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Brief Report
Adrenal Gland
Urinary Free Metanephrines for Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Jiyeon Ahn, Ji Yun Park, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Soo-Youn Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):697-701.   Published online June 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.925
  • 4,390 View
  • 188 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) is diagnosed through biochemical confirmation of excessive catecholamines in urine and plasma. Recent technological developments have allowed us to measure urinary free metanephrines; however, the diagnostic accuracy of these new methods and the diagnostic cutoff values have not been evaluated.
Methods
This is a retrospective study of 595 subjects, including 71 PPGL cases and 524 controls. PPGL was based on pathological confirmation. Subjects with no evidence of PPGL over 2 years were included in the control group.
Results
Urinary free metanephrines yielded similar area under the curve (AUC) to urinary fractionated metanephrines and plasma free metanephrines. However, urinary free normetanephrine yielded a better AUC than did urinary fractionated normetanephrine. The optimal cutoff for urinary free metanephrine and normetanephrine corrected for urinary creatinine yielded 97.2% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity.
Conclusion
Urinary free metanephrines are a reliable method for diagnosing PPGL in Asian populations compared with existing biochemical methods.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Biochemical Assessment of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
    Graeme Eisenhofer, Christina Pamporaki, Jacques W M Lenders
    Endocrine Reviews.2023; 44(5): 862.     CrossRef
  • Adrenal bleeding due to pheochromocytoma - A call for algorithm
    Ewelina Rzepka, Joanna Kokoszka, Anna Grochowska, Magdalena Ulatowska-Białas, Martyna Lech, Marta Opalińska, Elwira Przybylik-Mazurek, Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Close layer
Review Article
Update on Modern Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Jacques W. M. Lenders, Graeme Eisenhofer
Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):152-161.   Published online June 23, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.152
  • 8,941 View
  • 304 Download
  • 94 Web of Science
  • 101 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Despite all technical progress in modern diagnostic methods and treatment modalities of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, early consideration of the presence of these tumors remains the pivotal link towards the best possible outcome for patients. A timely diagnosis and proper treatment can prevent the wide variety of potentially catastrophic cardiovascular complications. Modern biochemical testing should include tests that offer the best available diagnostic performance, measurements of metanephrines and 3-methoxytyramine in plasma or urine. To minimize false-positive test results particular attention should be paid to pre-analytical sampling conditions. In addition to anatomical imaging by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, new promising functional imaging modalities of photon emission tomography/CT using with somatostatin analogues such as 68Ga-DOTATATE (68Ga-labeled DOTA(0)-Tyr(3)-octreotide) will probably replace 123I-MIBG (iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine) in the near future. As nearly half of all pheochromocytoma patients harbor a mutation in one of the 14 tumor susceptibility genes, genetic testing and counseling should at least be considered in all patients with a proven tumor. Post-surgical annual follow-up of patients by measurements of plasma or urinary metanephrines should last for at least 10 years for timely detection of recurrent or metastatic disease. Patients with a high risk for recurrence or metastatic disease (paraganglioma, young age, multiple or large tumors, genetic background) should be followed up lifelong.

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Original Article
Clinical Study
A 5-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study of Lipid-Rich Adrenal Incidentalomas: No Tumor Growth or Development of Hormonal Hypersecretion
Camilla Schalin-Jäntti, Merja Raade, Esa Hämäläinen, Timo Sane
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):481-487.   Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.481
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  • 22 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Current guidelines for follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas are extensive and hampered by lack of follow-up studies. We tested the hypothesis that small lipid-rich adrenal incidentalomas, initially characterized by tumor size <40 mm and <10 Hounsfield units (HUs) on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) may not demonstrate excessive growth/hormonal hypersecretion on follow-up.

Methods

Sixty-nine incidentalomas in 56 patients were restudied with unenhanced CT and screening for hypercortisolism (dexamethasone suppression test [DST], plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone) and pheochromocytoma (24-hour urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines) 5 years later. Primary hyperaldosteronism was excluded at base-line.

Results

Tumor (n=69) size was similar before and after 5 years follow-up (19±6 mm vs. 20±7 mm). Mean tumor growth was 1±2 mm. Largest increase in tumor size was 8 mm, this tumor was surgically removed and histopathology confirmed cortical adenoma. DST was normal in 54 patients and two patients (3.6%) were still characterized by subclinical hypercortisolism. Initial tumor size was >20 mm for the patient with largest tumor growth and those with subclinical hypercortisolism. All patients had normal 24-hour urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines. Low attenuation (<10 HU) was demonstrated in 97% of 67 masses re-evaluated with unenhanced CT.

Conclusion

None of the patients developed clinically relevant tumor growth or new subclinical hypercortisolism. Biochemical screening for pheochromocytoma in incidentalomas demonstrating <10 HU on unenhanced CT is not needed. For such incidentalomas <40 mm, it seems sufficient to perform control CT and screen for hypercortisolism after 5 years.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    European Journal of Endocrinology.2023; 189(1): G1.     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic Accuracy of CT Texture Analysis in Adrenal Masses: A Systematic Review
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Evaluation Studies
Diagnostic Value of 24-hours Urinary Total Metanephrine As a Screening Test of Patients with Suspected Pheochromocytoma.
Sang Wan Kim, Kyung Won Kim, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyung Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(1):12-20.   Published online February 1, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.1.12
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  • 19 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
A pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of secondary hypertension. Its diagnosis is important as the hypertension is usually curable by resection of the tumor, whereas the condition is potentially lethal if undetected. Biochemical confirmation of excessive catecholamine production is a prerequisite to a definitive diagnosis. Various studies from other countries have indicated that measuring of the urinary metanephrine, using a specific procedure, is the single most reliable screening test for all patients suspected of having a pheochromocytoma. However, the diagnostic value of urinary metanephrine has never been reported in Korea. We investigated the diagnostic value of 24-hours urinary metanephrine in patients with a suspected pheochromocytoma. METHODS: This was a retrospective evaluation study, which included 95 patients with sustained hypertension and paroxysmal symptoms, and 38 patients with asymptomatic adrenal incidentaloma at Seoul National University Hospital, between July 2000 and October 2002. We performed the 24- hour urinary total metanephrine test on all patients. The diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma was applied only when confirmed by pathological analysis of a resected specimen. The possibility of a pheochromocytoma was ruled out when all biochemical tests were normal, which were performed at least in duplicate, or there was no evidence of a mass in abdominal radiological studies or histological verification. We determined the upper reference limit for urinary metanephrine as 1.3mg/day and calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the 24-hour urinary metanephrine test. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. The total metanephrine measurement had sensitivities and specificities of 82.4 and 73.3% in all the patients, 90.9 and 66.7% in patients with hypertension and paroxysmal symptoms, and 66.7 and 90.6% in patients with adrenal incidentaloma, respectively. CONCLUSION: The urinary total metanephrine measurement had relatively lower sensitivities and specificities than in other countries(sensitivity: 83~100%, specificity: 80~98%). The sensitivity of urinary metanephrine was relatively high in patients with hypertension and paroxysmal symptoms, and the specificity was high in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma. We suggest that normetanephrine and metanephrine should be separately measured, and a reasonable upper reference limit be used. It may also be necessary to measure urinary metanephrine together with urinary catecholamine or VMA to improve the diagnostic value of the urinary metanephrine test.
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