Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Miscellaneous
Association between N-Terminal Prohormone Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Decreased Skeletal Muscle Mass in a Healthy Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study: Tae Kyung Yoo, Marie Yung-Chen Wu, Moon Soo Kim, Mi-Yeon Lee, Yong-Taek Lee, Kyung Jae Yoon, Chul-Hyun Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):269-276. Published online March 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1588

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Although an inverse association between the N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and obesity exists, only few major studies have assessed the association between NT-proBNP levels and skeletal muscle mass in asymptomatic healthy adults. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted.
Methods
We assessed participants who underwent health examinations at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital in South Korea from January 2012 to December 2019. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated. Participants were divided into the control, mildly low skeletal muscle mass (LMM) (−2 standard deviation [SD] < SMI ≤−1 [SD]), and severely LMM groups (SD ≤−2) based on their SMI. The association between elevated NT-proBNP level (≥125 pg/mL) and skeletal muscle mass was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for confounding factors.
Results
This study enrolled 15,013 participants (mean age, 37.52±9.52; men, 54.24%; control, n=12,827; mildly LMM, n=1,998; severely LMM, n=188). Prevalence of elevated NT-proBNP was higher in mildly and severely LMM groups than in the control group (control, 1.19%; mildly LMM, 1.4%; severely LMM, 4.26%; P=0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of elevated NT-proBNP was significantly higher in severely LMM (OR, 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 6.37) than in control (OR, 1.00; reference) or mildly LMM groups (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.89).
Conclusion
Our results showed that NT-proBNP elevation were more prevalent in participants with LMM. In addition, our study showed an association between skeletal muscle mass and NT-proBNP level in a relatively young and healthy adult population.

Review Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Brain Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Eun Roh, Min-Seon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):519-524. Published online December 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.519

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In healthy individuals, energy intake is in balance with energy expenditure, which helps to maintain a normal body weight. The brain's inability to control energy homeostasis underlies the pathology of hyperphagia and obesity. The brain detects body energy excess and deficit by sensing the levels of circulating metabolic hormones and nutrients and by receiving metabolic information from the periphery via the autonomic nervous system. A specialized neuronal network coordinates energy intake behavior and the metabolic processes affecting energy expenditure. Here, we briefly review neuronal mechanisms by which our body maintains energy balance.

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Original Articles

Adrenal gland
Herpes Virus Entry Mediator Signaling in the Brain Is Imperative in Acute Inflammation-Induced Anorexia and Body Weight Loss: Kwang Kon Kim, Sung Ho Jin, Byung Ju Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(3):214-220. Published online September 13, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.3.214

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Reduced appetite and body weight loss are typical symptoms of inflammatory diseases. A number of inflammatory stimuli are responsible for the imbalance in energy homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) protein plays an important role in the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as intestinal inflammation and diet-induced obesity. However, the role of HVEM in the brain is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether HVEM signaling in the brain is involved in inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss.

Methods

Food intake and body weight were measured at 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant mouse LIGHT (also called tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 14, TNFSF14), an HVEM ligand, into 8- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice and mice lacking HVEM expression (HVEM-/-). We also assessed LPS-induced change in hypothalamic expression of HVEM using immunohistochemistry.

Results

Administration of LPS significantly reduced food intake and body weight, and moreover, increased expression of HVEM in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. However, LPS induced only minor decreases in food intake and body weight in HVEM-/- mice. Administration of LIGHT into the brain was very effective at decreasing food intake and body weight in wild-type mice, but was less effective in HVEM-/- mice.

Conclusion

Activation of brain HVEM signaling is responsible for inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss.

Citations

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Pediatric traumatic brain injury and a subsequent transient immune challenge independently influenced chronic outcomes in male mice
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Bodyweight, locomotion, and behavioral responses of the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) to lipopolysaccharide administration
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Intestinal Epithelial Toll-like Receptor 4 Deficiency Modifies the Response to the Activity-Based Anorexia Model in a Sex-Dependent Manner: A Preliminary Study
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Effects of Dopamine on the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(GnRH) Neurons.: Han Seong Kyu; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(5):488-495. Published online October 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.5.488

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons represent the final output cells of the neural network that controls fertility. Dopamine (DA) has been shown to control gonadotropin release in many species. However, the direct membrane effects of DA and the related receptors on GnRH neurons remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct actions of DA on GnRH neurons and the related receptors using brain slice electrophysiology. METHODS: Gramicidin-perforated patch clamp recordings were made from the GnRH neurons to examine the direct membrane effects of DA in GnRH-EGFP mut5 mice. RESULTS: DA induced hyperpolarization of the GnRH neurons, which was maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a Na+ channel blocker, suggesting a direct, rather than indirect, action of DA on GnRH neurons. DA-induced hyperpolarizing effects were blocked by prazosin, an alpah1-adrenergic antagonist, and mimicked by phenylephrine (PE), an alpha1-adrenergic agonist. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that DA exerts a direct inhibitory effect on GnRH neurons via the alpha1- adrenergic receptors. These results support the general concept that dopaminergic afference represents a predominantly inhibitory component of the GnRH neuronal network.

Citations

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Case Report

Brain Metastasis from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Report of 2 Cases.: Jung Gu Lee, Ki Young Lee, Yon Sil Jung, Hong Kyu Kim, Hye Young Park, Jong Ho Kim, Moon Ho Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(4):745-751. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Papillary carcinoma, the commonest thyroid malignancy, has an indolent clinical course and carries a good prognosis. Metastasis usually occurs to regional lymph nodes, including cervical and upper mediastinal nodes. Distant metastasis is uncommon, lung and bone being the commonest sites. Brain metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer is rare, with a frequency of less than 1% in several reported series and an extremely poor prognosis. The first case was a 74-year-old female patient with papillary cancer who took total thyroidectomy followed by 131I therapy 1 month later. Two days after 131I therapy, she developed headache, vomiting and left hemiplegia. Brain MRI and 131I whole body scan showed solitary brain metastasis in right parietal lobe. After a few weeks her condition improved enough to maintain her usual daily activity despite mild motor weakness. The second one, a 64-year-old female patient presented with headache and vomiting. Two years previously, she had taken total thyroidectomy and 131I ablation therapy after diagnosis of thyroid papillary cancer. Eight months before, she had undergone radical neck dissection because of relapse in cervical lymph nodes. Brain MRI revealed multple metastatic lesions including cerebellum. This patient did not report for follow-up after 2 months of discharge.

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