Table 1Characteristics of Participants according to Quartiles of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption (n=5,852)
Characteristic |
Quartile |
P valuea
|
Q1 (n=1,491) |
Q2 (n=1,435) |
Q3 (n=1,470) |
Q4 (n=1,456) |
Sugar-sweetened beverages, g/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Range |
<6.7 |
6.7-21.8 |
21.9-57.1 |
>57.1 |
Mean |
2.6±2.7 |
13.0±4.3 |
36.1±10.0 |
144.7±106.8 |
Age, yr, mean±SD |
45.7±12.7 |
40.7±12.3 |
39.7±12.4 |
36.2±12.4 |
<0.001 |
Male sex, % |
30.9 |
37.3 |
46.0 |
58.9 |
<0.001 |
Physical activity, % |
|
|
|
|
0.001 |
Low |
67.2 |
71.8 |
73.2 |
73.3 |
Moderate |
21.1 |
20.1 |
16.6 |
17.2 |
High |
11.7 |
8.1 |
10.2 |
9.5 |
Current smoker, % |
7.0 |
8.9 |
12.2 |
16.5 |
<0.001 |
Education status, % |
|
|
|
|
0.02 |
Illiterate |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
Primary education |
73.1 |
69.5 |
69.7 |
68.1 |
Academic education |
25.8 |
29.7 |
28.9 |
31.2 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
26.9±0.13 |
27.1±0.12 |
27.6±0.12 |
27.6±0.12 |
0.004 |
Waist circumference, cm |
91.7±0.31 |
92.3±0.29 |
93.4±0.28 |
93.7±0.29 |
0.005 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
100.2±0.66 |
97.1±0.63 |
97.4±0.61 |
96.9±0.63 |
0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
133.4±2.84 |
142.2±2.70 |
149.2±2.59 |
144.2±2.68 |
0.001 |
Highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL |
47.7±0.30 |
46.9±0.28 |
46.1±0.27 |
46.7±0.28 |
0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
112.9±0.40 |
112.4±0.38 |
113.5±0.37 |
114.7±0.38 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
75.5±0.28 |
75.6±0.27 |
76.6±0.26 |
77.2±0.27 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Dietary Intakes of Participants according to Quartiles of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption (n=5,852)
Characteristic |
Quartile |
Pvalue |
Q1 (n=1,491) |
Q2 (n=1,435) |
Q3 (n=1,470) |
Q4 (n=1,456) |
Sugar sweetened beverages, g/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Range |
<6.7 |
6.7-21.8 |
21.9-57.1 |
>57.1 |
Mean |
2.6±2.7 |
13.0±4.3 |
36.1±10.0 |
144.7±106.8 |
Energy, kcal/day |
2,207±713 |
2,240±668 |
2,413±678 |
2,712±686 |
<0.001 |
Carbohydrate, % |
59.1±11.3 |
58.9±6.67 |
58.6±6.51 |
58.6±6.32 |
0.15 |
Fat, % |
30.1±23.4 |
29.6±6.28 |
30.3±6.05 |
30.3±5.9 |
0.48 |
Protein, % |
15.8±10.8 |
15.0±3.35 |
14.7±2.90 |
14.3±2.72 |
<0.001 |
Total fiber, g/1,000 kcal |
21.8±27.0 |
19.9±6.75 |
19.6±9.94 |
17.9±6.22 |
<0.001 |
Added sugar, % |
3.52±2.85 |
4.41±2.81 |
5.03±2.74 |
7.11±3.17 |
<0.001 |
Percentage of added sugar from liquid sources, % |
2.64±5.13 |
8.59±7.24 |
16.87±9.95 |
34.21±17.34 |
<0.001 |
Table 3The Association Between Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Components (n=5,852)
Variable |
Q1 (ref) |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
β |
95% CI |
β |
95% CI |
β |
95% CI |
Waist circumference |
1 |
0.31 |
-0.51 to 1.13 |
0.99 |
0.16 to 1.81 |
1.28 |
0.40 to 2.16 |
Fasting plasma glucose |
1 |
-2.35 |
-4.12 to -0.58 |
-2.20 |
-3.99 to -0.41 |
-3.06 |
-4.96 to -1.16 |
Triglycerides |
1 |
5.23 |
-1.60 to 12.06 |
13.09 |
6.20 to 19.99 |
8.94 |
1.61 to 16.26 |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol |
1 |
-0.72 |
-1.52 to 0.07 |
-1.28 |
-2.08 to -0.48 |
-1.02 |
-1.88 to -0.17 |
Systolic blood pressure |
1 |
-0.21 |
-1.29 to 0.87 |
0.65 |
-0.44 to 1.74 |
1.98 |
0.82 to 3.14 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
1 |
0.26 |
-0.50 to 1.02 |
1.07 |
0.30 to 1.84 |
1.72 |
0.90 to 2.54 |
Table 4OR and 95% CI for Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components across Quartile Categories of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption (n=5,852)
Quartiles of SSB intake |
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Model 3c
|
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
OR |
95% CI |
Metabolic syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
1.11 |
0.93-1.32 |
1.16 |
0.97-1.39 |
1.16 |
0.96-1.39 |
Q3 |
1.21 |
1.02-1.44 |
1.22 |
1.02-1.47 |
1.21 |
1.01-1.45 |
Q4 |
1.33 |
1.11-1.60 |
1.33 |
1.09-1.61 |
1.3 |
1.06-1.58 |
P for trend |
0.004 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
Abdominal obesity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
1.09 |
0.93-1.28 |
1.1 |
0.93-1.31 |
1.1 |
0.93-1.31 |
Q3 |
1.25 |
1.06-1.47 |
1.25 |
1.06-1.48 |
1.24 |
1.05-1.47 |
Q4 |
1.39 |
1.18-1.65 |
1.37 |
1.15-1.64 |
1.35 |
1.12-1.61 |
P for trend |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
0.003 |
Impaired fasting glucose |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
0.99 |
0.83-1.18 |
1.07 |
0.89-1.29 |
1.07 |
0.88-1.28 |
Q3 |
0.89 |
0.74-1.06 |
0.9 |
0.75-1.09 |
0.9 |
0.74-1.09 |
Q4 |
0.91 |
0.75-1.10 |
0.93 |
0.76-1.14 |
0.92 |
0.75-1.13 |
P for trend |
0.36 |
|
0.34 |
|
0.28 |
|
Hypertriglyceridemia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
1.02 |
0.87-1.20 |
1.03 |
0.86-1.22 |
1.03 |
0.86-1.22 |
Q3 |
1.26 |
1.07-1.49 |
1.24 |
1.04-1.47 |
1.23 |
1.03-1.46 |
Q4 |
1.17 |
0.98-1.39 |
1.14 |
0.95-1.36 |
1.11 |
0.92-1.33 |
P for trend |
0.1 |
0.24 |
0.41 |
Low HDL-C |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
1.13 |
0.97-1.31 |
1.11 |
0.95-1.30 |
1.11 |
0.95-1.30 |
Q3 |
1.32 |
1.14-1.53 |
1.27 |
1.09-1.49 |
1.28 |
1.09-1.50 |
Q4 |
1.24 |
1.06-1.45 |
1.22 |
1.04-1.44 |
1.24 |
1.05-1.47 |
P for trend |
0.04 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
Elevated blood pressure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 (reference) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q2 |
1.02 |
0.85-1.22 |
1.03 |
0.85-1.25 |
1.03 |
0.85-1.25 |
Q3 |
1.2 |
1.00-1.43 |
1.24 |
1.03-1.50 |
1.22 |
1.01-1.48 |
Q4 |
1.3 |
1.08-1.57 |
1.32 |
1.08-1.61 |
1.27 |
1.03-1.55 |
P for trend |
0.004 |
0.005 |
0.02 |