Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update: Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):12-22. Published online February 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1942

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Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths with numbers continuing to increase worldwide. In the last 20 years, the emergence of pharmacological treatments for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones has transformed the therapeutic landscape. The successful development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, followed by the synergistic combined effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists achieved remarkable weight loss and glycemic control in those with the diseases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The multiple cardiometabolic benefits include improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. The 2023 phase 2 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (retatrutide) in patients with the disease of obesity reported 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks with 12 mg retatrutide. This review evaluates the current available evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists with a focus on GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonists and discusses the potential future benefits and research directions.

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New Mechanisms to Prevent Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism (GLP-1 RA) in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
Jorge E. Jalil, Luigi Gabrielli, María Paz Ocaranza, Paul MacNab, Rodrigo Fernández, Bruno Grassi, Paulina Jofré, Hugo Verdejo, Monica Acevedo, Samuel Cordova, Luis Sanhueza, Douglas Greig
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(8): 4407. CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolism
Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss: Anna Gavrieli, Christos S. Mantzoros; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):361-372. Published online July 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Excess energy intake, without a compensatory increase of energy expenditure, leads to obesity. Several molecules are involved in energy homeostasis regulation and new ones are being discovered constantly. Appetite regulating hormones such as ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and amylin or incretins such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide have been studied extensively while other molecules such as fibroblast growth factor 21, chemerin, irisin, secreted frizzle-related protein-4, total bile acids, and heme oxygenase-1 have been linked to energy homeostasis regulation more recently and the specific role of each one of them has not been fully elucidated. This mini review focuses on the above mentioned molecules and discusses them in relation to their regulation by the macronutrient composition of the diet as well as diet-induced weight loss.

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Extracts of Dunkelfelder Grape Seeds and Peel Increase the Metabolic Rate and Reduce Fat Deposition in Mice Maintained on a High-Fat Diet
Chenlu Yang, Xuelin Tian, Yulei Han, Xueqing Shi, Hua Wang, Hua Li
Foods.2023; 12(17): 3251. CrossRef
Insulin Resistance and Glucose Metabolism during Infection
Borros Arneth
Endocrines.2023; 4(4): 685. CrossRef
CMKLR1 senses chemerin/resolvin E1 to control adipose thermogenesis and modulate metabolic homeostasis
Zewei Zhao, Siqi Liu, Bingxiu Qian, Lin Zhou, Jianglin Shi, Junxi Liu, Lin Xu, Zhonghan Yang
Fundamental Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Dissecting biological activities of fibroblast growth factor receptors by the coiled-coil-mediated oligomerization of FGF1
Natalia Porebska, Marta Pozniak, Mateusz Adam Krzyscik, Agata Knapik, Aleksandra Czyrek, Marika Kucinska, Kamil Jastrzebski, Malgorzata Zakrzewska, Jacek Otlewski, Lukasz Opalinski
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2021; 180: 470. CrossRef
Oral Semaglutide, the First Ingestible Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist: Could It Be a Magic Bullet for Type 2 Diabetes?
Hwi Seung Kim, Chang Hee Jung
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(18): 9936. CrossRef
Serum interleukin 15 in anorexia nervosa: Comparison to normal weight and obese girls
Wojciech Roczniak, Agata Mikołajczak-Będkowska, Elżbieta Świętochowska, Zofia Ostrowska, Katarzyna Ziora, Sylwia Balcerowicz, Karolina Górska-Flak, Magdalena Milan, Joanna Oświęcimska
The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry.2020; 21(3): 203. CrossRef
Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop
Didier Chapelot, Keyne Charlot
Metabolism.2019; 92: 11. CrossRef
Correlates of zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 3 and ghrelin in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes
Rawan AbuZayed, Nailya Bulatova, Violet Kasabri, Maysa Suyagh, Lana Halaseh, Sundus AlAlawi
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Available medications and drugs under investigation
Eleni Pilitsi, Olivia M. Farr, Stergios A. Polyzos, Nikolaos Perakakis, Eric Nolen-Doerr, Aimilia-Eirini Papathanasiou, Christos S. Mantzoros
Metabolism.2019; 92: 170. CrossRef
Link between chemerin, central obesity, and parameters of the Metabolic Syndrome: findings from a longitudinal study in obese children participating in a lifestyle intervention
Petra Niklowitz, Juliane Rothermel, Nina Lass, Andre Barth, Thomas Reinehr
International Journal of Obesity.2018; 42(10): 1743. CrossRef
The relationship between the leptin/ghrelin ratio and meals with various macronutrient contents in men with different nutritional status: a randomized crossover study
Edyta Adamska-Patruno, Lucyna Ostrowska, Joanna Goscik, Barbara Pietraszewska, Adam Kretowski, Maria Gorska
Nutrition Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The Science of Obesity Management: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
George A Bray, William E Heisel, Ashkan Afshin, Michael D Jensen, William H Dietz, Michael Long, Robert F Kushner, Stephen R Daniels, Thomas A Wadden, Adam G Tsai, Frank B Hu, John M Jakicic, Donna H Ryan, Bruce M Wolfe, Thomas H Inge
Endocrine Reviews.2018; 39(2): 79. CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef
Weight loss technology for people with treated type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Kuat Oshakbayev, Bibazhar Dukenbayeva, Gulnar Togizbayeva, Aigul Durmanova, Meruyert Gazaliyeva, Abdul Sabir, Aliya Issa, Alisher Idrisov
Nutrition & Metabolism.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Salivary, gingival crevicular fluid and serum levels of ghrelin and chemerin in patients with periodontitis and overweight
H. F. R. Jentsch, N. Arnold, V. Richter, J. Deschner, T. Kantyka, S. Eick
Journal of Periodontal Research.2017; 52(6): 1050. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinical Study
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Level Is Associated with the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sunghwan Suh, Mi Yeon Kim, Soo Kyoung Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Nam H. Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):134-141. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.134

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Incretin hormone levels as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we measured incretin hormone levels to examine the relationship between circulating incretin hormones, diabetes, and future diabetes development in this study.

Methods

A nested case-control study was conducted in a Korean cohort. The study included the following two groups: the control group (n=149), the incident diabetes group (n=65). Fasting total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels were measured and compared between these groups.

Results

Fasting total GIP levels were higher in the incident diabetes group than in the control group (32.64±22.68 pmol/L vs. 25.54±18.37 pmol/L, P=0.034). There was no statistically significant difference in fasting total GLP-1 levels between groups (1.14±1.43 pmol/L vs. 1.39±2.13 pmol/L, P=0.199). In multivariate analysis, fasting total GIP levels were associated with an increased risk of diabetes (odds ratio, 1.005; P=0.012) independent of other risk factors.

Conclusion

Fasting total GIP levels may be a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This association persisted even after adjusting for other metabolic parameters such as elevated fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and obesity in the pre-diabetic period.

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Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal role for circulating GIP and IL-1RA levels in homeostatic model assessment-derived measures of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in Africans without type 2 diabetes
Karlijn A. C. Meeks, Amy R. Bentley, Themistocles L. Assimes, Nora Franceschini, Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Charles N. Rotimi, Ayo P. Doumatey
Genome Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucose- and Bile Acid-Stimulated Secretion of Gut Hormones in the Isolated Perfused Intestine Is Not Impaired in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Jenna E. Hunt, Jens J. Holst, Sara L. Jepsen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Combined treatment with a gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor antagonist and a peptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improves metabolic abnormalities in diabetic mice
Fei Yang, Shan Dang, Hongjun LV, Bingyin Shi
Journal of International Medical Research.2021; 49(1): 030006052098566. CrossRef
Elevated levels of fasting serum GIP may be protective factors for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus
LingHong Huang, JingXiong Zhou, Bo Liang, HuiBin Huang, LiangYi Li
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2021; 41(4): 543. CrossRef
Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals
Tina Jorsal, Nicolai A. Rhee, Jens Pedersen, Camilla D. Wahlgren, Brynjulf Mortensen, Sara L. Jepsen, Jacob Jelsing, Louise S. Dalbøge, Peter Vilmann, Hazem Hassan, Jakob W. Hendel, Steen S. Poulsen, Jens J. Holst, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip K. Knop
Diabetologia.2018; 61(2): 284. CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef

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