Endocrinology and Metabolism

Noncanonical Wnt Signaling in Bone.: Fanxin Long; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):85-88. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.85

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Microchimerism and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.: Chang Hoon Yim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):89-93. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.89

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Targeted Therapies in Thyroid Cancer.: Eun Sook Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):94-97. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.94

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Cost-of-Illness Trends Associated with Thyroid Disease in Korea
Kyung-Rae Hyun, Sungwook Kang, Sunmi Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 257. CrossRef

Consensus Position Statement of Korean Endocrine Society and Korean Thyroid Association.: Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):98-100. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.98

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Establishment of Korean Thyroid Association-10 Years of Development in Internal Medicine
Jae Hoon Chung
International Journal of Thyroidology.2018; 11(1): 7. CrossRef
Androgens in Women – Critical Evaluation of the Methods for Their Determination in Diagnostics of Endocrine Disorders
M. DUŠKOVÁ, L. KOLÁTOROVÁ, L. STÁRKA
Physiological Research.2018; : S379. CrossRef
History of Korean Thyroid Association and Recent Debates on Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer in Korea
Kwang Woo Lee
Journal of Korean Thyroid Association.2015; 8(1): 36. CrossRef
A Refutation against Unfounded Reports on Thyroid Cancer
Jae Hoon Chung
Journal of Korean Thyroid Association.2014; 7(1): 1. CrossRef
Adolescents’ Estimation of Energy Content of Standard Portion Size of Foods and Its Association with Body Mass Index
Mi-Kyeong Choi, Min-Jung Ko, Mi-Hyun Kim
Food and Nutrition Sciences.2012; 03(10): 1340. CrossRef

A Study for the Factors Influencing Insulin Requirements in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Yeon Ah Sung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):101-102. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.101

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Isolation of Density Enrichment Fraction of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Stromal Vascular Fraction by Gradient Centrifugation Method.: Min Kyung Kim, Yong Soon Park, Hee Soon Park, Jung Mook Choi, Won Jun Kim, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Cheol Young Park, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Sun Woo Kim, Kwang Sik Suh, Jeong Taek Woo; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):103-109. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.103

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BACKGROUND
Adipose tissues include multipotent cells, the same as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) from adipose tissues represent a heterogeneous cell population. The purpose of this study was to isolate and purify adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in SVFs by the density gradient method. METHODS: SVFs were extracted from the subcutaneous, epididymal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue of 8 weeks old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15) and these were separated into 4 layers according to a Nycodenz gradient (Fx-1: < 11%, Fx-2: 11-13%, Fx-3: 13-19% and Fx-4: 19-30%). The post-confluent SVFs were cultured in adipogenic medium for 2 days, in insulin medium for 2 days and in 10% fetal bovine serum medium for 5 days. To observe lipid droplets in SVFs, we performed Oil Red O staining. RESLTS: The SVFs' cellular fractions (Fx-1, Fx-2, Fx-3 and Fx-4) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from the adipose tissues of rats. The SVFs extracted to fraction 3 (Fx-3) had the most abundant cells compared to that of the other fractions. However fraction 1 (Fx-1) or 2 (Fx-2) had a superior ability to make lipid droplets. The adipogenic differentiation of Fx-1 or 2 was higher than that of the unfractionated cells. The SVFs extracted from retroperitoneal adipose tissue had the highest efficiency for adipogenic differentiation, whereas the SVFs from mesenteric adipose tissue did not differentiate. CONCLUSION: This density gradient fractionated method leads to efficient isolation and purification of cells with the characteristics of ASCs.

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Embolic Infarction Presented after Intravenous Injection of Stromal Vascular Fraction
Jin Young Seo, Ju-Hun Lee, Hong-Ki Song, Jong Seok Bae, Yerim Kim
Journal of Neurosonology and Neuroimaging.2018; 10(2): 181. CrossRef

Determining the Factors that Influence the Insulin Requirements in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Jin Ook Chung, Dong Hyeok Cho, Dong Jin Chung, Min Young Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):110-118. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.110

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BACKGROUND
The initial insulin dose is often determined by clinical experience or with a formula using the body weight. However, it may be difficult to determine the initial insulin dose because various factors such as insulin sensitivity and the glycemic status can influence the insulin requirement. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that influence the initial insulin requirement in insulin naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total 128 patients who were admitted for glycemic control were investigated. The patients were managed with long-acting insulin glargine and rapid-acting insulin lispro. RESULTS: The basal insulin requirement was positively correlated with waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), the HbA1C, AST, ALT, fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), but it was negatively correlated with age and the stimulated C-peptide level. The daily insulin requirement was positively correlated with waist circumference, BMI, the HbA1C, AST, ALT, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose level and HOMA-IR, but it was negatively correlated with age. On the multiple linear regression analysis, the basal insulin requirement was independently associated with BMI (beta = 0.507, p < 0.001), the 2-hour postprandial glucose level (beta = 0.307, p < 0.001), the ALT level (beta = 0.214, P = 0.015) and the meal-stimulated C-peptide level (beta = -0.209, P = 0.010). The daily insulin requirement was independently associated with BMI (beta = 0.508, p < 0.001) and the 2-hour postprandial glucose level (beta = 0.404, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that the BMI and 2-hour postprandial glucose level are useful predictors of the initial insulin requirement in insulin naive type 2 diabetic patients. It may be prudent to consider the other various factors that influence the insulin requirement together when insulin therapy is required.

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Effects of Sunsik Prepared through Steaming-Drying Cycles on Blood Glucose and Inflammatory Marker in Rats Fed High Fat
Kyung-Hee Hwang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(1): 111. CrossRef
The Effects of Chungkukjang Powder Supplements on the Regulation of Blood Glucose and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats
Kyung-Mi Yang
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(2): 118. CrossRef

Factors Influencing Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Tri-Iodothyronine in Athyreotic Individuals during Levothyroxine Replacement.: Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):119-124. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.119

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Tri-iodothyronine (T3) is the main active hormone, and 20% of this is derived from the thyroid gland and 80% is from the peripheral tissue according to 5'-monodeiodination of thyroxine (T4). In the previous studies, normal T3 levels were achieved with traditional levothyroxine (LT4) therapy alone in athyreotic patients, but there has been no data about the factors influencing peripheral conversion of LT4. The aim of this study was to determine the factor(s) influencing peripheral conversion of LT4 to T3 in athyreotic patients during LT4 replacement. METHODS: The patients who underwent total-thyroidectomy for any cause, and mostly for thyroid cancers, at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2008 were enrolled. The free T4, T3 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and the T4 dose were measured. Only patients with normal ranges of free T4 and TSH were included in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were enrolled. The mean T3, free T4 and TSH levels were 143.7 ng/dL, 1.4 ng/dL and 1.6 microU/mL, respectively. The mean weight and BMI were 62.9 kg and 24.6 kg/m2, respectively. We divided them into two groups according to the serum T3 level and we compared the characteristics of the groups. There were no differences in age, the gender distribution, the T4 dose/weight and the BMI between the low T3 group (T3 < or = 122 ng/dL, n = 14) and the normal T3 group (T3 > 122 ng/dL, n = 129). In the low T3 group, the mean body weight was significantly lower than that of the normal T3 group (59.0 +/- 6.0 vs. 63.4 +/- 9.9, respectively, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Lean body mass seems to be an important factor for determining the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in human. This suggest that a combination of T3/T4 is better than T4 only when we treat the patients with hypothyroidism and who have a negligible amount of functioning thyroid tissue, if they have a low lean body mass.

A Case of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with Recurrent Hypoglycemia.: Sun Hee Ko, Seok Hwan Kim, Il Ho Maeng, Koon Soon Kim, Yi Sun Jang, Hye Soo Kim, Jong Min Lee, Suk Young Park, Sang Bum Kang; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):125-130. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.125

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Abstract PDF: Non-islet cell tumor induced hypoglycemia (NICTH) is attributable to overproduction of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) by solid tumors, and these tumors usually originate from mesenchymal or epithelial cells. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare mesenchymal tumor and most commonly find in the gastrointestinal tract. It is usually expresses the CD117 (stem cell factor receptor, c-kit) detected by immunohistochemistry. Hypoglycemia associated with GIST is very rare and this has not yet been reported in Korea. A 72-year-old man was hospitalized due to frequent episodes of confusion. It was observed that non-hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, an elevated serum IGF-II level and a huge liver mass. The histology of liver mass showed c-kit (CD117) positivity, which was consistent with GIST, but it was surgically unresectable. He was treated with imatinib mesylate. Although he recieved palliative treatment, he still experienced intermittent fasting hypoglycemia. After 2 months, the serum IGF-II level was even higher than before. We changed imatinib mesylate to sunitinib malate and performed radiotherapy on the liver mass. Although the change of the liver mass was not significant, he did not suffer from hypoglycemia for three months afterwards.

A Case of Wolfram Like Disorder with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in an Adult.: Sung Uk Choi, Soo Kyung Bae, Hyun Soo Kim, Kyung Rok Kim, Ki Hwan Hur, Sung Hyup Lim, Young Ae Hong, Sung Chang Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):131-134. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.131

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Abstract PDF: Wolfram-like disorder is one of the WFS1-related disorders that are caused by mutation of the WFS1 genes. WFS1-related disorders are classified as Wolfram syndrome, Wolfram like disorder and nonsyndromic low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (DFNA6/14/38). Wolfram syndrome is known to DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness), and it is an autosomal-recessive disorder that predisposes a patient to developing type 1 diabetes in association with progressive optic atrophy, and the disease shows various phenotypes. Wolfram like disorder is an autosomal-dominant disorder that predisposes a patient to develop type 2 diabetes in association with optic atrophy and hearing impairment. We experienced a case of Wolfram like disorder with diabetes, optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing loss in a 28-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital. Our case demonstrated the E737K missense mutation on the WFS1 gene, which has been previously reported in the medical literature. The diagnosis of WFS1-related disorder was confirmed by the clinical features and molecular genetic testing of the WFS1 gene.

A Family Presenting with Catastrophic Features due to Pheochromocytoma Associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A.: Yun Jung Lee, Suk Chon, Sang Ho Lee, Tae Won Lee, Chun Gyoo Ihm, Tae June Noh, Seungjoon Oh, Jeong Taek Woo, Sung Woon Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Young Seol Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):135-141. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.135

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Abstract PDF: Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A) is an autosomal dominant disease that consists of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. The activation of germ-line mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are responsible for MEN 2A. We describe here a rare case of MEN 2A in a patient who presented with an acute catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy with cardiogenic shock and acute renal failure. The patient was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and MTC associated with MEN 2A, which was confirmed by the detection of a RET proto-oncogene mutation at exon 11 on codon 634 (Cys634Arg). During familial screening, the patient's younger sister was found to have a benign thyroid nodule. Re-evaluation of this thyroid nodule revealed MTC with the same gene mutation. We also provide a review of the relevant literature.

A Case of Kallmann's Syndrome with Frontal Lobe Atrophy and Mental Retardation.: Soyoung Hyun, Seungguk Park, Dong Gu Kang, Seung Uk Jeong, Dea Ho Lee, Gwanpyo Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):142-146. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.142

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Abstract PDF: Kallmann's syndrome is a rare condition, and this is defined as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. The syndrome may be associated with cleft lip, cleft palate, color blindness, skeletal abnormalities, renal agenesis, sensory neural hearing loss, obesity, etc. About 10 cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported in Korea, but there are no reports on cases of Kallmann's syndrome with atrophy of the frontal lobe, severe mental retardation and unilateral renal agenesis. We experienced a case of 17-year-old boy with abnormalities of the olfactory system, as was noted on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He had an atrophy of the frontal lobe, mental retardation, a micropenis and unilateral renal agenesis. Hormonal assay documented low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). So, we report here on an unusual case of Kallmann's syndrome along with briefly reviewing the relevant medical literature.

A Case of Adrenal Actinomycosis that Mimicked a Huge Adrenal Tumor.: Eui Joo Kim, Hyon Seung Yi, Inku Yo, Sanghui Park, Kyoung Min Kim, Yoon Soo Park, Sihoon Lee, Yeun Sun Kim, Ie Byung Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):147-151. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.147

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The incidence of adrenal incidentalomas has increased because imaging studies are now being more frequently performed, including abdominal sonography, CT and MRI. Although there is only a consensus on the treatment of adrenal incidentalomas from the National Institute of Health (NIH) conference 2003, it is generally accepted that surgical resection is required if there's any possibility of malignancy or functionality of the adrenal tumor. Abdominopelvic actinomycosis is a rare chronic progressive suppurative disease that is caused by gram-positive bacteria of the genus actinomyces, which is part of the normal flora of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, with low virulence. Herein, we report on a case of adrenal actinomycosis that imitated a huge adrenal tumor in a 39-year-old women, and the adrenal actinomycosis was confirmed histologically only after adrenalectomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Korean case report on actinomycosis that occurred in the adrenal gland.

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Masking and misleading: concomitant actinomycosis and B-cell lymphoma – a case report and review of literature
Jo Anne Lim, Peng Shyan Wong, Kar Nim Leong, Kar Loon Wong, Ting Soo Chow
Scottish Medical Journal.2018; 63(4): 125. CrossRef

A Case Report of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome.: Eun Jin Han, Jun Il Mun, So Yeon An, Yun Jung Jung, Ok Hwa Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):152-156. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.152

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Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges, distinctive craniofacial and skull changes, dental abnormalities and generalized osteoporosis. The clinical and radiologic characteristics are variable and these characteristics progress with age. This syndrome shows autosomal dominant inheritance with sporadic cases. The genetic defects or molecular pathogenesis of HCS are still unknown. We experienced a case of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome in a 20-year-old man who had generalized osteoporosis with multiple non-traumatic spine compression fractures. He had acroosteolysis of the hands and feet, wormian bones in the skull, facial dysmorphism (mid-facial flattening, micrognathia and bushy eyebrows), a high arched palate, malocclusion and short dental alveolar processes. HCS was diagnosed based on the clinical and radiologic evidence. For the differential diagnosis, we excluded the other possible causes of the acroosteolysis and wormian bones, including hyperparathyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphatemia and mandibuloacral dysplasia. The specific treatment of HCS is unknown, but case reports with bisphosphonate treatment have been reported.

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Band acro-osteolysis in a Black woman: a case report and review of the literature
Jin-Myoung Dan, Cheungsoo Ha, Ho-Jae Lee
Archives of Hand and Microsurgery.2022; 27(1): 62. CrossRef
Clinical consequences in truncating mutations in exon 34 of NOTCH2: Report of six patients with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome and a patient with serpentine fibula polycystic kidney syndrome
Yoko Narumi, Byung‐Joo Min, Kenji Shimizu, Itsuro Kazukawa, Kiyoko Sameshima, Koichi Nakamura, Tomoki Kosho, Yumie Rhee, Yoon‐Sok Chung, Ok‐Hwa Kim, Yoshimitsu Fukushima, Woong‐Yang Park, Gen Nishimura
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.2013; 161(3): 518. CrossRef
An Unusual Presentation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Familial Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: A Case Report
Gil-Ho Lee, So-Yeon An, Young Bae Sohn, Seon-Yong Jeong, Yoon-Sok Chung
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(11): 1682. CrossRef
Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Acro-Osteolysis and Osteoporosis in a Patient with Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
Sena Hwang, Dong Yoeb Shin, Seong Hwan Moon, Eun Jig Lee, Sung-Kil Lim, Ok Hwa Kim, Yumie Rhee
Yonsei Medical Journal.2011; 52(3): 543. CrossRef

Letter: Comparison of the Efficacy of Octreotide Long-acting Repeatable and Lanreotide Autogel in Acromegalic Patients (J Korean Endocr Soc 25:37-45, 2010).: Yu Bae Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):157-158. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.157

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