Fig. 1Modified scoring of the Clarke's hypoglycemia questionnaire.
Fig. 2Correlations between 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) level and hypoglycemia indices. (A) Log (1,5-AG) level was negatively correlated with log (hypoglycemia score). (B) The 1,5-AG level was negatively correlated with area under the curve for glucose level less than 80 mg/dL (AUC80). r, Pearson correlation coefficient. aSimple correlation; bAdjustment for log (mean blood glucose) and log (duration of insulin treatment).
Table 1Clinical Characteristics of the Study Subjects
Characteristic |
Total (n=18) |
Male (n=11) |
Female (n=7) |
Age, yr |
65.2±9.6 |
66.6±11.3 |
62.9±6.3 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.4±1.9 |
23.5±2.1 |
23.1±1.8 |
Duration of diabetes, yr |
21.3±9.7 |
22.7±9.4 |
19.0±10.6 |
Duration of insulin treatment, yr |
10.6±6.3 |
10.9±6.7 |
10.2±6.2 |
Dose of insulin, IU/kg |
0.50±0.12 |
0.52±0.13 |
0.47±0.11 |
Hypoglycemia score |
9.9±5.0 |
10.5±7.8 |
9.0±3.9 |
1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, µg/mL |
6.4±2.5 |
5.5±1.4 |
7.8±3.3 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
138.5±55.9 |
143.3±69.5 |
131.0±26.4 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
7.6±0.9 |
7.9±0.9 |
7.2±0.7 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
0.83±0.62 |
0.58±0.39 |
1.22±0.72 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
148.3±25.9 |
142.3±27.5 |
157.9±21.6 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
96.2±47.0 |
90.6±39.6 |
105.1±58.9 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
52.8±13.9 |
52.4±15.2 |
53.4±12.6 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
77.2±18.4 |
75.5±22.2 |
79.9±11.5 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL |
0.7±0.3 |
0.8±0.3 |
0.6±0.2 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L |
21.9±11.4 |
22.6±12.8 |
20.9±9.7 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L |
21.3±13.0 |
23.4±15.0 |
18.1±9.3 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
81.7±20.7 |
77.5±25.1 |
88.1±9.3 |
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g |
34.0±40.0 |
22.6±22.3 |
60.7±64.8 |
Mean glucose, mg/dLa
|
187.3±44.6 |
198.7±43.3 |
158.0±35.4 |
MAGE, mg/dLa
|
140.3±59.6 |
149.0±60.1 |
126.7±55.8 |
AUC80, mg/dL·daya,b
|
0.44±0.86 |
0.64±1.00 |
0.14±0.38 |
Table 2Comparisons according to the Hypoglycemia Score
Variable |
2-9 (n=9) |
10-24 (n=9) |
P value |
Hypoglycemia score |
5.9±2.0 |
13.9±3.8 |
<0.001 |
Age, yr |
65.7±7.8 |
64.7±11.6 |
0.830 |
Male sex, % |
55.6 |
66.7 |
0.629 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.5±2.3 |
23.2±1.5 |
0.730 |
Duration of diabetes, yr |
22.2±10.5 |
20.3±9.5 |
0.690 |
Duration of insulin treatment, yr |
6.8±4.6 |
14.4±5.5 |
0.006 |
No. of insulin injection, /day |
1.4±0.7 |
2.0±1.1 |
0.229 |
Insulin dose, IU/kg/day |
0.49±0.12 |
0.51±0.13 |
0.519 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
133.1±50.3 |
143.9±63.6 |
0.695 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
7.8±0.8 |
7.4±0.9 |
0.370 |
1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, µg/mL |
7.7±3.0 |
5.1±0.8 |
0.040 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
0.82±0.45 |
0.84±0.78 |
0.960 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
74.5±17.2 |
88.8±22.4 |
0.150 |
Mean glucose, mg/dLa
|
194.5±60.0 |
181.1±21.7 |
0.643 |
Standard deviation, mg/dLa
|
50.8±17.8 |
64.7±23.0 |
0.255 |
M100a
|
32.6±26.9 |
27.5±12.3 |
0.618 |
%CV, %a
|
27.5±6.8 |
34.9±12.6 |
0.138 |
MAGE, mg/dLa
|
161.0±57.5 |
170.7±60.1 |
0.730 |
J indexa
|
62.3±32.1 |
57.7±16.4 |
0.711 |
LBGIa
|
2.02±2.33 |
2.36±1.77 |
0.737 |
HBGIa
|
12.7±8.4 |
11.9±4.0 |
0.814 |
GRADEa
|
9.7±5.9 |
8.1±2.7 |
0.495 |
CONGA-1h, mg/dLa
|
167.2±40.8 |
156.1±19.4 |
0.473 |
AUC180, mg/dL·daya
|
30.4±28.8 |
25.1±13.3 |
0.620 |
AUC80, mg/dL·daya,b
|
0.53±0.76 |
0.73±1.18 |
0.742 |
Table 3Correlation Coefficients between 1,5-AG and Other Indices as Determined by Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Study in All Subjects
1,5-AG |
ra
|
P valuea
|
rb
|
P valueb
|
MBG, mg/dL |
-0.538c
|
0.021 |
- |
- |
M100 |
-0.551c
|
0.018 |
-0.345 |
0.196 |
J index |
-0.545c
|
0.019 |
-0.299 |
0.261 |
GRADE |
-0.565c
|
0.015 |
-0.629c
|
0.009 |
LBGI |
-0.257 |
0.303 |
-0.479 |
0.060 |
HBGI |
-0.548c
|
0.019 |
-0.424 |
0.101 |
CONGA-1h, mg/dL |
-0.562c
|
0.015 |
-0.258 |
0.334 |
SD, mg/dL |
-0.442 |
0.066 |
-0.307 |
0.247 |
MAGE, mg/dL |
-0.436 |
0.071 |
-0.217 |
0.419 |
AUC180, mg/dL·day |
-0.582c
|
0.011 |
-0.337 |
0.202 |
Time over 180, mg/dL·day |
-0.522c
|
0.026 |
-0.197 |
0.464 |