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1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
5Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
6Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
7Deparment of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
8Deparment of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
9Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
10Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
11Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2024 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Young Joo Park is an editor-in-chief of the journal. But she was not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Institution (trial no.) | Country | Year | No. of participants | Tumor size Included, cm | Primary outcome | Reference (protocol) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | ||||||
Kuma Hospital | Japan | 1993–2019 (ongoing) | 3,222 AS 2,424 IS | ≤1 | [11,12,14-24] | |
Cancer Institute Hospital | Japan | 1995–2016 (ongoing) | 421 AS 377 IS | ≤2 | [25] | |
Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, National Cancer Center (MAeSTro) (NCT02938702) | Korea | 2016–2019 | 755 AS 422 IS | ≤1 | Tumor size change LN or distant metastasis | [27-33] (Protocol [26]) |
Asan Medical Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, and eight other hospitals (KoMPASS) (KCT0004935) | Korea | 2019–ongoing | Recruiting | ≤1 | Progression-free survival | (Protocol [34]) |
North America | ||||||
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | US | NA | 291 AS (no IS) | ≤1.5 | Tumor diameter or volume change | [10] |
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (NCT02609685) | US | 2014–2021 | 112 AS 110 IS | ≤2.0 | Disease progression (tumor growth, LN, or distant metastasis) | [35] |
University Health Network (NCT03271892) → Pan-Canadian (Canadian Thyroid Cancer Active Surveillance Study Group) (NCT04624477) | Canada | 2016–ongoing | 155 AS 45 IS→Recruiting | <2.0 | Freqeuncy of patients choosing AS or surgery | [38] (Protocol [36,37]) |
South America | ||||||
Head and Neck Cancer Center in Medellin | Colombia | 2015– | 102 AS (no IS) | <1.5 | [39] | |
Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte | Brazil | 2016–2019 | 77 AS 18 IS | ≤1.2 | [40] | |
University of Buenos Aires | Argentina | 34 AS (no IS) | ≤1.5 | [41] | ||
Europe | ||||||
University Hospital of Pisa (NCT04129281) | Italy | 2014–2020 | 127 AS (no IS) | ≤1.3 | [42,43] |
Adapted from Brito et al. [57], with permission from Mary Ann Libert, Inc.
US, ultrasonography; RLN, recurrent laryngeal nerve; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; FNA, fine-needle aspiration.
Society | Definition of tumor growth | Surgical indication related to tumor size |
---|---|---|
JTA (2021) | Tumor diameter increase ≥3 mm | Samea |
Tumor volume increase >50% | ||
JAES (2021) | Tumor diameter increase ≥3 mm | Tumor diameter ≥13 mm |
Polish Scientific Societies (2022) | Tumor diameter increase ≥3 mm | Samea |
SBEM (2022) | Tumor diameter increase >3 mm | Tumor diameter increase >3 mm |
Tumor diameter ≥13 mm |