperative DI was 27.8%. Percent change in serum Na (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.69); preoperative serum Na (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.40); and performance of craniotomy (OR, 5.48; 95% CI, 1.60 to 18.80) remained significantly associated with an increased incidence of postoperative DI, while percent change in urine specific gravity (USG) (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.87) and meningioma on histopathology (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.70) were significantly associated with a decreased incidence. The predictive model generated has good diagnostic accuracy in predicting postoperative DI with an area under curve of 0.83.

Conclusion

Greater percent change in serum Na, preoperative serum Na, and performance of craniotomy significantly increased the likelihood of postoperative DI while percent change in USG and meningioma on histopathology were significantly associated with a decreased incidence. The predictive model can be used to generate a scoring system in estimating the risk of postoperative DI.

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Review Article

Effects of Incretin-Based Therapies on Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Yu Mi Kang, Chang Hee Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):316-325. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.316

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The morbidity and mortality associated with diabetic complications impose a huge socioeconomic burden worldwide. Therefore, the ultimate goal of managing diabetes mellitus (DM) is to lower the risk of macrovascular complications and highly morbid microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Potential benefits of incretin-based therapies such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on the diabetic macrovascular complications have been recently suggested, owing to their pleiotropic effects on multiple organ systems. However, studies primarily investigating the role of these therapies in diabetic microvascular complications are rare. Nevertheless, preclinical and limited clinical data suggest the potential protective effect of incretin-based agents against DN and DR via their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties. Evidence also suggests that these incretin-dependent and independent beneficial effects are not necessarily associated with the glucose-lowering properties of GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors. Hence, in this review, we revisit the preclinical and clinical evidence of incretin-based therapy for DR and DN, the two most common, morbid complications in individuals with DM. In addition, the review discusses a few recent studies raising concerns of aggravating DR with the use of incretin-based therapies.

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Original Articles

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, and Cluster of Differentiation 146 Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes with Complications: F. Sinem Hocaoglu-Emre, Devrim Saribal, Guven Yenmis, Guvenc Guvenen; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):99-105. Published online March 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.99

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Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multisystemic, chronic disease accompanied by microvascular complications involving various complicated mechanisms. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and cluster of differentiation-146 (CD146) are mainly expressed by endothelial cells, and facilitate the adhesion and transmigration of immune cells, leading to inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with microvascular complications of T2DM.

Methods

Serum and whole blood samples were collected from 58 T2DM patients with microvascular complications and 20 age-matched healthy subjects. Levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while flow cytometry was used to determine CD146 levels.

Results

Serum sICAM-1 levels were lower in T2DM patients with microvascular complications than in healthy controls (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in sVCAM-1 and CD146 levels between the study and the control group. Although patients were subdivided into groups according to the type of microvascular complications that they experienced, cell adhesion molecule levels were not correlated with the complication type.

Conclusion

In the study group, most of the patients were on insulin therapy (76%), and 95% of them were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor agents. Insulin and ACE-inhibitors have been shown to decrease soluble adhesion molecule levels via various mechanisms, so we suggest that the decreased or unchanged levels of soluble forms of cellular adhesion molecules in our study group may have resulted from insulin and ACE-inhibitor therapy, as well as tissue-localized inflammation in patients with T2DM.

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Clinical Study
Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Bong-Ki Lee, Sang-Wook Kim, Daehee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):416-423. Published online August 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.416

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Background

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in elderly people has increased dramatically in the last few decades. This study was designed to clarify the clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in patients aged ≥80 years according to age of onset.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 289 patients aged ≥80 years with type 2 diabetes at the outpatient diabetes clinics of Kangwon National University Hospital from September 2010 to June 2014. We divided the patients into middle-age-onset diabetes (onset before 65 years of age) and elderly-onset diabetes (onset at 65+ years of age).

Results

There were 141 male and 148 female patients. The patients had a mean age of 83.2±2.9 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 14.3±10.4 years. One hundred and ninety-nine patients had elderly-onset diabetes. The patients with elderly-onset diabetes had a significantly lower frequency of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, lower serum creatinine levels, lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and similar coronary revascularization and cerebral infarction rates compared to those with middle-age-onset diabetes. There was no frequency difference in coronary revascularization and cerebral infarction and HbA1c levels between three subgroups (<5, 5 to 15, and ≥15 years) of diabetes duration in elderly onset diabetes. However, both in the elderly onset diabetes and middle-age-onset diabetes, the cumulative incidence of retinopathy was increasing rapidly according to the duration of diabetes.

Conclusion

We report that individuals with elderly-onset diabetes have a lower frequency of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy and similar cardiovascular complications compared to those with middle-age-onset diabetes.

Citations

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Response: Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Endocrinol Metab2016;31:416-23, Bong-Ki Lee et al.)
Eun-Hee Cho
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Letter: Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Endocrinol Metab2016;31:416-23, Bong-Ki Lee et al.)
Mee Kyoung Kim
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Review Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Clinical Implications of Glucose Variability: Chronic Complications of Diabetes: Hye Seung Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):167-174. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.167

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Glucose variability has been identified as a potential risk factor for diabetic complications; oxidative stress is widely regarded as the mechanism by which glycemic variability induces diabetic complications. However, there remains no generally accepted gold standard for assessing glucose variability. Representative indices for measuring intraday variability include calculation of the standard deviation along with the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). MAGE is used to measure major intraday excursions and is easily measured using continuous glucose monitoring systems. Despite a lack of randomized controlled trials, recent clinical data suggest that long-term glycemic variability, as determined by variability in hemoglobin A1c, may contribute to the development of microvascular complications. Intraday glycemic variability is also suggested to accelerate coronary artery disease in high-risk patients.

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Obesity and Metabolism
Genetic Studies on Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Focusing on Genome-Wide Association Studies: Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):147-158. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.147

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Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 8.3% and is the leading cause of visual loss, end-stage renal disease and amputation. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. We summarized the recent findings of GWASs on diabetic microvascular complications and highlighted the challenges and our opinion on future directives. Five GWASs were conducted on diabetic retinopathy, nine on nephropathy, and one on neuropathic pain. The majority of recent GWASs were underpowered and heterogeneous in terms of study design, inclusion criteria and phenotype definition. Therefore, few reached the genome-wide significance threshold and the findings were inconsistent across the studies. Recent GWASs provided novel information on genetic risk factors and the possible pathophysiology of diabetic microvascular complications. However, further collaborative efforts to standardize phenotype definition and increase sample size are necessary for successful genetic studies on diabetic microvascular complications.

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Mechanism of Developing Diabetic Vascular Complication by Oxidative Stress.: Bo Hyun Kim, Seok Man Son; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(6):448-459. Published online December 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.6.448

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Macrovascular and microvascular diseases are currently the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress has been postulated to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of these events. There is considerable evidence that many biochemical pathways that are adversely affected by hyperglycemia are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species, and this ultimately leads to increased oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. In the absence of appropriate compensation by the endogenous antioxidant defense network, increased oxidative stress leads to the activation of stress-sensitive intracellular signaling pathways and the formation of gene products that cause cellular damage and contribute to the late complications of diabetes. Hyperglycemia increases oxidant production by multiple pathways rather than by a single dominant pathway. Glucose can undergo nonenzymatic reactions to form gluco-oxidants and glycated products, which can be oxidants. Metabolism of excessive intracellular glucose can occur by several processes such as aldose reductase, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, activation of NAD(P)H oxidases, and the alteration of the NADPH/NADP ratios. Reactive oxygen species participate in vascular smooth muscle cell growth and migration, modulation of endothelial function, including abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxation and the expression of a proinflammatory phenotype, and modification of the extracellular matrix. All of these events contribute to the development of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications, suggesting that the sources of reactive oxygen species and the signaling pathways that they modify may represent important therapeutic targets.

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Original Articles

Multi-country Study on the Prevalence and Clinical Features of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Who are at High Risk for Atherosclerosis.: Sang Youl Rhee, Seungjoon Oh, Young Kil Choi, Doo Man Kim, Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Seung Woo Ha, In Kyu Lee, Tae Sun Park, Min Young Chung, In Joo Kim, Moon Kyu Lee, Sung Soo Koong, Kyung Soo Park, Kyung Wan Min, Young Seol Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):290-301. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.290

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
PAD-SEARCH (Peripheral Arterial Disease-Screening and Evaluation of diabetic patients in Asian Regions Characterized by High risk factors) is the first international study to investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Asian type 2 diabetic patients and to demonstrate the relationships between the putative risk factors and PAD in this population. METHODS: A total of 6,625 type 2 diabetic patients (2,873 males and 3,752 females aged 50 and older) were enrolled in PAD-SEARCH in Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines from October 2003 to March 2004. The Fukuda vascular profile VS-1000(TM) was used to determine the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 63.7 +/- 8.2 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.3 +/- 8.0 years. 1,172 (17.7%) subjects were diagnosed as PAD by the ABI (< or = 0.9). Subjects with PAD had a significantly longer duration of diabetes or hypertension, a higher HbA1c level and a significantly lower mean BMI than did the non-PAD subjects. In terms of the lipid profiles, triglyceride was the only significant variable. Notably, the mean ABI and baPWV in the females were significantly poorer than the age matched males for the in subjects with a normal ABI. However, the mean ABI and baPWV in males were significantly poorer than those of the age matched females for the subjects with PAD. On the multivariate analysis, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, duration of diabetes and a previous history of cerebrovascular disease were identified as the independent risk factors of PAD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that PAD is a common complication in Asian type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, PAD screening and treatment should be emphasized for Asian diabetic patients with high risk factors.

Hypertensive Complications in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism.: Seong Hee Kwon, Yeong Min Cho, Heoung Kyu Park, Do Jun Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Yeon Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(1):95-103. Published online February 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is believed to be a benign form of secondary hypertension due to the low incidence of hypertensive complications. Recently, several studies have shown that hypertensive complications were common in patients with PA. Therefore, we investigated hypertensive complications in 46 PA patients. METHEODS: Clinical and laboratory features of 46 46 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Hypertensive complications of this group were left ventricular hypertrophy, cerebrovascular accidents, hypertensive nephropathy and hypertensive retinopathy. RESULTS: Hypertensive complications were found in 30 (65.2%) of the 46 patients. The incidence of severe hypertension (higher than or equal to 110 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure) was 17.6%. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 26 (56.7%) of the 46 patients. Cerebrovascular accidents were found in 6 patients, and hypertensive nephropathy in 4 patients. The incidence of severe hypertensive retinopathy (higher than or equal to grade 3 in the Keith-Wagener Barker classification) was 17.6%. Of the 35 PA patients who underwent surgical treatment hypertension was found in 18 (51.4%). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that hypertensive complications are common in patients with PA, suggesting that early detection, treatment and close follow-up are necessary in PA.

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