Pain after FNA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lee et al. (2019) [12] |
South Korea 2018 |
Randomized, double-blind |
99/99 (23G n=49, 25G n=50) |
51.5 |
79.8 |
23, 25 |
Rated with NRSa
|
23G: none 3 (6.1%), mild 39 (79.6%), moderate 6 (12.2%), severe 1 (2.0%) |
25G: none 10 (20%), mild 36 (72.0%), moderate 4 (8.0%), severe 0 (0.0%) |
Jung et al. (2018) [13] |
South Korea 2017 |
Retrospective |
88/88 (21G n=38, 23G n=50) |
54.6 |
84.1 |
21, 23 |
Rated with NRSa
|
21G: none 1 (2.6%), mild 33 (86.8%), moderate 4 (10.5%), severe 0 (0.0%) |
23G: none 6 (12.0%), mild 42 (84.0%), moderate 2 (4.0%) severe 0 (0.0%) |
Cordes et al. (2018) [14] |
Germany 2017–2018 |
Prospective |
205/205 |
55 |
71.2 |
22, 24 |
Pain at the puncture site 5 (2.4%) |
Birgi et al. (2016) [11] |
Turkey 2014 |
Prospective |
138/138 |
49.4 |
88.4 |
21 |
No pain 33.3% |
Pain 66.6% (low 48.3% medium 15.7%, high 2.7%) |
Toman et al. (2016) [15] |
Turkey 2012 |
Retrospective |
98/98 |
49.8 |
82.7 |
23 |
100-mm VAS ≥30 (70.5%) |
A higher pain score correlated with the nodule depth (r=0.43, P<0.001) |
Lee et al. (2013) [16] |
South Korea 2012 |
Retrospective |
157/157 (experienced radiologist n=75, less experienced radiologist n=82) |
51.4 |
89.2 |
23 |
Rated with NRSa
|
Experienced radiologist: none 14 (18.7%), mild 48 (64.0%), moderate 11 (14.7%), severe 3 (4.0%) |
Less experienced radiologist: none 12 (14.6%), mild 48 (58.5%), moderate 20 (24.4%), severe 5 (6.1%) |
Kim et al. (2012) [10] |
South Korea 2007–2009 |
Retrospective |
1,456/977 |
49.0 |
85.8 |
23 |
Mild pain 87 (8.9%) |
No other major complications |
Gursoy et al. (2007) [18] |
Turkey Apr.–Sep. 2006 |
Randomized, double-blind |
99/99 (placebo n=49, EMLA n=50) |
46.8 |
19.5 |
25 |
Rated with VRS |
Placebo group: none 4, mild 16 (32.7%), moderate 14 (28.6%), severe 15 (30.6%) |
EMLA group: none 9 (18%), mild 26 (52%), moderate 11 (22%), severe 4 (8%) |
Gursoy et al. (2007) [17] |
Turkey Aug.–Dec. 2006 |
Randomized, double-blind |
107/107 (placebo n=52, lidocaine n=55) |
46.5 |
15.6 |
25 |
Rated with VRS |
Placebo group: none 6 (11.5%), mild 17 (32.7%), moderate 14 (26.9%), severe 15 (28.8%) |
Lidocaine group: none 23 (41.8%), mild 27 (49.1%), moderate 5 (9.1%), severe 0 (0%) |
Hematoma or any bleeding events after the procedure |
|
Ahn et al. (2021) [22] |
South Korea 2010–2014 |
Retrospective |
627/583 |
49.6 |
67.5 |
23 |
Comparison with the CNB group |
FNAB group 0 (0.0%) |
Kim et al. (2019) [23] |
South Korea 2015 |
Retrospective |
87/87 |
52.5 |
87.4 |
26 |
Subcapsular hematoma 3 (3.4%) |
Khadra et al. (2018) [28] |
USA 2008–2016 |
Retrospective |
1,568/802 |
63.0 (AT/AC) |
80.2 |
25 |
Total 9/1,568 (0.6%) |
50.1 (control) |
AT/AC 3/336 (0.9%) |
No agent 6/1,232 (0.5%) |
Jung et al. (2018) [13] |
South Korea 2017 |
Retrospective |
88/88 |
54.6 |
84.1 |
21, 23 |
Intrathyroidal 1 (2.6%) |
Cordes et al. (2018) [14] |
Germany 2017–2018 |
Prospective |
205/205 |
55 |
71.2 |
22, 24 |
Minor hematomas 2 (0.9%) |
Kavanagh et al. (2017) [19] |
Ireland 2006–2013 |
Retrospective |
724/724 |
40 |
82.5 |
20, 23 |
Post-procedural 6 (0.8%) |
Chae et al. (2017) [24] |
South Korea 2013–2015 |
Retrospective |
5,121/5,121 |
50.9 |
78.8 |
23 |
Comparison with the CNB group FNAB group 43 (0.8%) |
Cappelli et al. (2017) [21] |
Italy 2007–2016 |
Retrospective |
7,449/6,323 |
54.3 |
81.0 |
25 |
Intrathyroidal 4 (0.06%) |
Carotid intramural 1 (0.02%) |
Birgi et al. (2016) [11] |
Turkey 2014 |
Prospective |
138/138 |
49.4 |
88.4 |
21 |
Minor hematoma 1 (0.7%) |
Uchida et al. (2016) [27] |
Japan 2011–2013 |
Retrospective |
742/653 |
59.0 |
74.1 |
22 |
Acute thyroid swelling or anechoic lesions 8 (1.2%) |
Chen et al. (2015) [26] |
USA 2007–2011 |
Retrospective |
96/96 |
56.0 |
83.0 |
25, 27 |
Local hematoma 1 (1.0%) |
Lee et al. (2013) [16] |
South Korea 2012 |
Retrospective |
157/157 |
51.4 |
89.2 |
23 |
Small intraglandular hematoma 1 (0.6%) |
Abu-Yousef et al. (2011) [29] |
USA 2006–2007 |
Retrospective |
788/593 |
NR |
NR |
22, 25 |
Including AT/AC patients |
AT/AC 2 (1.4%) |
Control 4 (0.9%) |
Khoo et al. (2008) [25] |
USA 1999–2001 |
Retrospective |
311/311 |
54.6 |
74.3 |
NR |
Compared with FNAB+CNB group |
FNAB-only group 3 (1%) |
Newkirk et al. (2000) [20] |
USA 1996–1998 |
Retrospective |
234/215 |
51.9 (female) |
82.9 |
22, 23, 25 |
Perithyroidal or superficial 15 (6.4%) |
57.8 (male) |
Neurological symptoms |
|
Cordes et al. (2018) [14] |
Germany 2017–2018 |
Prospective |
205/205 |
55 |
71.2 |
22, 24 |
Total complications 9 (4.4%) |
Paresthesia 8 (3.9%) |
Dysphonia 1 (0.5%) |
Kavanagh et al. (2017) [19] |
Ireland 2006–2013 |
Retrospective |
724/724 |
40 |
82.5 |
20, 23 |
Vasovagal reaction 2 (0.3%) |
Cappelli et al. (2017) [21] |
Italy 2007–2016 |
Retrospective |
7,449/6,323 |
54.3 |
81.0 |
25 |
Vasovagal reaction 1 (0.02%) |
Tomoda et al. (2006) [30] |
Japan 2004–2005 |
Retrospective |
10,974/10,974 |
NR |
NR |
23 |
Transient vocal cord paralysis 4 (0.04%) |
Newkirk et al. (2000) [20] |
USA 1996–1998 |
Retrospective |
234/215 |
51.9 (female) |
82.9 |
22, 23, 25 |
Hoarseness (transient) 2 (0.9%) |
57.8 (male) |
Vasovagal reaction 3 (1.3%) |
Tracheal puncture during the procedure |
|
Cappelli et al. (2017) [21] |
Italy 2007–2016 |
Retrospective |
7,449/6,323 |
54.3 |
81.0 |
25 |
Tracheal puncture 2 (0.04%) |
Needle tract implantation of thyroid cancer |
|
Hayashi et al. (2020) [33] |
Japan 2006–2017 |
Retrospective |
11,745/11,745 |
70.6 |
NR |
NR |
NTI in thyroid 22 (0.19%) |
Cappelli et al. (2017) [21] |
Italy 2007–2016 |
Retrospective |
7,449/6,323 |
54.3 |
81.0 |
25 |
Cancer seeding along the track of the needle 1 (0.02%) |
Ito et al. (2005) [31] |
Japan 1990–2002 |
Retrospective |
4,912/4,912 |
NR |
NR |
22 |
Needle tract implantation of papillary thyroid carcinoma 7 (0.14%) |