Sung et al. (2011) [8] |
Cyst |
EA: 36 (10/26) Control: 21 (3/18) |
RFA |
RCS |
EA: 47.69±13.00 Control: 42.52±10.98 |
EA: 12.2±11.0 Control: 9.3±11.7 |
95–99 |
50 |
10 |
Multiple |
2% lidocaine |
1, 3, 6, 12, last f/ub
|
Mild pain associated with needle puncture |
None |
Sung et al. (2013) [10] |
Cyst |
EA: 25 (2/23) Control: 25 (3/22) |
RFA |
RCT |
EA: 45.0±10.9 Control: 44.9±10.6 |
EA: 13.83±11.97 Control: 10.19±7.01 |
99 |
50 |
10 |
Single |
2% lidocaine |
1, 6b
|
Almost no periprocedural pain |
None |
Baek et al. (2015) [13] |
PCTN |
EA: 24 (6/18) Control: 22 (3/19) |
RFA |
RCT |
EA: 50.8±15.2 Control: 49.8±13.5 |
EA: 14.7±13.7 Control: 8.6±9.4 |
99 |
50 |
2 |
Single |
2% lidocaine |
1, 6b
|
None |
Voice change that spontaneously resolved 2 months later (1) |
Gong et al. (2018) [9] |
Cyst, PCTN |
EA: 135 (50/85) Control: 136 (56/80) |
Polidocanol sclerotherapy |
RCS |
EA: 46.83±11.31 Control: 49.52±11.53 |
EA: 15.23±18.67 Control: 15.12±19.11 |
NA |
50 |
10 |
NA |
NA |
1, 3, 6, 12b
|
Mild to moderate pain lasting 1–5 days, drunkenness |
None |
Verde et al. (1994) [32] |
Cystic nodulesa
|
EA: 42 Control: 10 |
Simple aspiration |
PCS |
NA |
EA: 20.10±15.40 Control: 26.24±11.37 |
95 |
>70 |
5 |
Single |
None |
1b, 12 |
Mild self- limiting pain |
None |
Bennedbaek et al. (2003) [11] |
Cyst |
EA: 33 (4/29) Control: 33 (7/26) |
Isotonic saline flush |
RCT |
EA: 48 (median) Control: 46 (median) |
EA: 8.0±6.7 Control: 8.0±8.1 |
99 |
36 |
2 |
Multiple |
None |
1, 2, 3, 6b
|
Transient pain |
Transient dysphonia lasting for 1 hour (1) |
Valcavi et al. (2004) [31] |
Cyst, PCTN |
EA: 135 Control: 131 |
Simple aspiration |
RCT |
NA |
EA: 19.0±19.0 Control: 20.0±13.4 |
95–100 |
50–70 |
No withdrawal |
Multiple |
None |
1, 2, 3, 6, 12b
|
Transient burning sensation, late-onset Local tenderness (begins at 6–8 hours), low-grade fever (rare) |
Dysphonia that spontaneously resolved 2 months later (1) |
Ferreira et al. (2016) [6] |
Cyst, PCTN |
EA: 36 (2/34) Control: 13 (0/13) |
Conservative (f/u or other non-surgical treatments) |
PCS |
EA: 40.4±12.9 Control: 47±9.5 |
EA: 10.4±9.8 Control: 6.2±3.1 |
99 |
30 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
1 (mean), 14b (mean) |
Mild pain lingering for 3–4 days, edema |
None |
Zingrillo et al. (1999) [7] |
Cyst |
40 |
None |
BA |
NA |
33.7±25.3 |
NA |
Variable |
NA |
Multiple |
NA |
1, 6, 12, 24b, 36, 48, 60 |
Transient mild pain |
None |
Cho et al. (2000) [33] |
Cystic nodulea
|
22 (4/18) |
None |
BA |
40.7 |
13 |
NA |
40–100 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
3.5b (mean) |
Local pain caused by leakage of ethanol into subcutaneous tissue (2) |
None |
Kim et al. (2003) [12] |
Cystic nodulea
|
20 |
None |
BA |
NA |
15.7 |
99.90 |
40–68 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
4.4b (mean) |
Transient pain caused by leakage of ethanol into subcutaneous tissue (4) |
None |
Guglielmi et al. (2004) [34] |
Cystic nodulea
|
58 |
None |
BA |
NA |
13.7±14.0 |
95 |
25 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
5b years |
None |
Transient dysphonia (2)c
|
Jang et al. (2012) [35] |
Cyst, PCTN |
94 (21/73) |
EA+RFA |
BA |
40.4 |
13.2±15.2 |
99 |
50 |
10 |
Single |
NA |
1b
|
Mild pain associated with needle removal |
None |
Perez et al. (2014) [36] |
Cystic nodulea
|
14 |
None |
BA |
NA |
12.2±12.3 |
99 |
33.3 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
6 months–11 years |
Transient pain caused by leakage of ethanol into subcutaneous tissue |
None |
Reverter et al. (2015) [41] |
Cystic nodulea
|
30 (5/25) |
None |
BA |
46±10 |
18.2±15.5 |
99 |
50 |
No withdrawal |
Multiple |
NA |
12.1b (mean) |
Mild pain |
None |
Negro et al. (2017) [37] |
Cyst |
101 (30/71) |
None |
BA |
42.3±12.9 |
14.8±15.5 |
Absolute ethanol |
NA |
NA |
Multiple |
Anesthetic sprayed locally |
≤1b
|
Transient mild to moderate pain (21.5%) |
None |
Espenbetova et al. (2018) [38] |
Cystic nodulea
|
75 (3/72) |
None |
BA |
57 (median) |
18.4 |
95 |
70 |
NA |
Multiple |
2% lidocaine |
10±1.2b years |
Transient pain lasting for 1–2 days (1) |
Transient dysphonia (1) |
Ozderya et al. (2018) [39] |
Cyst, PCTN |
42 |
None |
BA |
NA |
15.3±14.0 |
96 |
≤20 |
NA |
Multiple |
None |
1, 3, 6, 12b
|
Transient mild pain at injection site |
None |
Halenka et al. (2020) [40] |
Cystic nodulea
|
193 (43/150) |
None |
BA |
49 |
8.5 (median) |
96 |
Variable |
No withdrawal |
Multiple |
None |
1, 3, 6, 12b
|
Transient mild pain (29%), short- lasting dizziness |
Dysphonia spontaneously resolved within 14 days (2) |