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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: S.H., J.T.K., Y.A.S. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: S.H., Y.B.K., H.S.C., T.D.J., J.T.K., Y.A.S. Drafting the work or revising: S.H., J.T.K., Y.A.S. Final approval of the manuscript: S.H., Y.B.K., H.S.C., T.D.J., J.T.K., Y.A.S.
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
25OHD and triglyceride levels were computed from log-scale.
25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total calcium, phosphorus, duration of diabetes, type of medication, and season. 25OHD and triglyceride levels were computed from log-scale.
25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Characteristic | 25OHD <20 ng/mL (n=990) | 25OHD ≥20 ng/mL (n=402) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 60.9±11.1 | 63.3±10.2 | <0.01 |
| |||
Male, sex | 566 (57.2) | 240 (59.7) | 0.40 |
| |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9±3.6 | 25.6±3.6 | 0.17 |
| |||
SBP, mm Hg | 133±16 | 132±15 | 0.17 |
| |||
DBP, mm Hg | 78±11 | 77±10 | 0.10 |
| |||
Smoking status (n=1,246) (former or current) | 355 (39.7) | 153 (43.5) | 0.23 |
| |||
Alcohol status (n=1,248) (yes) | 355 (39.7) | 178 (50.4) | <0.01 |
| |||
HbA1c, % | 7.5±1.4 | 7.2±1.1 | <0.01 |
| |||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 166±37 | 168±35 | 0.45 |
| |||
LDL-C, mg/dL | 92.2±29.2 | 92.8±29.1 | 0.71 |
| |||
HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.3±12.0 | 50.7±11.8 | <0.01 |
| |||
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 164.2±109.5 | 148.7±86.4 | 0.01 |
| |||
AST, IU/L | 25.7±14.4 | 27.2±23.1 | 0.15 |
| |||
ALT, IU/L | 27.0±19.4 | 26.6±21.4 | 0.71 |
| |||
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.03±0.29 | 1.01±0.21 | 0.23 |
| |||
eGFR (MDRD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 69.8±17.8 | 69.4±15.1 | 0.68 |
| |||
UACR, mg/g | 129.1±481.0 | 50.6±148.9 | <0.01 |
| |||
Total calcium, mg/dL | 9.0±0.5 | 8.9±0.6 | 0.02 |
| |||
Phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.5±0.8 | 3.6±0.8 | 0.32 |
| |||
Duration of diabetes, yr | 12.8±8.1 | 13.6±7.9 | 0.10 |
| |||
Medication (any insulin) | 201 (20.4) | 55 (13.7) | <0.01 |
| |||
Complication | |||
Retinopathy (n=931) | 214/690 (31.0) | 68/241 (28.2) | 0.46 |
Neuropathy (n=1,367) | 173/974 (17.8) | 62/393 (28.7) | 0.43 |
Nephropathy (n=1,354) | 329/967 (34.0) | 94/387 (24.3) | <0.01 |
Cardiovascular disease | 158 (16.0) | 59 (14.7) | 0.57 |
Variable | r | P value |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.05 | 0.045 |
BMI | −0.04 | 0.13 |
SBP | −0.04 | 0.15 |
DBP | −0.05 | 0.06 |
HbA1c | −0.09 | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol | −0.02 | 0.53 |
LDL-C | −0.02 | 0.49 |
HDL-C | 0.12 | <0.01 |
Triglycerides | −0.08 | <0.01 |
AST | 0.03 | 0.29 |
ALT | 0.01 | 0.66 |
eGFR (MDRD) | 0.05 | 0.09 |
UACR | −0.13 | <0.01 |
Total calcium | −0.23 | 0.40 |
Phosphorus | −0.02 | 0.48 |
Duration of diabetes | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
β | 95% CI | P value | β | 95% CI | P value | |
HbA1c | −0.48 | −0.76 to −0.19 | <0.01 | |||
| ||||||
Total cholesterol | −0.97 | −8.51 to 6.57 | 0.80 | 5.56 | −2.31 to 13.43 | 0.17 |
| ||||||
LDL-C | −1.16 | −7.43 to 5.12 | 0.72 | 0.01 | −6.63 to 6.66 | 0.99 |
| ||||||
HDL-C | 5.88 | 2.17 to 9.60 | <0.01 | 5.56 | 1.32 to 9.81 | 0.01 |
| ||||||
Triglycerides | −0.09 | −0.15 to −0.04 | <0.01 | −0.04 | −0.09 to 0.01 | 0.12 |
| ||||||
eGFR | 4.48 | 1.11 to 7.85 | 0.01 | 1.82 | −1.27 to 4.90 | 0.25 |
| ||||||
UACR | −225 | −314 to −136 | <0.01 | −194 | −290 to −98.0 | <0.01 |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Retinopathy | 1.17 | 0.85–1.62 | 0.34 | 1.30 | 0.90–1.88 | 0.16 |
| ||||||
Nephropathy | 1.72 | 1.31–2.26 | <0.01 | 1.62 | 1.21–2.16 | <0.01 |
| ||||||
Neuropathy | 1.21 | 0.88–1.67 | 0.24 | 1.31 | 0.93–1.84 | 0.12 |
| ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 1.20 | 0.86–1.66 | 0.28 | 1.22 | 0.87–1.72 | 0.26 |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%). 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
25OHD and triglyceride levels were computed from log-scale. 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total calcium, phosphorus, duration of diabetes, type of medication, and season. 25OHD and triglyceride levels were computed from log-scale. 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, total calcium, phosphorus, duration of diabetes, type of medication, and season. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.