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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conception or design: H.B., J.Y.P., H.S.K. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: H.B., J.Y.P., H.S.K. Drafting the work or revising: H.B., J.Y.P., H.S.K. Final approval of the manuscript: H.B., J.Y.P., J.Y., J.L., Y.Y., J.H., S.H.L., J.H.C., D.J.L., H.S.K.
Characteristic | YOD | MOD | LOD | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 296 (8.5) | 2,154 (61.9) | 1,029 (29.6) | ||
Age, yr | 31.5±6.6 | 54.4±6.5 | 71.3±5.4 | 0.081 | |
Female sex | 114 (38.5) | 945 (43.9) | 517 (50.2) | <0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7±5.9 | 24.7±4.1 | 24.3±3.4 | 0.081 | |
Obesity (25< BMI <30 kg/m2) | 27 (23.1) | 283 (31.1) | 200 (36.5) | <0.001 | |
Severe obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 19 (16.2) | 82 (9.0) | 27 (4.9) | <0.001 | |
Glucose, mg/dL | 149±65 | 143±54 | 140±55 | 0.009 | |
HbA1c, mg/dL | 7.8±2.1 | 7.4±1.6 | 7.2±1.4 | <0.001 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 6.3±3.4 | 3.9±4.1 | 4.7±4.0 | 0.844 | |
Insulin, μIU/mL | 50.1±33.9 | 25.3±31.0 | 25.3±23.0 | 0.359 | |
HOMA-IR | 14.4±8.2 | 6.9±8.7 | 8.0±6.9 | 0.374 | |
HOMA-β | 372.8±190.5 | 167.1±326.1 | 184.8±190.1 | 0.519 | |
BUN, mg/dL | 13.2±4.8 | 15.6±5.9 | 17.1±6.2 | <0.001 | |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.2 | 0.9±0.3 | 0.9±0.2 | <0.001 | |
AST, U/L | 34±34 | 30±25 | 28±32 | 0.001 | |
ALT, U/L | 53.1±60.6 | 35.4±35.0 | 27.4±31.2 | <0.001 | |
γ-GTP, U/L | 84.1±143.2 | 78.9±143.6 | 59.4±101.2 | 0.002 | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 187.4±44.7 | 175.8±43.0 | 165.1±39.7 | <0.001 | |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 200.7±162.8 | 158.1±114.1 | 132.4±75.5 | <0.001 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 44.6±13.7 | 45.6±13.4 | 45.5±14.1 | 0.585 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 108.9±34.8 | 100.3±35.1 | 93.3±32.1 | <0.001 | |
NAFLD | 72/113 (63.7) | 477/896 (53.2) | 209/542 (38.6) | <0.001 | |
AUCga | 1,728.2±605.7 | 1,637.9±435.1 | 1,645.5±453.4 | 0.095 |
Values are expressed as number (%), or mean±standard deviation. YOD (age <40 years), MOD (40≤ age <65 years), LOD (age ≥65 years).
YOD, young-onset diabetes; MOD, middle-age-onset diabetes; LOD, late-onset diabetes; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AUCg, area under the curve of the glucose level.
a AUCg: It was defined as the definite integral of the glucose level with time. The trapezoidal method was used for the actual calculations.
YOD (age <40 years), MOD (40≤ age <65 years), LOD (age ≥65 years).
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; YOD, young-onset diabetes; MOD, middle-age-onset diabetes; LOD, late-onset diabetes; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; Adjusted SD, SD adjusted for the measurement time number (SD/
Characteristic | YOD | MOD | LOD | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 296 (8.5) | 2,154 (61.9) | 1,029 (29.6) | ||
Age, yr | 31.5±6.6 | 54.4±6.5 | 71.3±5.4 | 0.081 | |
Female sex | 114 (38.5) | 945 (43.9) | 517 (50.2) | <0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7±5.9 | 24.7±4.1 | 24.3±3.4 | 0.081 | |
Obesity (25< BMI <30 kg/m2) | 27 (23.1) | 283 (31.1) | 200 (36.5) | <0.001 | |
Severe obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 19 (16.2) | 82 (9.0) | 27 (4.9) | <0.001 | |
Glucose, mg/dL | 149±65 | 143±54 | 140±55 | 0.009 | |
HbA1c, mg/dL | 7.8±2.1 | 7.4±1.6 | 7.2±1.4 | <0.001 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 6.3±3.4 | 3.9±4.1 | 4.7±4.0 | 0.844 | |
Insulin, μIU/mL | 50.1±33.9 | 25.3±31.0 | 25.3±23.0 | 0.359 | |
HOMA-IR | 14.4±8.2 | 6.9±8.7 | 8.0±6.9 | 0.374 | |
HOMA-β | 372.8±190.5 | 167.1±326.1 | 184.8±190.1 | 0.519 | |
BUN, mg/dL | 13.2±4.8 | 15.6±5.9 | 17.1±6.2 | <0.001 | |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.2 | 0.9±0.3 | 0.9±0.2 | <0.001 | |
AST, U/L | 34±34 | 30±25 | 28±32 | 0.001 | |
ALT, U/L | 53.1±60.6 | 35.4±35.0 | 27.4±31.2 | <0.001 | |
γ-GTP, U/L | 84.1±143.2 | 78.9±143.6 | 59.4±101.2 | 0.002 | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 187.4±44.7 | 175.8±43.0 | 165.1±39.7 | <0.001 | |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 200.7±162.8 | 158.1±114.1 | 132.4±75.5 | <0.001 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 44.6±13.7 | 45.6±13.4 | 45.5±14.1 | 0.585 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 108.9±34.8 | 100.3±35.1 | 93.3±32.1 | <0.001 | |
NAFLD | 72/113 (63.7) | 477/896 (53.2) | 209/542 (38.6) | <0.001 | |
AUCg |
1,728.2±605.7 | 1,637.9±435.1 | 1,645.5±453.4 | 0.095 |
Variable | Glucose |
HbA1c |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YOD | MOD | LOD | P value | YOD | MOD | LOD | P value | |
Standard deviation (SD) | 0.013 | <0.001 | ||||||
Mean±SD | 27.3±27.8 | 23.1±24.5 | 24.6±26.4 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.6±0.6 | 0.5±0.5 | ||
Median (IQR) | 17.7 (9.1–36.6) | 14.4 (7.8–29.3) | 16.0 (8.2–30.5) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | ||
Coefficient of variation (CoV) | 0.010 | <0.001 | ||||||
Mean±SD | 0.17±0.13 | 0.15±0.13 | 0.16±0.13 | 0.09±0.08 | 0.08±0.07 | 0.07±0.06 | ||
Median (IQR) | 0.13 (0.08–0.24) | 0.1 (0.06–0.20) | 0.13 (0.07–0.22) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13) | 0.06 (0.03–0.10) | 0.05 (0.03–0.08) | ||
Adjusted-SD | 0.022 | <0.001 | ||||||
Mean±SD | 22.8±23.3 | 19.4±20.7 | 20.4±22.0 | 0.6±0.6 | 0.5±0.5 | 0.4±0.4 | ||
Median (IQR) | 14.6 (7.4–30.8) | 12.0 (6.5–24.7) | 13.0 (6.8–25.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
Variable | YOD |
MOD |
LOD |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | ||||
Fasting glucose | ||||||||||||
Baseline | Total | 1.002 | 1.000–1.004 | 0.044 | 1.001 | 1.000–1.002 | 0.024 | 1.000 | 0.998–1.002 | 0.855 | ||
Microvascular | 1.004 | 1.001–1.007 | 0.003 | 1.002 | 1.001–1.003 | 0.004 | 1.003 | 1.001–1.005 | 0.014 | |||
Macrovascular | 1.002 | 1.000–1.004 | 0.029 | 1.001 | 1.000–1.002 | 0.012 | 1.000 | 0.998–1.001 | 0.752 | |||
12 months | Total | 1.004 | 1.002–1.005 | <0.001 | 1.003 | 1.002–1.004 | <0.001 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.402 | ||
Microvascular | 1.006 | 1.003–1.009 | <0.001 | 1.003 | 1.002–1.005 | <0.001 | 1.001 | 0.998–1.004 | 0.691 | |||
Macrovascular | 1.004 | 1.002–1.006 | <0.001 | 1.003 | 1.002–1.004 | <0.001 | 1.002 | 1.000–1.004 | 0.021 | |||
HbA1c | ||||||||||||
Baseline | Total | 1.099 | 1.024–1.179 | 0.009 | 1.055 | 1.020–1.091 | 0.002 | 1.065 | 1.001–1.132 | 0.046 | ||
Microvascular | 1.194 | 1.067–1.336 | 0.002 | 1.108 | 1.057–1.161 | <0.001 | 1.212 | 1.118–1.313 | <0.001 | |||
Macrovascular | 1.115 | 1.038–1.199 | 0.003 | 1.052 | 1.014–1.091 | 0.007 | 1.001 | 0.938–1.068 | 0.975 | |||
12 months | Total | 1.134 | 1.024–1.256 | 0.015 | 1.123 | 1.070–1.179 | <0.001 | 1.107 | 1.021–1.200 | 0.014 | ||
Microvascular | 1.347 | 1.176–1.544 | <0.01 | 1.274 | 1.194–1.358 | <0.001 | 1.262 | 1.134–1.405 | <0.001 | |||
Macrovascular | 1.135 | 1.021–1.262 | 0.019 | 1.047 | 0.993–1.105 | 0.092 | 1.035 | 0.947–1.130 | 0.450 |
Values are expressed as number (%), or mean±standard deviation. YOD (age <40 years), MOD (40≤ age <65 years), LOD (age ≥65 years). YOD, young-onset diabetes; MOD, middle-age-onset diabetes; LOD, late-onset diabetes; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AUCg, area under the curve of the glucose level. AUCg: It was defined as the definite integral of the glucose level with time. The trapezoidal method was used for the actual calculations.
YOD (age <40 years), MOD (40≤ age <65 years), LOD (age ≥65 years). HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; YOD, young-onset diabetes; MOD, middle-age-onset diabetes; LOD, late-onset diabetes; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; Adjusted SD, SD adjusted for the measurement time number (SD/
YOD (age <40 years), MOD (40≤ age <65 years), LOD (age ≥65 years). HRs for 1-mg/dL increases in glucose levels or 1% increases in HbA1c. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; YOD, young-onset diabetes; MOD, middle-age-onset diabetes; LOD, late-onset diabetes; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.