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Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2016 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%).
GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; uACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; OHA, hypoglycemic agent; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme.
Independent variable | Partial regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio (β) | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of diabetes, yr | 0.139 | 0.024 | 1.149 | 1.096–1.204 | <0.001 |
Independent variable | Partial regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio (β) | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GFR | –0.015 | 0.006 | 0.985 | 0.973–0.997 | 0.017 |
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
No. of patients | 289 |
Age, yr | 83.2±2.9 |
Sex, male/female | 141/148 (48.8/51.2) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.1 |
Duration of diabetes, yr | 14.3±10.4 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 125.4±16.6 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 71.6±11.6 |
Hypertension | 217 (75.1) |
Dyslipidemia | 104 (36.0) |
Coronary revascularization | 65 (22.5) |
Cerebral infarction | 49 (17.0) |
Cancer | 38 (13.1) |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 18.4±9.0 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1±0.5 |
GFR, mL/min | 64.3±24.6 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 130.0±39.3 |
Postprandial blood glucose, mg/dL | 208.0±76.9 |
Glycated hemoglobin, % | 7.4±1.6 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.8±1.7 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 154.1±33.9 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 128.3±58.2 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 39.5±13.0 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 87.3±28.2 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 97/172 (56.4) |
Microalbuminuria | 97/263 (36.9) |
Overt proteinuria | 43/263 (16.3) |
GFR <60 mL/min | 155/270 (57.4) |
Characteristic | Elderly-onset diabetes | Middle-age-onset diabetes | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 199 (68.9) | 90 (31.1) | |
Age, yr | 83.4±3.0 | 82.9±2.6 | 0.135 |
Mean age at diagnosis, yr | 74.6±6.1 | 56.0±6.8 | <0.001 |
Sex, male/female | 97/102 | 44/46 | 0.982 |
Duration, yr | 8.8±5.8 | 26.9±6.9 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.0 | 23.5±3.0 | 0.710 |
SBP, mm Hg | 124.8±16.3 | 126.4±17.1 | 0.463 |
DBP, mm Hg | 71.5±12.1 | 71.9±10.5 | 0.756 |
Hypertension | 150 (75.4) | 67 (74.4) | 0.865 |
Dyslipidemia | 71 (35.7) | 33 (36.7) | 0.944 |
Coronary revascularization | 45 (22.6) | 20 (22.2) | 0.890 |
Cerebral infarction | 33 (15.6) | 16 (17.8) | 0.785 |
Diabetic retinopathy (n=172) | 49/116 (42.2) | 48/56 (85.7) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 26 (13.1) | 12 (13.3) | 0.852 |
Characteristic | Elderly onset diabetes (n=199) | Middle-age-onset diabetes (n=90) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 17.3±6.2 | 21.0±13.1 | 0.018 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1±0.4 | 1.2±0.7 | 0.035 |
GFR, mL/min | 65.2±23.0 | 62.3±27.8 | 0.388 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 128.1±39.0 | 135.3±40.0 | 0.250 |
Postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L | 196.3±68.0 | 233.0±88.5 | 0.002 |
Glycated hemoglobin, % | 7.3±1.5 | 7.8±1.6 | 0.005 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.0±1.7 | 11.5±1.6 | 0.027 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 155.8±35.8 | 150.6±29.0 | 0.217 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 130.9±60.2 | 122.9±53.8 | 0.317 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 39.3±12.0 | 40.0±15.1 | 0.705 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 88.7±30.6 | 84.3±22.3 | 0.207 |
uACR | 154.7±335.3 | 220.0±503.9 | 0.235 |
Microalbuminuria (n=263) | 56/177 (31.6) | 42/86 (48.8) | 0.007 |
Overt proteinuria (n=263) | 27/117 (23.1) | 16/146 (11.0) | 0.491 |
GFR <60 mL/min | 94 (47.2) | 49 (54.4) | 0.256 |
Lifestyle change only | 17 (8.5) | 0 | 0.004 |
Sulfonylurea/glinide | 147 (73.9) | 59 (65.6) | 0.013 |
Metformin | 76 (38.2) | 43 (47.8) | 0.100 |
DPP4 inhibitor | 86 (43.2) | 44 (48.9) | 0.389 |
α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 8 (4.0) | 7 (1.1) | 0.189 |
Thiazolidinedione | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 0.790 |
No. of OHAs | 0.741 | ||
1 | 55 (27.6) | 25 (27.8) | |
2 | 85 (42.7) | 34 (37.8) | |
≥3 | 31 (15.6) | 18 (20.0) | |
Insulin use | 15 (7.5) | 23 (25.6) | <0.001 |
ARB or ACE inhibitor | 125 (62.8) | 62 (68.9) | 0.250 |
Statins | 71 (35.7) | 35 (38.9) | 0.573 |
Aspirin | 85 (42.7) | 33 (36.7) | 0.334 |
Independent variable | Partial regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio (β) | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of diabetes, yr | 0.139 | 0.024 | 1.149 | 1.096–1.204 | <0.001 |
Independent variable | Partial regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio (β) | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GFR | –0.024 | 0.006 | 0.976 | 0.965–0.987 | <0.001 |
Duration of diabetes, yr | 0.051 | 0.014 | 1.053 | 1.025–1.081 | <0.001 |
Independent variable | Partial regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio (β) | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GFR | –0.015 | 0.006 | 0.985 | 0.973–0.997 | 0.017 |
Characteristic | Duration of diabetes, yr | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<5 | 5–15 | ≥15 | ||
No. of patients | 59 | 98 | 42 | |
Age, yr | 83.2±2.7 | 82.9±2.8 | 85.0±3.3 | 0.011 |
Sex, male/female | 32/27 | 47/51 | 18/24 | 0.253 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3±3.4 | 23.3±2.9 | 23.3±2.8 | 0.070 |
Duration of diabetes, yr | 2.1±1.5 | 9.2±2.7 | 17.2±2.1 | <0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 126.0±14.9 | 123.0±16.2 | 127.7±18.3 | 0.746 |
DBP, mm Hg | 72.2±11.9 | 70.3±12.7 | 73.4±11.0 | 0.732 |
Hypertension | 44 (74.6) | 71 (72.4) | 35 (83.3) | 0.376 |
Dyslipidemia | 20 (33.9) | 36 (36.7) | 15 (35.7) | 0.805 |
Coronary revascularization | 15 (25.4) | 18 (18.4) | 12 (28.6) | 0.828 |
Cerebral infarction | 10 (16.9) | 17 (17.3) | 6 (14.3) | 0.719 |
Cancer | 10 (16.9) | 15 (10.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0.040 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 128.1±47.9 | 125.4±34.1 | 134.7±36.7 | 0.976 |
Postprandial blood glucose, mg/dL | 179.7±66.1 | 196.1±69.7 | 216.1±62.7 | 0.976 |
Glycated hemoglobin, % | 7.4±1.7 | 7.1±1.5 | 7.3±1.3 | 0.640 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 98.3±35.6 | 85.5±27.3 | 81.9±27.0 | 0.238 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 17.3±6.1 | 17.3±6.4 | 17.7±5.8 | 0.519 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0±0.3 | 1.1±0.4 | 1.1±0.4 | 0.034 |
GFR, mL/min | 71.6±22.5 | 63.0±21.5 | 61.3±25.8 | 0.018 |
Diabetic retinopathy (n=116) | 3/30 (10.0) | 32/64 (50.0) | 14/22 (63.6) | <0.001 |
Microalbuminuria (n=177) | 13/55 (23.6) | 29/88 (33.0) | 14/34 (41.2) | 0.078 |
Overt proteinuria (n=177) | 3/55 (5.5) | 14/88 (15.9) | 10/34 (29.4) | 0.002 |
GFR <60 mL/min (n=180) | 15/55 (27.3) | 47/90 (52.2) | 26/35 (74.3) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%). GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Values are expressed as number (%) or mean±SD. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%). GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; uACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; OHA, hypoglycemic agent; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme.
The multivariate model was adjusted for sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and duration of diabetes. CI, confidence interval.
The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and duration of diabetes. CI, confidence interval; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and duration of diabetes. CI, confidence interval; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.