Fig. 1Overall study design. CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; F/U, follow-up.
Fig. 2Changes of (A) mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) and (B) standard deviation (SD) before and after 16 weeks of treatment in the vildagliptin and pioglitazone groups. aP<0.05.
Fig. 3Changes of mean amplitude of glycemic excursion before and after 16 weeks of treatment in the (A) vildagliptin and (B) pioglitazone groups on individual levels.
Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects
Characteristic |
Vildagliptin |
Pioglitazone |
P value |
Number |
14 |
11 |
|
Female sex |
5 (35.7) |
7 (63.6) |
0.24 |
Age, yr |
59.9±10.2 |
52.1±11.1 |
0.06 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.8±2.7 |
27.4±4.3 |
0.49 |
Waist circumference, cm |
87.9±7.8 |
89.7±8.1 |
0.96 |
HbA1c, % |
7.2±0.2 |
7.4±0.4 |
0.17 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
137.5±14.4 |
133.0±15.6 |
0.43 |
Insulin, μIU/mL |
8.53±5.40 |
7.31±3.94 |
0.46 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
2.29±0.80 |
2.04±0.53 |
0.49 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
149.1±25.6 |
153.6±26.1 |
0.65 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
80.0±27.2 |
81.9±29.9 |
0.61 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
45.7±16.8 |
53.0±13.3 |
0.40 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
127.6±69.2 |
109.4±33.4 |
0.94 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.86±0.13 |
0.76±0.19 |
0.18 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
119.4±10.9 |
124.2±13.4 |
0.64 |
Other treatments, % |
|
|
|
ARB/ACE inhibitor |
75.0 |
64.4 |
0.20 |
Statins |
60.0 |
77.8 |
0.36 |
24-Hour mean glucose, mg/dLa
|
160.9±48.9 |
145.0±19.3 |
0.40 |
SD of 24-hour glucose, mg/dLa
|
38.0±17.3 |
40.3±12.7 |
0.61 |
MAGE, mg/dLa
|
93.8±38.0 |
98.7±31.8 |
0.77 |
ΔGlucose, max–min, mg/dLa,b
|
178.2±60.7 |
182.8±40.3 |
0.73 |
Table 2Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c, and Markers of Glycemic Variability before and after Treatments (16 Weeks) in Vildagliptin and Pioglitazone Group
Variable |
Vildagliptin (n=14) |
Pioglitazone (n=11) |
Baseline |
16 Weeks |
P value |
Baseline |
16 Weeks |
P value |
FPG, mg/dL |
137.5±14.4 |
117.9±18.9 |
0.011 |
133.0±15.6 |
111.9±15.8 |
0.081 |
HbA1c, % |
7.2±0.2 |
6.4±0.3 |
0.001 |
7.4±0.4 |
6.7±0.6 |
0.005 |
24-Hour mean glucose, mg/dLa
|
160.9±48.9 |
122.9±12.7 |
0.001 |
145.0±19.3 |
125.9±14.7 |
0.012 |
SD of 24-hour glucose, mg/dLa
|
38.3±17.3 |
27.7±6.9 |
0.026 |
40.3±12.7 |
28.9±9.1 |
0.071 |
MAGE, mg/dLa
|
93.8±38.0 |
70.8±19.2 |
0.046 |
98.7±31.8 |
74.4±25.7 |
0.090 |
ΔGlucose, max–min, mg/dLa,b
|
178.2±60.7 |
141.8±31.2 |
0.036 |
182.8±40.3 |
149.1±58.3 |
0.252 |
Table 3Changes of Oxidative Stress Markers before and after Treatments (16 Weeks) in Vildagliptin and Pioglitazone Group
Variable |
Vildagliptin (n=14) |
Pioglitazone (n=11) |
Baseline |
16 Weeks |
P value |
Baseline |
16 Weeks |
P value |
Urinary 8-iso PGF2α, ng/mL |
4.9±1.0 |
5.2±1.3 |
0.47 |
4.9±0.6 |
4.7±0.4 |
0.45 |
Oxidized LDL, U/L |
32.6±6.7 |
31.0±7.8 |
0.33 |
36.3±13.7 |
34.7±16.7 |
0.37 |
hsCRP, mg/dL |
0.87±1.28 |
0.69±0.84 |
0.88 |
0.79±1.32 |
0.24±0.15 |
0.16 |