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1Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
3Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: K.S.K., C.Y.P. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: K.S.K., S.H., K.H., C.Y.P. Drafting the work or revising: K.S.K., S.H., K.H., C.Y.P. Final approval of the manuscript: K.S.K., C.Y.P.
Variable | No. of patients | No. of event | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
Univariate | Multivariatea | |||
Age, yr | ||||
<25 | 20,630 | 1,009 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
25–29 | 165,534 | 13,841 | 1.773 (1.660–1.893) | 1.771 (1.658–1.892) |
30–34 | 182,149 | 28,368 | 3.584 (3.360–3.823) | 3.439 (3.222–3.671) |
35–39 | 38,547 | 7,484 | 4.681 (4.373–5.011) | 4.255 (3.971–4.559) |
≥40 | 10,279 | 2,309 | 5.629 (5.204–6.088) | 4.804 (4.436–5.203) |
|
||||
Prepregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
<18.5 | 64,604 | 6,829 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
18.5–22.9 | 272,760 | 32,618 | 1.149 (1.118–1.181) | 1.043 (1.012–1.075) |
23.0–24.9 | 43,525 | 6,663 | 1.529 (1.475–1.586) | 1.226 (1.176–1.279) |
25.0–29.9 | 30,837 | 5,573 | 1.866 (1.796–1.939) | 1.383 (1.317–1.452) |
≥30.0 | 5,413 | 1,328 | 2.751 (2.573–2.941) | 1.898 (1.736–2.075) |
|
||||
Waist circumference, cm | ||||
<65 | 92,878 | 9,871 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
65–74 | 231,120 | 27,969 | 1.158 (1.130–1.186) | 1.032 (1.005–1.060) |
75–84 | 75,188 | 11,630 | 1.539 (1.495–1.584) | 1.117 (1.078–1.157) |
85–94 | 14,772 | 2,802 | 1.968 (1.880–2.061) | 1.142 (1.077–1.212) |
≥95 | 3,181 | 739 | 2.545 (2.338–2.770) | 1.158 (1.039–1.290) |
|
||||
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | ||||
<80 | 76,790 | 7,987 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
80–89 | 174,346 | 20,051 | 1.119 (1.089–1.151) | 1.078 (1.048–1.108) |
90–99 | 128,183 | 17,578 | 1.369 (1.331–1.408) | 1.269 (1.233–1.306) |
100–109 | 30,359 | 5,553 | 1.928 (1.858–2.001) | 1.714 (1.649–1.780) |
110–125 | 7,461 | 1,842 | 2.824 (2.666–2.991) | 2.483 (2.340–2.636) |
|
||||
Income | ||||
Medical aid beneficiaries | 17,809 | 2,351 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Q1 | 68,009 | 7,967 | 0.935 (0.890–0.982) | 1.036 (0.985–1.090) |
Q2 | 139,934 | 16,380 | 0.934 (0.892–0.978) | 1.095 (1.044–1.147) |
Q3 | 144,292 | 19,139 | 1.078 (1.029–1.128) | 1.150 (1.098–1.205) |
Q4 | 45,987 | 7,174 | 1.303 (1.239–1.369) | 1.198 (1.138–1.261) |
Variable | No. of patients | No. of event | Incidence rate, % | Odds ratioa (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drinking | ||||
None | 223,340 | 28,954 | 12.96 | 1 (Reference) |
Mild (≤30 g/day) | 185,868 | 23,098 | 12.43 | 1.024 (1.004–1.043) |
Heavy (>30 g/day) | 7,931 | 959 | 12.09 | 1.043 (0.972–1.120) |
|
||||
Smoking status | ||||
Nonsmoker | 387,087 | 48,805 | 12.61 | 1 (Reference) |
Ex-smoker | 15,097 | 2,197 | 14.55 | 1.115 (1.063–1.169) |
Current smoker | 14,955 | 2,009 | 13.43 | 1.087 (1.035–1.143) |
|
||||
Regular exercise | ||||
No | 376,823 | 47,658 | 12.65 | 1 (Reference) |
Yes | 40,316 | 5,353 | 13.28 | 1.030 (0.999–1.062) |
Variable | Total | GDM (−) | GDM (+) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 417,139 | 364,128 (87.29) | 53,011 (12.71) | |
| ||||
Age, yr | 30.20±3.76 | 30.00±3.73 | 31.56±3.69 | <0.001 |
<35 | 368,313 (88.30) | 325,095 (89.28) | 43,218 (81.53) | <0.001 |
≥35 | 48,826 (11.70) | 39,033 (10.72) | 9,793 (18.47) | |
| ||||
Prepregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.99±2.85 | 20.91±2.78 | 21.55±3.25 | <0.001 |
<18.5 | 64,604 (15.49) | 57,775 (15.87) | 6,829 (12.88) | <0.001 |
18.5–22.9 | 272,760 (65.39) | 240,142 (65.95) | 32,618 (61.53) | |
23.0–24.9 | 43,525 (10.43) | 36,862 (10.12) | 6,663 (12.57) | |
25.0–29.9 | 30,837 (7.39) | 25,264 (6.94) | 5,573 (10.51) | |
≥30.0 | 5,413 (1.30) | 4,085 (1.12) | 1,328 (2.51) | |
| ||||
Waist circumference, cm | 69.98±7.67 | 69.78±7.59 | 71.31±8.10 | <0.001 |
| ||||
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
Nonsmoker | 387,087 (92.80) | 338,282 (92.90) | 48,805 (92.07) | |
Ex-smoker | 15,097 (3.62) | 12,900 (3.54) | 2,197 (4.14) | |
Current smoker | 14,955 (3.59) | 12,946 (3.56) | 2,009 (3.79) | |
| ||||
Drinking | <0.001 | |||
None | 223,340 (53.54) | 194,386 (53.38) | 28,954 (54.62) | |
Mild (≤30 g/day) | 185,868 (44.56) | 162,770 (44.70) | 23,098 (43.57) | |
Heavy (>30 g/day) | 7,931 (1.90) | 6,972 (1.91) | 959 (1.81) | |
| ||||
Income | <0.001 | |||
Medical aid beneficiaries | 18,917 (4.53) | 16,566 (4.55) | 2,351 (4.43) | |
Q1 | 68,009 (16.30) | 60,042 (16.49) | 7,967 (15.03) | |
Q2 | 139,934 (33.55) | 123,554 (33.93) | 16,380 (30.90) | |
Q3 | 144,292 (34.59) | 125,153 (34.37) | 19,139 (36.10) | |
Q4 | 45,987 (11.02) | 38,813 (10.66) | 7,174 (13.53) | |
| ||||
Regular exercise | 40,316 (9.66) | 34,963 (9.60) | 5,353 (10.10) | <0.001 |
| ||||
Family history of diabetes | 41,727 (13.93) | 34,464 (13.24) | 7,263 (18.53) | <0.001 |
| ||||
History of hypertension | 5,800 (1.39) | 4,678 (1.28) | 1,122 (2.12) | <0.001 |
| ||||
History of dyslipidemia | 12,089 (2.90) | 9,885 (2.71) | 2,204 (4.16) | <0.001 |
| ||||
History of prediabetes | 31,844 (7.63) | 25,422 (6.98) | 6,422 (12.11) | <0.001 |
| ||||
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 110.06±10.85 | 109.94±10.77 | 110.94±11.31 | <0.001 |
| ||||
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 69.22±8.13 | 69.12±8.08 | 69.88±8.44 | <0.001 |
| ||||
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 87.57±9.27 | 87.31±9.14 | 89.34±9.99 | <0.001 |
| ||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 176.99±30.81 | 176.38±30.72 | 181.14±31.07 | <0.001 |
| ||||
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 69.40 (69.31–69.50) | 68.63 (68.53–68.73) | 74.95 (74.64–75.25) | <0.001 |
| ||||
HDL-C, mg/dL | 63.18±21.56 | 63.31±21.74 | 62.26±20.23 | <0.001 |
| ||||
LDL-C, mg/dL | 99.64±70.66 | 99.19±72.96 | 102.73±52.07 | <0.001 |
Variable | No. of patients | No. of event | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
Age, yr | ||||
<25 | 20,630 | 1,009 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
25–29 | 165,534 | 13,841 | 1.773 (1.660–1.893) | 1.771 (1.658–1.892) |
30–34 | 182,149 | 28,368 | 3.584 (3.360–3.823) | 3.439 (3.222–3.671) |
35–39 | 38,547 | 7,484 | 4.681 (4.373–5.011) | 4.255 (3.971–4.559) |
≥40 | 10,279 | 2,309 | 5.629 (5.204–6.088) | 4.804 (4.436–5.203) |
| ||||
Prepregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
<18.5 | 64,604 | 6,829 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
18.5–22.9 | 272,760 | 32,618 | 1.149 (1.118–1.181) | 1.043 (1.012–1.075) |
23.0–24.9 | 43,525 | 6,663 | 1.529 (1.475–1.586) | 1.226 (1.176–1.279) |
25.0–29.9 | 30,837 | 5,573 | 1.866 (1.796–1.939) | 1.383 (1.317–1.452) |
≥30.0 | 5,413 | 1,328 | 2.751 (2.573–2.941) | 1.898 (1.736–2.075) |
| ||||
Waist circumference, cm | ||||
<65 | 92,878 | 9,871 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
65–74 | 231,120 | 27,969 | 1.158 (1.130–1.186) | 1.032 (1.005–1.060) |
75–84 | 75,188 | 11,630 | 1.539 (1.495–1.584) | 1.117 (1.078–1.157) |
85–94 | 14,772 | 2,802 | 1.968 (1.880–2.061) | 1.142 (1.077–1.212) |
≥95 | 3,181 | 739 | 2.545 (2.338–2.770) | 1.158 (1.039–1.290) |
| ||||
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | ||||
<80 | 76,790 | 7,987 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
80–89 | 174,346 | 20,051 | 1.119 (1.089–1.151) | 1.078 (1.048–1.108) |
90–99 | 128,183 | 17,578 | 1.369 (1.331–1.408) | 1.269 (1.233–1.306) |
100–109 | 30,359 | 5,553 | 1.928 (1.858–2.001) | 1.714 (1.649–1.780) |
110–125 | 7,461 | 1,842 | 2.824 (2.666–2.991) | 2.483 (2.340–2.636) |
| ||||
Income | ||||
Medical aid beneficiaries | 17,809 | 2,351 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Q1 | 68,009 | 7,967 | 0.935 (0.890–0.982) | 1.036 (0.985–1.090) |
Q2 | 139,934 | 16,380 | 0.934 (0.892–0.978) | 1.095 (1.044–1.147) |
Q3 | 144,292 | 19,139 | 1.078 (1.029–1.128) | 1.150 (1.098–1.205) |
Q4 | 45,987 | 7,174 | 1.303 (1.239–1.369) | 1.198 (1.138–1.261) |
Variable | No. of patients | No. of event | Incidence rate, % | Odds ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drinking | ||||
None | 223,340 | 28,954 | 12.96 | 1 (Reference) |
Mild (≤30 g/day) | 185,868 | 23,098 | 12.43 | 1.024 (1.004–1.043) |
Heavy (>30 g/day) | 7,931 | 959 | 12.09 | 1.043 (0.972–1.120) |
| ||||
Smoking status | ||||
Nonsmoker | 387,087 | 48,805 | 12.61 | 1 (Reference) |
Ex-smoker | 15,097 | 2,197 | 14.55 | 1.115 (1.063–1.169) |
Current smoker | 14,955 | 2,009 | 13.43 | 1.087 (1.035–1.143) |
| ||||
Regular exercise | ||||
No | 376,823 | 47,658 | 12.65 | 1 (Reference) |
Yes | 40,316 | 5,353 | 13.28 | 1.030 (0.999–1.062) |
Values are expressed as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Q, quartile; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Q, quartile. Adjusted for age, prepregnancy body mass index, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, location, and income.
CI, confidence interval. Adjusted for age, prepregnancy body mass index, smoking, drink, regular exercise, and fasting plasma glucose.