Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Calcium & bone metabolism
MicroRNA-181a-5p Curbs Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Formation Partially Through Impairing Runx1-Dependent Inhibition of AIF-1 Transcription: Jingwei Liu, Xueying Chang, Daming Dong; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):156-173. Published online January 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1516

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Background
Evidence has revealed the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating osteogenic differentiation, implying the promise of miRNA-based therapies for treating osteoporosis. This study investigated whether miR-181a-5p influences osteogenic differentiation and bone formation and aimed to establish the mechanisms in depth.
Methods
Clinical serum samples were obtained from osteoporosis patients, and MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with osteogenic induction medium (OIM) to induce osteogenic differentiation. miR-181a-5p-, Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1)-, and/or allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1)-associated oligonucleotides or vectors were transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells to explore their function in relation to the number of calcified nodules, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins, and apoptosis. Luciferase activity, RNA immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to validate the binding relationship between miR-181a-5p and Runx1, and the transcriptional regulatory relationship between Runx1 and AIF-1. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced mice were injected with a miR-181a-5p antagonist for in vivo verification.
Results
miR-181a-5p was highly expressed in the serum of osteoporosis patients. OIM treatment decreased miR-181a-5p and AIF-1 expression, but promoted Runx1 expression in MC3T-E1 cells. Meanwhile, upregulated miR-181a-5p suppressed OIM-induced increases in calcified nodules, ALP content, and osteogenesis-related protein expression. Mechanically, miR-181a-5p targeted Runx1, which acted as a transcription factor to negatively modulate AIF-1 expression. Downregulated Runx1 suppressed the miR-181a-5p inhibitor-mediated promotion of osteogenic differentiation, and downregulated AIF-1 reversed the miR-181a-5p mimic-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Tail vein injection of a miR-181a-5p antagonist induced bone formation in OVX-induced osteoporotic mice.
Conclusion
In conclusion, miR-181a-5p affects osteogenic differentiation and bone formation partially via the modulation of the Runx1/AIF-1 axis.

Citations

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Scopolamine regulates the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells through lactylation modification of RUNX2 protein
Ying Wu, Pan Gong
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Inhibition of miR-146a-5p and miR-8114 in Insulin-Secreting Cells Contributes to the Protection of Melatonin against Stearic Acid-Induced Cellular Senescence by Targeting Mafa: Shenghan Su, Qingrui Zhao, Lingfeng Dan, Yuqing Lin, Xuebei Li, Yunjin Zhang, Chunxiao Yang, Yimeng Dong, Xiaohan Li, Romano Regazzi, Changhao Sun, Xia Chu, Huimin Lu; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(6):901-917. Published online December 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1565

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Background
Chronic exposure to elevated levels of saturated fatty acids results in pancreatic β-cell senescence. However, targets and effective agents for preventing stearic acid-induced β-cell senescence are still lacking. Although melatonin administration can protect β-cells against lipotoxicity through anti-senescence processes, the precise underlying mechanisms still need to be explored. Therefore, we investigated the anti-senescence effect of melatonin on stearic acid-treated mouse β-cells and elucidated the possible role of microRNAs in this process.
Methods
β-Cell senescence was identified by measuring the expression of senescence-related genes and senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the involvement of microRNAs in stearic acid-evoked β-cell senescence and dysfunction. Bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter activity assays were applied to predict the direct targets of microRNAs.
Results
Long-term exposure to a high concentration of stearic acid-induced senescence and upregulated miR-146a-5p and miR- 8114 expression in both mouse islets and β-TC6 cell lines. Melatonin effectively suppressed this process and reduced the levels of these two miRNAs. A remarkable reversibility of stearic acid-induced β-cell senescence and dysfunction was observed after silencing miR-146a-5p and miR-8114. Moreover, V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (Mafa) was verified as a direct target of miR-146a-5p and miR-8114. Melatonin also significantly ameliorated senescence and dysfunction in miR-146a-5pand miR-8114-transfected β-cells.
Conclusion
These data demonstrate that melatonin protects against stearic acid-induced β-cell senescence by inhibiting miR-146a- 5p and miR-8114 and upregulating Mafa expression. This not only provides novel targets for preventing stearic acid-induced β-cell dysfunction, but also points to melatonin as a promising drug to combat type 2 diabetes progression.

Citations

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Genome-wide analysis in PC6 electroacupuncture to ameliorate carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity in mice
Yuxuan Chen, Rou Peng, Yi Qian, Yizhou Lu, Liyao Chen, Meiling Yu, Minjiao Jiang, Wei Wu, Shengfeng Lu
Gene.2024; 897: 148090. CrossRef
MiR-126 and miR-146a as Melatonin-Responsive Biomarkers for Neonatal Brain Ischemia
Maria Cristina Albertini, Tania Vanzolini, Serafina Perrone, Michael D. Weiss, Giuseppe Buonocore, Valentina Dell’Orto, Walter Balduini, Silvia Carloni
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.2023; 73(9-10): 763. CrossRef

Review Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Role of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Brian Tomlinson, Nivritti Gajanan Patil, Manson Fok, Christopher Wai Kei Lam; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):279-295. Published online April 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.964

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Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at high or very high risk for cardiovascular disease. Those with heterozygous FH (HeFH) often do not reach low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets with statin and ezetimibe therapy, and those with homozygous FH (HoFH) usually require additional lipid-modifying therapies. Drugs that inhibit proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) offer a novel approach to reduce LDL-C. The monoclonal antibodies, alirocumab and evolocumab, given by subcutaneous injection every 2 or 4 weeks produce reductions in LDL-C of 50% to 60% in patients with HeFH, allowing many of them to achieve their LDL-C goals. Patients with HoFH show a reduced and more variable LDL-C response, which appears to depend on residual LDL receptor activity, and those with receptor-negative mutations may show no response. Inclisiran is a long-acting small interfering RNA therapeutic agent that inhibits the synthesis of PCSK9. Subcutaneous doses of 300 mg can reduce LDL-C by more than 50% for at least 6 months and the responses in HeFH and HoFH patients are similar to those achieved with monoclonal antibodies. These PCSK9 inhibitors are generally well tolerated and they provide a new opportunity for effective treatment for the majority of patients with FH.

Citations

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Phenotypic homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia successfully treated with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors
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Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting Lipoprotein(a): Can RNA Therapeutics Provide the Next Step in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?
Henriette Thau, Sebastian Neuber, Maximilian Y. Emmert, Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
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Technologies of gene editing and related clinical trials for the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases: a systematic review
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Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors in familial Hypercholesterolemia: a Synthetic Review
Aamina Shakir, Kyle Barron, Kalgi Modi
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Barriers and shortcomings in access to cardiovascular management and prevention for familial hypercholesterolemia during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Helen Huang, Keith S. K. Leung, Tulika Garg, Adele Mazzoleni, Goshen D. Miteu, Farida Zakariya, Wireko A. Awuah, Elaine T. S. Yin, Faaraea Haroon, Zarish Hussain, Narjiss Aji, Vikash Jaiswal, Gary Tse
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Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children. The Current State of the Problem
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Long-term safety and effectiveness of alirocumab and evolocumab in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Belgium
Marc Snel, Olivier S. Descamps
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PCSK9 inhibitors revisited: Effectiveness and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in a real-life Spanish cohort
Juan Vicente-Valor, Xandra García-González, Sara Ibáñez-García, María Esther Durán-García, Ana de Lorenzo-Pinto, Carmen Rodríguez-González, Irene Méndez-Fernández, Juan Carlos Percovich-Hualpa, Ana Herranz-Alonso, María Sanjurjo-Sáez
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Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
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Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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Original Articles

Effect of Dexamethasone and Deflazacort on the Function and Gene Expression of the Primary Cultured Human Osteoblast-Like Cells.: Hyun Koo Yoon, In Myung Yang, Sung Woon Kim, Soung Seol Kim, Young Kil Choi, Ho Yeon Chung, Young Soon Kang, In Gul Moon, Chang Hoon Yim, Sang Woo Kim, Ki Ok Han, Hak Chul Chang, In Kwon Han; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(4):479-491. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Background
Chronic use of glucocorticoid is known to result in osteoporosis. Deflazacort (DFZ), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been reported to have bone sparing properties in vivo eompared to dexamethasone(DEX). Not only the direct effect of DFZ on human osteoblast but the mechanism by which the drug spares bone remains unclear. This study, therefore, is aimed to investigate the direct effect of DFZ on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast as well as on the gene expression of osteocalcin and osteoblast as well as on the gene expression of osteocalcin and growth factor produced in osteoblast. Methods: Human osteoblast-like cells were cultured from a piece of the tibia removed during selective orthopedic surgery for patients without metabolic bone diseases. The morphological iden- tification of osteoblast-like cell was performed under the light microscope after alkaline phosphatase staining. Cell proliferation rate was determined by [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA. Cell differentiation was determined by alkaline phophatase activity. mRNA expression was quanti- tatively measured by the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase ehain reaction(RT-PCR). Results: The cultured cells demonstrated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced increases in alkaline phophatase activity and osteocalcin mRNA expression which are the properties of osteoblast. Twenty six percent of the cultured cells were identified as osteoblast-like cells by alkaline phophatase staining. After 24hr incubation with DEX or DFZ, the [3H) thymidine incorporation was significantly inhibited by 100nM DEX or DFL Alkaine phophatase activity was significantly increased by 100nM DEX. Osteocalcin mRNA was significantly decreased by both glueocorticoids. While DEX significantly suppressed expression of asteocalcin mRNA at 10nM and 100nM, DFZ did so only at 100nM. IGF-I mRNA was significantly decreased by 100nM DEX. Conclusion: These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of DFZ on the cell proliferation and protein synthesis is less than that of DEX, which might be responsible for the bone sparing effect of DFZ in vivo.

Expression of Exon 1 and 6 of Indulin-like Growth Factor - 1 (IGF - 1) Gene in Thyroid Tissues.: Sung Woon Kim, Hyun Ha Chang, In Kyung Jung, Jeong Taek Woo, In Myung Yang, Jin Woo Kim, Soung Seol Kim, Young Kil Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(4):409-417. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Background
Goiter has been a common problem in the thyroid disease. The exact mechanism of goiter had not been clarified yet, but some goiters were increased with TSH(thyrotropin releasing hormone) dependent manner. TSH might be a major influencing factor for increasing size of goiter(goitrogen) and theres many cofactors those influenced to goiter size. One of the rnost prominent growth factor as a goitrogen is a IGF-I(insulin-like growth factor-I). IGF-I play a great role as a cofactor of goitrogen with TSH. This study, therefore, is aimed to investigate intracellular activation of IGF-I gene promoter in the surgical specimens of thyroid tumor. Methods: We used surgical specimen of various thyroid tissues from normal to malignant along its cell nature. Actually we used normal liver tissue as a IGF-I control tissue, normal thyroid, benign adenoma, and papillary thyroid cancer tissue with its malignat nature. We checked Mrna expression of whole IGF-I and IGF-I exon 6 by Northern blot method, and IGF-I, promoter 1 expression by RT-PCR-transcription method. Autoradiographied signals were analysed with densitometer. Results: We found whole IGF-I mRNAs were expressed with alternate splicing in exon 1, 2 and exon 4, 5 respectively. Striking events of IGF-I transcription were multiple tranascription initiatian in Pl and P2, and 3 sites for polyadenylation in exon 6. Four or more Mrna bands in Northern blot analysis of IGF-I(0.8, 1.4, 4.2, and 7.8kb) were noted. In low molecular weight IGF-I Mrna did not change their signal intensity with tissues, but exan 6(7.8kb) signals were significantly increased to its hepatic expression levels in malignant tissue. IGF-I, exon 1 expression by RT-PCR-T7 transcription was strikingly increased in thyroid cancer tissue, but exon 6 expression was not a great expession. Conclusion: One possible guess for this expression discrepancy of each exon may be originated from different Mrna degradation of each IGF-I signals. We need more preeise experiment for Mrna degradation speed of IGF-I.

Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mRNA by In Situ Hybridization in Normal and Abnormal Thyroid Tissue.: Hyun Sik Son, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Jong Min Lee, Kwang Woo Lee, Moo Il Kang, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang, Se Jeong Oh, Jin Han Kang, An Hee Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(4):337-343. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Growth factors are polypeptide molecules that regulate cell growth and function by binding with high affinity to specific receptor molecules in the plasma membrane and stimulating receptor mediated action of intracellular signal transduction pathway.Epidermal growth factor(EGF) and their receptors(EGFR) regulate normal cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells in vivo and in tissue cultures. And also may contribute directly to oncogenesis.Overexpression of EGFR and autocrine stimulation of growth involving this receptor system has been identified in several types of human neoplasia. There is evidence that the EGF and receptor system is involved in the regulation of follicular cell growth in the thyroid gland especially with immunohistochemical technic. But there was a challenge about the validity of previously performed immunohistochemical studies.In the study we investigated the relationship between EGFR mRNA expression and tumorigenesis by rapid in situ hybridization method. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections of 10 normal, 17 nodular hyperplasia, 6 follicular adenoma, and 15 papillary cancer were examined. The results were as follows:1) EGFR mRNA positivity were 20%(2/10) in normal thyroid, 70%(12/17) in nodular hyperplasia, and 100% in follicular adenoma and papillary cancer.2) There was a significantly increased EGFR mRNA expression in papillary cancer compare to normal and nodular hyperplasia(p<0.05). But no difference was found with papillary cancer and follicular adenoma.3) There was a significantly increased EGFR mRNA expression in follicular adenoma compare to normal (p<0.05). But no difference was found with follicular adenoma and nodular hyperplasia. These results suggest that an overexpression of EGFR mRNA may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of thyroid tissue.

In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Human Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secreting Pitultary Adenomas.: Jae Wha Jo, Eun Jig Lee, Moon Suk Nam, Kyung Rae Kim, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Tae Seung Kim, Sun Ho Kim, Joong Uhn Choi, Kyu Chang Lee, Hyun Joo Jung, Sang Seop Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(2):82-92. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: A non-isotopic in situ hybridization method with biotin-labelled oligonucleotide probes was used to examine growth hormone(GH) and prolactin(PRL) gene expression in 32 patients with pituitary adenomas; 13 were prolactinomas, 8 GH secreting adenomas, and 11 mixed GH and PRL secreting adenomas.Positive immunostaining for GH was found in all patients with GH secreting adenomas, and mixed GH and PRL secreting adenomas. Positive immunostaining for PRL was found in all patients with prolactinomas and 9(81.8%) of 11 mixed GH and PRL secreting adenomas, 5(62.5%) of 8 GH secreting adenomas. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 13 were lactotrope adenomas, 5 somatotrope adenomas, and 14 GH and PRL cell adenomas.In situ hybridization revealed that GH mRNA expression was found in all the patients with somatotrope adenomas and GH and PRL cell adenomas, and 6(46.1%) of 13 lactotrope adenomas. PRL mRNA expression was 100% in lactotrope and GH and PRL cell adenomas, and 4(80.0%) of 5 somatotrope adenomas.The patients with a clinical diagnosis of acromegaly had detectable PRL mRNA in their neoplasm and it is suggested that the PRL cells in the adenomas did not result from dedifferentiation, but from the neoplastic stimulus for some mixed tumors probably occurred in cells previously committed to produce PRL and GH. In lactotrope adenomas, the PRL cells of the patients without expression of GH mRNA may be arised from cells programmed to secrete PRL or precussor PRL cells rather than from mixed GH-PRL cells. The finding that some patients produced mRNA detectable by in situ hybridization, but no hormone detectable by immunohistochemistry within tumor was suggested of a silent adenoma.These observations indicated that in situ hybridization studies may improve the classification of pituitary adenomas and may provide a precise knowledge of the biology of these neoplasms.

Endocrine Research
Transcriptome Analysis Identifies an Attenuated Local Immune Response in Invasive Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: Yong Hwy Kim, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):314-322. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.314; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2020;35(4):965

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Background

Invasive nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) remain challenging due to their high complication rate and poor prognosis. We aimed to identify the distinctive molecular signatures of invasive NFPAs, compared with noninvasive NFPAs, using gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing.

Methods

We obtained frozen fresh tissue samples from 14 patients with NFPAs who underwent primary transsphenoidal surgery. Three non-invasive and 11 invasive NFPAs were used for RNA sequencing. The bioinformatics analysis included differential gene expression, gene ontology analysis, and pathway analysis.

Results

A total of 700 genes were differentially expressed (59 up-regulated and 641 down-regulated genes) between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs (false discovery rate <0.1, and |fold change| ≥2). Using the down-regulated genes in invasive NFPAs, gene ontology enrichment analyses and pathway analyses demonstrated that the local immune response was attenuated and that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) RII-initiated TGF-β signaling was down-regulated in invasive NFPAs. The overexpression of claudin-9 (CLDN9) and the down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) may be related with invasiveness in NFPAs.

Conclusion

Invasive NFPAs harbor different gene expression profiles relative to noninvasive NFPAs. In particular, local suppression of the immune response and TGF-β signaling can make PAs prone to invasiveness.

Citations

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Transcriptome of GH-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumours and models are significantly affected by somatostatin analogues
Rihards Saksis, Olesja Rogoza, Helvijs Niedra, Kaspars Megnis, Ilona Mandrika, Inga Balcere, Liva Steina, Janis Stukens, Austra Breiksa, Jurijs Nazarovs, Jelizaveta Sokolovska, Ilze Konrade, Raitis Peculis, Vita Rovite
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Review Article

Alternative Polyadenylation in Human Diseases: Jae-Woong Chang, Hsin-Sung Yeh, Jeongsik Yong; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(4):413-421. Published online December 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.4.413

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Varying length of messenger RNA (mRNA) 3′-untranslated region is generated by alternating the usage of polyadenylation sites during pre-mRNA processing. It is prevalent through all eukaryotes and has emerged as a key mechanism for controlling gene expression. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays an important role for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the functions of APA related with various physiological conditions including cellular metabolism, mRNA processing, and protein diversity in a variety of disease models. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying APA regulation, such as variations in the concentration of mRNA processing factors and RNA-binding proteins, as well as global transcriptome changes under cellular signaling pathway.

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Original Article

A Novel Cytosolic Isoform of Mitochondrial Trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase Enhances Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activity: Dong-Gyu Kim, Jae Cheal Yoo, Eunju Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Oleg V. Yarishkin, Da Yong Lee, Kun Ho Lee, Seong-Geun Hong, Eun Mi Hwang, Jae-Yong Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(2):185-194. Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.2.185

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (MECR) is involved in mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids and is highly expressed in mitochondria. MECR is also known as nuclear receptor binding factor-1, which was originally reported with yeast two-hybrid screening as a binding protein of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). However, MECR and PPARα are localized at different compartment, mitochondria, and the nucleus, respectively. Therefore, the presence of a cytosolic or nuclear isoform of MECR is necessary for functional interaction between MECR and PPARα.

Methods

To identify the expression pattern of MECR and the cytosolic form of MECR (cMECR), we performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with various tissue samples from Sprague-Dawley rats. To confirm the interaction between cMECR and PPARα, we performed several binding assays such as yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. To observe subcellular localization of these proteins, immunocytochemistry was performed. A luciferase assay was used to measure PPARα activity.

Results

We provide evidence of an alternatively spliced variant of the rat MECR gene that yields cMECR. The cMECR lacks the N-terminal 76 amino acids of MECR and shows uniform distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus of HeLa cells. cMECR directly bound PPARα in the nucleus and increased PPARα-dependent luciferase activity in HeLa cells.

Conclusion

We found the cytosolic form of MECR (cMECR) was expressed in the cytosolic and/or nuclear region, directly binds with PPARα, and enhances PPARα activity.

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Review Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation via MicroRNAs: You Hwa Son, Sojeong Ka, A Young Kim, Jae Bum Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(2):122-135. Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.2.122

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Adipocyte differentiation, termed adipogenesis, is a complicated process in which pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into mature adipocytes. The process of adipocyte differentiation is tightly regulated by a number of transcription factors, hormones and signaling pathway molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs, which belong to small noncoding RNA species, are also involved in adipocyte differentiation. In vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that various microRNAs affect adipogenesis by targeting several adipogenic transcription factors and key signaling molecules. In this review, we will summarize the roles of microRNAs in adipogenesis and their target genes associated with each stage of adipocyte differentiation.

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Adrenal gland
The Molecular Pathogenesis of Pituitary Adenomas: An Update: Xiaobing Jiang, Xun Zhang; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(4):245-254. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.245

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Pituitary tumors represent the most common intracranial neoplasms accompanying serious morbidity through mass effects and inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Understanding the etiology of pituitary tumorigenesis will facilitate the development of satisfactory treatment for pituitary adenomas. Although the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is largely unknown, considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary tumorigenesis is a complex process involving multiple factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes. This review summarized the recent progress in the study of pituitary tumorigenesis, focusing on the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and microRNAs.

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LncRNA MYMLR promotes pituitary adenoma development by upregulating carbonyl reductase 1 via sponging miR-197-3p
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Transcriptomic Profiles of Normal Pituitary Cells and Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells
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EMT-Related Markers in Serum Exosomes are Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Invasive Pituitary Adenomas
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Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment.2021; Volume 17: 3769. CrossRef
The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Biology of Pituitary Adenomas
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Sellar Tumors
Katherine E. Schwetye, Sonika M. Dahiya
Surgical Pathology Clinics.2020; 13(2): 305. CrossRef
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Mazin Elsarrag, Parantap D. Patel, Ajay Chatrath, Davis Taylor, John A. Jane
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Metabolic profiling reveals distinct metabolic alterations in different subtypes of pituitary adenomas and confers therapeutic targets
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Sérgio Portovedo, Nadja Gaido, Bruno de Almeida Nunes, Ana Giselia Nascimento, Allysson Rocha, Marcelo Magalhães, Gilvan Cortes Nascimento, Denise Pires de Carvalho, Paula Soares, Christina Takiya, Manuel dos Santos Faria, Leandro Miranda-Alves
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Double Pituitary Adenomas with Synchronous Somatotroph and Corticotroph Clinical Presentation of Acromegaly and Cushing's Disease
Naomi Collazo-Gutiérrez, Orlando de Jesús, Maria Villamil-Jarauta, Milliette Alvarado, Loida González, Margarita Ramírez, Victor J. Carlo-Chevere
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Case Report

A Case of Adipsic Hypernatremia Associated with Anomalous Corpus Callosum in Adult with Mental Retardation.: Boo Gyoung Kim, Ka Young Kim, Youn Jeong Park, Keun Suk Yang, Ji Hee Kim, Hee Chan Jung, Hee Chul Nam, Young Ok Kim, Yu Seon Yun; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):232-236. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.232

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Abstract PDF

Adipsic hypernatremia cause chronic hyperosmolality and hypernatremia through a combination of impaired thirst and osmotically stimulated antidiuretic hormone secretion. This syndrome can be grouped together as disorders of osmoreceptor dysfunction due to the various degrees of osmoreceptor destruction related with different types of intracranial lesions around the anterior hypothalamus, consistent with the location of primary osmoreceptor cells. Adipsic hypernatremia, associated with developmental disorder of corpus callosum, is very rare. Most cases are diagnosed at infancy and early childhood; the replacement of desmopressin is necessary. Herein, we report adipsic hypernatremia associated with anomalous corpus callosum in adult with mental retardation; they were treated with only free water without desmopressin.

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Adipsic Hypernatremia after Clipping of a Ruptured Aneurysm in the Anterior Communicating Artery: A Case Report
Won Ki Kim, Taeho Lee, Ae Jin Kim, Han Ro, Jae Hyun Chang, Hyun Hee Lee, Wookyung Chung, Ji Yong Jung
Electrolytes & Blood Pressure.2021; 19(2): 56. CrossRef
The use of diffusion tractography to characterize a corpus callosum malformation in a dog
Philippa J. Johnson, Erica F. Barry, Wen‐Ming Luh, Emma Davies
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.2019; 33(2): 743. CrossRef

Original Articles

Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221 and 222 in Thyroid Cancer.: Young Suk Jo, Ihn Suk Lee, Woojeong Hong, In Sang Song, Minho Shong, Je Ryoung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(1):17-24. Published online March 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.1.17

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
miRNAs can be diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in cancers, but few studies have been conducted in thyroid cancer. We investigated the expression levels of miRNA 146a/b, 221, and 222 which are important miRNAs in papillary thyroid cancers (PTCa), and verified their impact on clinicopathological factors. METHODS: We measured the expression of pre-miRNAs 146a/b, 221, and 222 in NPA cells treated with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or in HEK293T cells transfected with RET/PTC3 or BRAFV600E expression vectors. We also investigated the relationship between miRNA expression levels in thyroid cancer tissue specimens and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: Growth stimulation with 10% FBS induced miRNA expressions in NPA cells, and transfection of RET/PTC3 and BRAFV600E also increased the expression of these miRNAs in HEK293T cells. Most (25 cases; 50%) of PTCa showed increased expression of miRNA-146a/b and 30 cases (60%) had elevated expression of miRNA-221 and miRNA-222 compared to normal thyroid samples from the contralateral lobe. However, increased miRNA expression did not correlate with clinicopathological factors. CONCLUSION: Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221, and 222 was increased by BRAFV600E and RET/PTC3 rearrangement and might have a role in tumorigenesis in PTCa. However, expression levels of these miRNAs did not correlate with clinicopathological parameters of patients with PTCa.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221 and 222 in Thyroid Cancer
Do Joon Park
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2009; 24(1): 15. CrossRef

Interaction of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Angiotensin II on Aldosterone Production in Human Adrenocortical H295R Cells.: Seong Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Young Min Cho, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyung Soo Park, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kye Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(3):272-282. Published online June 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Evidence is accumulating that aldosterone secretion can be regulated in a paracrine and/or an autocrine manner by several neuropeptides locally released within the adrenal gland. Among neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is present in high concentration in the human adrenal gland. The purpose of this study was to investigate the action of PACAP and the interaction between PACAP and angiotensin II (AII), the main physiologic aldosterone secretagogue, in aldosterone production in human H295R adrenocortical cells. METHODS: H295R cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of PACAP (10(-11)M~10(-7)M) in the absence or presence of 10(-7)M AII. Aldosterone concentration in the supernatant was determined by RIA. Intracellular cAMP content was measured by RIA and total inositol phosphate (IP) production by anion exchange chromatography. Gene expression of CYP11B2 was studied by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In H295R cells, PACAP stimulated aldosterone production in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of H295R cells with PACAP in the presence of AII significantly increased aldosterone production, compared with that of PACAP alone. PACAP dose-dependently increased cAMP production, but 10(-7)M AII had no effect on either basal or PACAP-stimulated cAMP production. Total IP production was not affected by PACAP, but was increased by 10(-7)M AII; an increase that was not further increased by addition of PACAP. RT-PCR analysis of H295R cells which were exposed to 10-7M PACAP or 10(-7)M AII showed an increase in CYP11B2 transcript signal. Induction of CYP11B2 mRNA expression in response to treatment with both PACAP and AII was significantly more than that resulting from using PACAP alone. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that PACAP exerts a direct stimulatory effect on aldosterone production through induction of CYP11B2 mRNA expression by adenylate cyclase activation as the main intracellular signal pathway in H295R cells. Furthermore, there may be some additive effects between PACAP and AII on aldosterone production.

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