Fig. 1Flow diagram of the study. OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
Table 1Demographic Characteristics of 214 Subjects
Characteristic |
NGT→NGT (n=149) |
NGT→DM (n=65) |
P value |
Age, yr |
62 (54-65) |
59 (49.5-65) |
0.144 |
Sex, male:female |
66:83 |
35:30 |
0.347 |
Waist circumference, cm |
83.22±8.37 |
86.85±8.04 |
0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.09 (21.67-24.97) |
24.45 (22.13-26.51) |
0.040 |
SBP, mm Hg |
118.67 (108.33-127.67) |
129.33 (114.33-139.33) |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
71.33 (67.33-77.67) |
80.00 (72.33-85.33) |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L |
4.28 (4.08-4.51) |
4.63 (4.25-5.09) |
<0.001 |
Fasting insulin, pmol/L |
39.24 (31.00-79.00) |
40.28 (43.50-87.00) |
0.370 |
Glucose, PP2, mmol/La
|
5.69 (4.73-6.57) |
6.10 (5.51-7.09) |
0.001 |
Insulin, PP2, pmol/La
|
127.09 (107.25-345.50) |
154.18 (126.50-329.00) |
0.517 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
5.30 (5.09-5.50) |
5.63 (5.40-5.91) |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
4.59±0.68 |
4.68±0.90 |
0.450 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
1.43 (1.12-1.89) |
1.73 (1.34-2.31) |
0.033 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.70 (2.30-4.32) |
2.73 (2.22-3.39) |
0.799 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.13 (0.98-1.29) |
1.08 (0.96-1.78) |
0.085 |
Albumin, g/L |
40.6 (39.13-41.37) |
40.6 (39.50-41.37) |
0.144 |
AST, U/L |
25.62 (22.65-30.57) |
27.60 (23.64-33.55) |
0.004 |
ALT, U/L |
21.42 (17.18-26.72) |
23.54 (19.30-33.60) |
<0.001 |
γ-GTP, U/L |
13.08 (10.07-23.12) |
22.12 (14.59-43.20) |
<0.001 |
HOMA-B |
141.17 (84.67-213.49) |
115.38 (68.98-176.72) |
0.412 |
HOMA-IR |
1.11 (0.58-1.52) |
1.18 (0.79-1.81) |
0.223 |
Total GLP-1, pmol/L |
1.39 (0.69-2.82) |
1.14 (0.65-2.08) |
0.199 |
Total GIP, pmol/L |
25.54 (7.17-43.91) |
32.64 (9.96-55.32) |
0.034 |
Family history of diabetes, yes:no |
3:146 |
7:58 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Relationship between Development of Diabetes and Clinical Parameters
Variable |
Univariate analysis |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Age, yr |
0.974 (0.941-1.009) |
|
|
Female sex |
1.467 (0.817-2.634) |
|
|
Waist circumference, cm |
1.055 (1.017-1.095) |
1.093 (1.001-1.193) |
1.046 (0.999-1.095) |
BMI, kg/m2
|
1.114 (1.004-1.236) |
0.812 (0.630-1.036) |
|
SBP, mm Hg |
1.041 (1.020-1.062) |
0.995 (0.959-1.033) |
|
DBP, mm Hg |
1.101 (1.060-1.143) |
1.104 (1.033-1.179) |
1.096 (1.049-1.145) |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L |
1.106 (1.060-1.154) |
1.114 (1.035-1.198) |
1.104 (1.050-1.162) |
Fasting insulin, pmol/L |
1.014 (0.982-1.047) |
|
|
Glucose, PP2, mmol/La
|
1.026 (1.010-1.042) |
1.016 (0.996-1.036) |
|
Insulin, PP2, pmol/La
|
1.005 (0.990-1.019) |
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
6.605 (2.842-15.347) |
5.314 (1.870-15.098) |
4.662 (1.789-12.145) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
1.004 (0.994-1.014) |
|
|
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
1.004 (1.000-1.007) |
1.002 (0.997-1.007) |
|
LDL-C, mmol/L |
1.001 (0.991-1.011) |
|
|
HDL-C, mmol/L |
0.972 (0.940-1.006) |
|
|
Albumin, g/L |
3.823 (0.631-23.182) |
|
|
HOMA-B |
0.999 (0.998-1.001) |
|
|
HOMA-IR |
1.095 (0.937-1.280) |
|
|
Total GLP-1, pmol/L |
0.936 (0.845-1.037) |
0.954 (0.839-1.086) |
0.941 (0.833-1.063) |
Total GIP, pmol/L |
1.004 (1.000-1.007) |
1.003 (0.998-1.008) |
1.005 (1.000-1.010) |
Family history of DM, yes/no |
5.874 (1.468-23.494) |
2.110 (0.330-13.472) |
|
Table 3Relationship between Serum Incretin Levels and Development of Diabetes
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
4th |
5th |
GLP-1 quintile |
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
1.00 |
1.34 (0.56-3.21) |
1.11 (0.45-2.77) |
0.94 (0.36-2.45) |
0.65 (0.24-1.74) |
Model 2b
|
1.00 |
1.57 (0.64-3.87) |
1.41 (0.54-3.65) |
1.22 (0.45-3.32) |
0.89 (0.32-2.52) |
Model 3c
|
1.00 |
2.05 (0.76-5.55) |
1.80 (0.64-5.08) |
1.38 (0.47-4.01) |
0.79 (0.26-2.41) |
GIP quintile |
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
1.00 |
1.51 (0.54-4.24) |
1.84 (0.67-5.05) |
2.34 (0.88-6.26) |
2.89 (1.08-7.75)d
|
Model 2b
|
1.00 |
1.53 (0.52-4.45) |
2.13 (0.75-6.06) |
2.74 (0.99-7.55) |
3.64 (1.30-10.20)d
|
Model 3c
|
1.00 |
1.60 (0.52-4.94) |
2.31 (0.76-6.99) |
2.52 (0.87-7.31) |
3.82 (1.26-11.54)d
|