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Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) was first isolated and its gene (
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We previously reported the frequent neurofibromatosis 2 (
To identify the function of
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Our study suggests that
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The identification of disease-causing genetic variations is an important goal in the field of genetics. Advancements in genetic technology have changed scientific knowledge and made it possible to determine the basic mechanism and pathogenesis of human disorders rapidly. Many endocrine disorders are caused by genetic variations of a single gene or by mixed genetic factors. Various genetic testing methods are currently available, enabling a more precise diagnosis of many endocrine disorders and facilitating the development of a concrete therapeutic plan. In this review article, we discuss genetic testing technologies for genetic endocrine disorders, with relevant examples. We additionally describe our research on implementing genetic analysis strategies to identify novel causal mutations in hypocalcemia-related disorders.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease that is characterized by the formation of heterotopic bone tissues in soft tissues, such as skeletal muscle, ligament, and tendon. It is difficult to remove such heterotopic bones via internal medicine or invasive procedures. The identification of activin A receptor, type I (
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Docetaxel, a microtubule stabilizer, is a common chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various metastatic cancers. However, prolonged use results in various side effects and drug resistance. Flavonoids, such as baicalein, are accepted chemotherapeutic and dietary chemopreventive agents with many advantages, such as greater accessibility, affordability, and lower toxicity, compared with traditional chemotherapy agents. In this study, we evaluated whether baicalein enhances the effects of docetaxel on apoptosis and metastasis in 8505c ATC cells.
The 8505c cells were treated with baicalein or docetaxel individually and in combination. Cell viability was measured by MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay, and apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy of Hoechst-stained cells. The expression of apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], transforming growth factor β [TGF-β], E-cadherin, and N-cadherin), and signaling (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] mitogen activated protein kinase [MAPK], Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR]) proteins was determined by Western blot analysis.
The combination of baicalein (50 or 100 µM) and docetaxel (10 nM) significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis compared with monotherapies. The combination treatment significantly inhibited the expression of Bax, caspase-3, VEGF, TGF-β1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and mTOR, but decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and significantly decreased the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt.
The combination of baicalein and docetaxel effectively induced apoptosis and inhibited metastasis in 8505c cells through downregulation of apoptotic and angiogenic protein expression and blocking of the ERK and Akt/mTOR pathways in 8505c cells. These results suggest that baicalein enhances the anticancer effects of docetaxel in ATC.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD encompasses a wide range of states from the simple accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes to serious states accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis in the liver.
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