Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk of Diabetes in Patients with Long-Standing Graves’ Disease: A Longitudinal Study: Eyun Song, Min Ji Koo, Eunjin Noh, Soon Young Hwang, Min Jeong Park, Jung A Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Geum Joon Cho, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1277-1286. Published online December 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1251

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Background
The detrimental effects of excessive thyroid hormone on glucose metabolism have been widely investigated. However, the risk of diabetes in patients with long-standing hyperthyroidism, especially according to treatment modality, remains uncertain, with few longitudinal studies.
Methods
The risk of diabetes in patients with Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) for longer than the conventional duration (≥2 years) was compared with that in age-and sex-matched controls. The risk was further compared according to subsequent treatment modalities after a 24-month course of ATD: continuation of ATD (ATD group) vs. radioactive iodine ablation (RIA) group.
Results
A total of 4,593 patients were included. Diabetes was diagnosed in 751 (16.3%) patients over a follow-up of 7.3 years. The hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes, after adjusting for various known risk factors, was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 1.28) in patients with hyperthyroidism. Among the treatment modality groups, the RIA group (n=102) had a higher risk of diabetes than the ATD group (n=4,491) with HR of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.42). Further, the risk of diabetes increased with an increase in the ATD treatment duration (P for trend=0.019).
Conclusion
The risk of diabetes was significantly higher in patients with long-standing Graves’ disease than in the general population, especially in patients who underwent RIA and prolonged ATD treatment. Special attention to hyperglycemia during follow-up along with effective control of hyperthyroidism may be necessary to reduce the risk of diabetes in these patients.

Citations

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Safety of non-standard regimen of systemic steroid therapy in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy: a single-centre experience
Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj, Dawid Gruszczyński, Natalia Zawalna, Kacper Nijakowski, Agnieszka Skiba, Mateusz Pochylski, Jerzy Sowiński, Marek Ruchała
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Increased risk of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Hwa Young Ahn, Jooyoung Lee, Jinmo Kang, Eun Kyung Lee
European Journal of Endocrinology.2024; 190(3): 248. CrossRef
Prevalencia de diabetes en personas con disfunción tiroidea
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Medicina Clínica.2023; 160(8): 333. CrossRef
Control of Thyroid Dysfunction in Spanish Population Registered in the Primary Care Clinical Database: An Analysis of the Proportion of Patients with Thyrotropin Values Outside the Reference Range
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2023; 55(03): 184. CrossRef
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship to income level and employment status: a nationwide population-based study in Spain
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Prevalence of diabetes in people with thyroid dysfunction
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Medicina Clínica (English Edition).2023; 160(8): 333. CrossRef
Diabetes Mellitus Secondary to Endocrine Diseases: An Update of Diagnostic and Treatment Particularities
Mihaela Simona Popoviciu, Lorena Paduraru, Raluca Marinela Nutas, Alexandra Maria Ujoc, Galal Yahya, Kamel Metwally, Simona Cavalu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(16): 12676. CrossRef
Thyroid Eye Disease and Its Association With Diabetes Mellitus: A Major Review
Roshmi Gupta, Pramila Kalra, Lakshmi B. Ramamurthy, Suryasnata Rath
Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery.2023; 39(6S): S51. CrossRef
Metabolite Changes during the Transition from Hyperthyroidism to Euthyroidism in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Ho Yeop Lee, Byeong Chang Sim, Ha Thi Nga, Ji Sun Moon, Jingwen Tian, Nguyen Thi Linh, Sang Hyeon Ju, Dong Wook Choi, Daiki Setoyama, Hyon-Seung Yi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 891. CrossRef
Diabetes and Hyperthyroidism: Is There a Causal Link?
Sang Yong Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(6): 1175. CrossRef

Thyroid
^99mTc-Pertechnetate Scintigraphy Predicts Successful Postoperative Ablation in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Patients Treated with Low Radioiodine Activities: Luca Giovanella, Gaetano Paone, Teresa Ruberto, Luca Ceriani, Pierpaolo Trimboli; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(1):63-69. Published online February 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.1.63

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Background

Postoperative routine radioiodine (RAI) treatment is currently debated for patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients. If performed, a low ¹³¹I activity (i.e., 1 to 2 GBq) is recommended with the aim to ablate thyroid remnant and facilitate subsequent follow-up by thyroglobulin measurement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between postsurgical technetium-99m (^99mTc)-pertechnetate scintigraphy and the rate of successful remnant ablation after low activity radioiodine ablation in patients with DTC.

Methods

Enrolled were 193 patients with low risk DTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and RAI ablation with a fixed 1.1 GBq activity of ¹³¹I. ^99mTc-pertechnetate scans were done and thyrotropin stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) levels measured just before ablation. Ablation effectiveness was assessed 6 to 12 months later by sTg measurement, neck ultrasound and diagnostic whole body scan.

Results

A negative ^99mTc-perthecnetate scans was the best predictor of successful ablation (P<0.001) followed by preablative sTg levels <0.8 ng/mL (P=0.008) and ^99mTc-pertechnetate uptake rate values <0.9% (P=0.065). Neither sex nor age of the patient at the time of ablation or tumor histology and size showed a significant association with the rate of successful ablation.

Conclusion

The ^99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy is a simple and feasible tool to predict effectiveness of low activity ¹³¹I thyroid to ablate thyroid remnants in patients with DTC.

Citations

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Combined clinical variable and radiomics of post-treatment total body scan for prediction of successful I-131 ablation in low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
Maythinee Chantadisai, Jirarot Wongwijitsook, Napat Ritlumlert, Yothin Rakvongthai
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The prognostic value of post thyroidectomy Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid scan in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
L.M. Eloteify, Samy M. Algizawy, Aya K.M. Abdelnaim, Nesreen Mekkawy
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2023; 44(1): 38. CrossRef
Correlation analysis of I-131 SPECT/CT uptake parameters with the success ablation treatment of thyroid remnant in patients with low-intermediate-risk differentiated thyroid cancer
Qian Zhang, Weina Xu
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2022; 43(10): 1051. CrossRef
Clinical significance of extra-thyroid 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake before initial radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Bin Long, Li-Fang Yao, Shou-Cong Chen, Jin Shui, Xue-Mei Ye, He-Qing Yi, Cen Lou
Journal of International Medical Research.2021; 49(5): 030006052110126. CrossRef
Thyroglobulin Changes are Highly Dependent on TSH in Low-risk DTC Patients not Treated with Radioiodine
Antonio Matrone, Alessio Faranda, Francesco Latrofa, Carla Gambale, Delio Stefani Donati, Eleonora Molinaro, Laura Agate, David Viola, Paolo Piaggi, Liborio Torregrossa, Fulvio Basolo, Rossella Elisei
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2020; 105(8): e2845. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Economic Evaluation of Recombinant Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Stimulation vs. Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal Prior to Radioiodine Ablation for Thyroid Cancer: The Korean Perspective: Seo Young Sohn, Hye Won Jang, Yoon Young Cho, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):531-542. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.531

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Background

Previous studies have suggested that recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) stimulation is an acceptable alternative to thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) when radioiodine remnant ablation is planned for thyroid cancer treatment, based on superior short-term quality of life with non-inferior remnant ablation efficacy. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of radioiodine remnant ablation using rhTSH, compared with the traditional preparation method which renders patients hypothyroid by THW, in Korean perspective.

Methods

This economic evaluation considered the costs and benefits to the Korean public healthcare system. Clinical experts were surveyed regarding the current practice of radioiodine ablation in Korea and their responses helped inform assumptions used in a cost effectiveness model. Markov modelling with 17 weekly cycles was used to assess the incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) associated with rhTSH. Clinical inputs were based on a multi-center, randomized controlled trial comparing remnant ablation success after rhTSH preparation with THW. The additional costs associated with rhTSH were considered relative to the clinical benefits and cost offsets.

Results

The additional benefits of rhTSH (0.036 QALY) are achieved with an additional cost of Korean won ₩961,105, equating to cost per QALY of ₩26,697,361. Sensitivity analyses had only a modest impact upon cost-effectiveness, with one-way sensitivity results of approximately ₩33,000,000/QALY.

Conclusion

The use of rhTSH is a cost-effective alternative to endogenous hypothyroid stimulation prior to radioiodine ablation for patients who have undergone thyroidectomy in Korea.

Citations

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Comparison of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal for 131I Therapy in Patients With Intermediate- to High-Risk Thyroid Cancer
Sohyun Park, Ji-In Bang, Keunyoung Kim, Youngduk Seo, Ari Chong, Chae Moon Hong, Dong-Eun Lee, Miyoung Choi, Sang-Woo Lee, So Won Oh
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Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal versus Recombinant Human TSH as Preparation for I-131 Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Luca Giovanella, Maria Luisa Garo, Alfredo Campenní, Petra Petranović Ovčariček, Rainer Görges
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Jayda Eiras Ramim, Marcella Araugio Soares Cardoso, Gessen Lopes Carneiro de Oliveira, Maria Luisa Gomes, Tiago Teixeira Guimarães, Rossana Corbo Ramalho de Mello, Anke Bergmann, Priscilla Brunelli Pujatti
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Predictive factors determining incomplete response to radioiodine therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Magdalena Wojewoda-Korbelak, Martyna Borowczyk, Malgorzata Kaluzna, Barbara Brominska, Katarzyna Ziemnicka, Rafal Czepczynski, Maciej Baczyk, Marek Ruchala
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Initial Adoption of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Following Thyroidectomy in the Medicare Thyroid Cancer Patient Population
Michaela A. Dinan, Yanhong Li, Shelby D. Reed, Julie Ann Sosa
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Triennial Report ofEndocrinology and Metabolism, 2015 to 2017
Eun-Jung Rhee, Hey Yeon Jang, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(2): 195. CrossRef
Recombinant human TSH stimulated thyroglobulin levels at remnant ablation predict structural incomplete response to treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Jeonghoon Ha, Min Hee Kim, Kwanhoon Jo, Yejee Lim, Ja Seong Bae, Sohee Lee, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Dong Jun Lim
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Review Article

Thyroid
Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The First Targeted Therapy in Oncology: June-Key Chung, Gi Jeong Cheon; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):233-239. Published online September 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.233

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Iodide uptake across the membranes of thyroid follicular cells and cancer cells occurs through an active transport process mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). The rat and human NIS-coding genes were cloned and identified in 1996. Evaluation of NIS gene and protein expression is critical for the management of thyroid cancer, and several approaches to increase NIS levels have been tried. Identification of the NIS gene has provided a means of expanding its role in radionuclide therapy and molecular target-specific theragnosis (therapy and diagnosis using the same molecular target). In this article, we describe the relationship between NIS expression and the thyroid carcinoma treatment using I-131 and alternative therapeutic approaches.

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Star-Shaped Intense Uptake of 131I on Whole Body Scans Can Reflect Good Therapeutic Effects of Low-Dose Radioactive Iodine Treatment of 1.1 GBq
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Original Articles

A Retrospective Review of the Effectiveness of Recombinant Human TSH-Aided Radioiodine Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.: Min Ah Na, Sun Hae Shin, Yang Ho Kang, Seok Man Son, In Joo Kim, Yong Ki Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):274-280. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.274

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to evaluate the biochemical effects of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) as an adjunct to radioiodine (RI) treatment of a differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). We retrospectively reviewed the clinical response rates of DTC patients treated with RI after thyroid hormone withdrawal and compared with those after rhTSH stimulation. METHOD: We included the patients treated with RI for locally recurrent DTC from February 1, 2002 to August 31, 2005 and followed with diagnostic studies at our hospital. Forty totally (or near totally) thyroidectomized adults were included in this study. Nine patients underwent RI treatment after rhTSH stimulation while euthyoid on L-thyroxine (LT4), and 31 patients were treated with RI after thyroid hormone withdrawal. The clinical response was defined as >25% decrease in serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level on LT4 3 months after the RI treatment. RESULTS: In each group, serum Tg levels were significantly decreased 3 months after the RI treatment. And we found that 77.8 and 71.0% of those prepared by rhTSH and LT4 withdrawal, respectively, had clinical responses 3 months after the RI treatment by our criteria and there was no significant difference in response rates between two groups (P=0.238). CONCLUSIONS: Given the biases that exist in retrospective studies, at the current time we cannot recommend the routine use of rhTSH to prepare RI treatment of DTC. However, our study provided preliminary evidence that rhTSH effectively aided RI treatment of DTC at least to an equivalent degree as LT4 withdrawal.

Changes in Properties of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies Following Radioiodine Treatment in Patients with Graves' Disease.: Won Bae Kim, Hyun Kyung Chung, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee, Chang Soon Koh, Do Joon Park, Yeon Sahng Oh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(2):194-206. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
It has been suggested that thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSBAb) is involved in the development of early hypothyroidism after radioiodine treatment in patient with Graves disease. However, previous studies have reported the effect of radioiodine treatment on overall changes of TSH receptor antibodies without detailed observation of changes in properties of TSH receptor antibodies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of radioiodine treatment on thyroid stimulation antibody (TSAb) or on thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSBAb) activities and to see whether the appearance of TSBAb after radioiodine treatment is involved in the development of early hypothyroidism in patients with Graves disease. METHODS: The activities of TSAb, TSBAb were measured serially with human TSH receptor transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in 36 patients with Graves disease who received 131I treatment. In addition to the wild type TSH receptor-expressing cells, we used a chimeric receptor that 90-165 amino acid residues were substituted by those of rat LH/CG receptor (Mc2) for measurement of TSBAb without interference by the presence of TSAb and for evaluation of TSAb epitope spreading. We evaluated the association of early hypothyroidism after 131I treatment with changes of various immunologic parameters. RESULTS: In 14 (39%) of 36 patients, TSBAb activities were present in their sera before or after 131I treatment. Four of them had TSBAb activities before 131 treatment, and 12 newly acquired TSBAb activities after 131I treatment. The existence of TSBAb was not associated with the development of early hypothyroidism after 131I treatment but with low TSAb activities before 131 treatment, high thyroidal uptake of 131I given and with old age. The phenomena of epitope spreading measured by TSAb with Mc2 mutant clone before and after 131I treatment was not infrequent, but it had no clinical relevance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the existence of TSBAb may be not a major factor in the development of early hypothyroidism after radioiodine treatment in Graves disease. Other factors such as TSAb activities before radioiodine treatment, the efficiency of thyroidal uptake of 131I or old age are associated with the development of early hypothyroidism.

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