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1Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea
2Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: T.H., E.K.L., J.L., Y.H., J.K. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: T.H., E.K.L., J.K. Drafting the work or revising: T.H., E.K.L., J.K. Final approval of the manuscript: T.H., E.K.L., J.L., Y.H., J.K.
Demographic | Cases (n=117) | Controls (n=173) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 52.5±8.0 | 51.7±8.1 | 0.417 |
Age group, yr | 0.334 | ||
<39 | 1 (0.9) | 8 (4.6) | |
40–49 | 44 (37.6) | 65 (37.6) | |
50–59 | 45 (38.5) | 64 (37.0) | |
>60 | 27 (23.1) | 36 (20.8) | |
Sex | 0.001a | ||
Male | 6 (5.1) | 33 (19.1) | |
Female | 111 (94.9) | 140 (80.9) | |
Family history of thyroid cancer | 0.216 | ||
No | 104 (88.9) | 163 (94.2) | |
Yes | 9 (7.7) | 8 (4.6) | |
Missing | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.2) | |
Marital status | 0.189 | ||
Married | 97 (82.9) | 147 (85.0) | |
Other | 16 (13.7) | 25 (14.5) | |
Missing | 4 (3.4) | 1 (0.6) | |
Educational level | 0.076 | ||
≤Middle school | 21 (17.9) | 24 (13.9) | |
High school | 36 (30.8) | 78 (45.1) | |
≥College | 53 (45.3) | 66 (38.2) | |
Missing | 7 (6.0) | 5 (2.9) | |
Occupation | 0.137 | ||
Housewives, profession, and office worker | 88 (75.2) | 109 (63.0) | |
Sales, service | 14 (12.0) | 35 (20.2) | |
Agriculture, laborer, unemployed, and others | 13 (11.1) | 27 (15.6) | |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 2 (1.2) | |
Monthly income, $ | 0.322 | ||
<1,667 | 26 (22.2) | 37 (21.4) | |
1,667–3,333 | 36 (30.8) | 60 (34.7) | |
>3,333 | 36 (30.8) | 60 (34.7) | |
Missing | 19 (16.2) | 16 (9.2) | |
Smoking status | 0.016a | ||
Never | 108 (92.3) | 139 (80.3) | |
Ever | 9 (7.7) | 32 (18.5) | |
Missing | 0 | 2 (1.2) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.166 | ||
Never | 72 (61.5) | 91 (52.6) | |
Ever | 45 (38.5) | 82 (47.4) | |
Regular exercise | 0.984 | ||
Yes | 47 (40.2) | 70 (40.5) | |
No | 39 (33.3) | 56 (32.4) | |
Missing | 31 (26.5) | 47 (27.2) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.0 | 23.4±2.8 | 0.497 |
BMI group, kg/m2 | 0.144 | ||
<23 | 48 (41.0) | 82 (47.4) | |
23–24.9 | 37 (31.6) | 36 (20.8) | |
≥25 | 31 (26.5) | 50 (28.9) | |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 5 (2.9) |
Factor | Cases (n=117) | Controls (n=173) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Gim | |||
Amount, g/day | 0.9±1.4 | 1.0±1.3 | 0.497 |
Low (≤0.611) | 69 (59.0) | 76 (43.9) | 0.017a |
High (>0.611) | 48 (41.0) | 97 (56.1) | |
Frequency (times) | |||
≤3, /mo | 34 (29.1) | 50 (28.9) | 0.559 |
1–4, /wk | 58 (49.6) | 77 (44.5) | |
Almost daily | 25 (21.4) | 46 (26.6) | |
Miyeok/dashima | |||
Amount, g/day | 0.9±1.3 | 1.0±1.7 | 0.406 |
Low (≤0.564) | 60 (51.3) | 85 (49.1) | 0.811 |
High (>0.564) | 57 (48.7) | 88 (50.9) | |
Frequency (times) | |||
≤3, /mo | 71 (60.7) | 102 (59.0) | 0.912 |
1–4, /wk | 38 (32.5) | 57 (32.9) | |
Almost daily | 8 (6.8) | 14 (8.1) | |
Total seaweed, g/day | 1.7±2.0 | 2.0±2.4 | 0.332 |
Low (≤1.33) | 63 (53.8) | 82 (47.4) | 0.338 |
High (>1.33) | 54 (46.2) | 91 (52.6) | |
Iodine, μg/day | 626.4±539.8 | 629.1±506.5 | 0.966 |
Low (≤523) | 64 (54.7) | 81 (46.8) | 0.231 |
High (>523) | 53 (45.3) | 92 (53.2) | |
rs77277498 (C>G) | |||
C/C | 95 (81.2) | 118 (68.2) | 0.027a |
G/C | 22 (18.8) | 50 (28.9) | |
G/G | 0 | 3 (1.7) | |
Missing | 0 | 2 (1.2) |
Factor | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Gim | ||
Amount, g/day | ||
Low (≤0.611) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>0.611) | 0.55 (0.34–0.87)a | 0.50 (0.30–0.83)a |
Frequency (times) | ||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
1–4, /wk | 1.11 (0.64–1.93) | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) |
Almost daily | 0.80 (0.41–1.53) | 0.69 (0.34–1.39) |
Miyeok/dashima | ||
Amount, g/day | ||
Low (≤0.564) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>0.564) | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.74 (0.44–1.23) |
Frequency (times) | ||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
1–4, /wk | 0.96 (0.57–1.59) | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) |
Almost daily | 0.82 (0.31–2.02) | 0.60 (0.22–1.57) |
Total seaweed, g/day | ||
Low (≤1.33) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>1.33) | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) |
Iodine, μg/day | ||
Low (≤523) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>523) | 0.73 (0.45–1.17) | 0.57 (0.33–0.95)a |
rs77277498 (C>G) | ||
C/C | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
G/C+G/G | 0.52 (0.29–0.90)a | 0.52 (0.28–0.93)a |
Dietary factor |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C/C | G/G+G/C | Pint | C/C | G/G+G/C | Pint | |
Gim | ||||||
Amount, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤0.611) | 1 (reference) | 0.81 (0.35–1.80) | 0.199 | 1 (reference) | 0.78 (0.32–1.85) | 0.278 |
High (>0.611) | 0.70 (0.40–1.20) | 0.26 (0.11–0.58)a | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 0.25 (0.10–0.56)a | ||
Frequency (times) | ||||||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 0.21 (0.04–0.69)a | 0.044 | 1 (reference) | 0.48 (0.23–0.99)a | 0.020a |
1–4, /wk | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | 0.90 (0.38–2.13) | 0.93 (0.51–1.69) | 0.56 (0.23–1.31) | ||
Almost daily | 0.88 (0.41–1.88) | 0.27 (0.08–0.77)a | 0.79 (0.29–2.05) | - | ||
Miyeok/dashima | ||||||
Amount, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤0.564) | 1 (reference) | 0.65 (0.30–1.37) | 0.347 | 1 (reference) | 0.65 (0.29–1.45) | 0.365 |
High (>0.564) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.39 (0.15–0.90)a | 0.84 (0.46–1.51) | 0.31 (0.12–0.77)a | ||
Frequency (times) | ||||||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 0.19 (0.04–0.70)a | 0.531 | 1 (reference) | 0.50 (0.22–1.08) | 0.483 |
1–4, /wk | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 1.11 (0.43–2.87) | 0.81 (0.42–1.53) | 0.47 (0.18–1.15) | ||
Almost daily | 0.80 (0.34–1.84) | 0.22 (0.06–0.66)a | 0.60 (0.21–1.65) | - | ||
Total seaweed, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤1.33) | 1 (reference) | 0.83 (0.38–1.79) | 0.092 | 1 (reference) | 0.78 (0.33–1.77) | 0.180 |
High (>1.33) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.31 (0.12–0.71)a | 0.77 (0.43–1.39) | 0.26 (0.10–0.62)a | ||
Iodine, μg/day | ||||||
Low (≤523) | 1 (reference) | 0.43 (0.20–0.91)a | 0.587 | 1 (reference) | 0.42 (0.18–0.93)a | 0.570 |
High (>523) | 0.66 (0.38–1.13) | 0.39 (0.16–0.90)a | 0.51 (0.27–0.93)a | 0.30 (0.12–0.73)a |
Demographic | Cases (n=117) | Controls (n=173) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 52.5±8.0 | 51.7±8.1 | 0.417 |
Age group, yr | 0.334 | ||
<39 | 1 (0.9) | 8 (4.6) | |
40–49 | 44 (37.6) | 65 (37.6) | |
50–59 | 45 (38.5) | 64 (37.0) | |
>60 | 27 (23.1) | 36 (20.8) | |
Sex | 0.001 |
||
Male | 6 (5.1) | 33 (19.1) | |
Female | 111 (94.9) | 140 (80.9) | |
Family history of thyroid cancer | 0.216 | ||
No | 104 (88.9) | 163 (94.2) | |
Yes | 9 (7.7) | 8 (4.6) | |
Missing | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.2) | |
Marital status | 0.189 | ||
Married | 97 (82.9) | 147 (85.0) | |
Other | 16 (13.7) | 25 (14.5) | |
Missing | 4 (3.4) | 1 (0.6) | |
Educational level | 0.076 | ||
≤Middle school | 21 (17.9) | 24 (13.9) | |
High school | 36 (30.8) | 78 (45.1) | |
≥College | 53 (45.3) | 66 (38.2) | |
Missing | 7 (6.0) | 5 (2.9) | |
Occupation | 0.137 | ||
Housewives, profession, and office worker | 88 (75.2) | 109 (63.0) | |
Sales, service | 14 (12.0) | 35 (20.2) | |
Agriculture, laborer, unemployed, and others | 13 (11.1) | 27 (15.6) | |
Missing | 2 (1.7) | 2 (1.2) | |
Monthly income, $ | 0.322 | ||
<1,667 | 26 (22.2) | 37 (21.4) | |
1,667–3,333 | 36 (30.8) | 60 (34.7) | |
>3,333 | 36 (30.8) | 60 (34.7) | |
Missing | 19 (16.2) | 16 (9.2) | |
Smoking status | 0.016 |
||
Never | 108 (92.3) | 139 (80.3) | |
Ever | 9 (7.7) | 32 (18.5) | |
Missing | 0 | 2 (1.2) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.166 | ||
Never | 72 (61.5) | 91 (52.6) | |
Ever | 45 (38.5) | 82 (47.4) | |
Regular exercise | 0.984 | ||
Yes | 47 (40.2) | 70 (40.5) | |
No | 39 (33.3) | 56 (32.4) | |
Missing | 31 (26.5) | 47 (27.2) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.0 | 23.4±2.8 | 0.497 |
BMI group, kg/m2 | 0.144 | ||
<23 | 48 (41.0) | 82 (47.4) | |
23–24.9 | 37 (31.6) | 36 (20.8) | |
≥25 | 31 (26.5) | 50 (28.9) | |
Missing | 1 (0.9) | 5 (2.9) |
Factor | Cases (n=117) | Controls (n=173) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Gim | |||
Amount, g/day | 0.9±1.4 | 1.0±1.3 | 0.497 |
Low (≤0.611) | 69 (59.0) | 76 (43.9) | 0.017 |
High (>0.611) | 48 (41.0) | 97 (56.1) | |
Frequency (times) | |||
≤3, /mo | 34 (29.1) | 50 (28.9) | 0.559 |
1–4, /wk | 58 (49.6) | 77 (44.5) | |
Almost daily | 25 (21.4) | 46 (26.6) | |
Miyeok/dashima | |||
Amount, g/day | 0.9±1.3 | 1.0±1.7 | 0.406 |
Low (≤0.564) | 60 (51.3) | 85 (49.1) | 0.811 |
High (>0.564) | 57 (48.7) | 88 (50.9) | |
Frequency (times) | |||
≤3, /mo | 71 (60.7) | 102 (59.0) | 0.912 |
1–4, /wk | 38 (32.5) | 57 (32.9) | |
Almost daily | 8 (6.8) | 14 (8.1) | |
Total seaweed, g/day | 1.7±2.0 | 2.0±2.4 | 0.332 |
Low (≤1.33) | 63 (53.8) | 82 (47.4) | 0.338 |
High (>1.33) | 54 (46.2) | 91 (52.6) | |
Iodine, μg/day | 626.4±539.8 | 629.1±506.5 | 0.966 |
Low (≤523) | 64 (54.7) | 81 (46.8) | 0.231 |
High (>523) | 53 (45.3) | 92 (53.2) | |
rs77277498 (C>G) | |||
C/C | 95 (81.2) | 118 (68.2) | 0.027 |
G/C | 22 (18.8) | 50 (28.9) | |
G/G | 0 | 3 (1.7) | |
Missing | 0 | 2 (1.2) |
Factor | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Gim | ||
Amount, g/day | ||
Low (≤0.611) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>0.611) | 0.55 (0.34–0.87) |
0.50 (0.30–0.83) |
Frequency (times) | ||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
1–4, /wk | 1.11 (0.64–1.93) | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) |
Almost daily | 0.80 (0.41–1.53) | 0.69 (0.34–1.39) |
Miyeok/dashima | ||
Amount, g/day | ||
Low (≤0.564) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>0.564) | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.74 (0.44–1.23) |
Frequency (times) | ||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
1–4, /wk | 0.96 (0.57–1.59) | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) |
Almost daily | 0.82 (0.31–2.02) | 0.60 (0.22–1.57) |
Total seaweed, g/day | ||
Low (≤1.33) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>1.33) | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) |
Iodine, μg/day | ||
Low (≤523) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
High (>523) | 0.73 (0.45–1.17) | 0.57 (0.33–0.95) |
rs77277498 (C>G) | ||
C/C | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
G/C+G/G | 0.52 (0.29–0.90) |
0.52 (0.28–0.93) |
Dietary factor | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C/C | G/G+G/C | Pint | C/C | G/G+G/C | Pint | |
Gim | ||||||
Amount, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤0.611) | 1 (reference) | 0.81 (0.35–1.80) | 0.199 | 1 (reference) | 0.78 (0.32–1.85) | 0.278 |
High (>0.611) | 0.70 (0.40–1.20) | 0.26 (0.11–0.58) |
0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 0.25 (0.10–0.56) |
||
Frequency (times) | ||||||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 0.21 (0.04–0.69) |
0.044 | 1 (reference) | 0.48 (0.23–0.99) |
0.020 |
1–4, /wk | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | 0.90 (0.38–2.13) | 0.93 (0.51–1.69) | 0.56 (0.23–1.31) | ||
Almost daily | 0.88 (0.41–1.88) | 0.27 (0.08–0.77) |
0.79 (0.29–2.05) | - | ||
Miyeok/dashima | ||||||
Amount, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤0.564) | 1 (reference) | 0.65 (0.30–1.37) | 0.347 | 1 (reference) | 0.65 (0.29–1.45) | 0.365 |
High (>0.564) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.39 (0.15–0.90) |
0.84 (0.46–1.51) | 0.31 (0.12–0.77) |
||
Frequency (times) | ||||||
≤3, /mo | 1 (reference) | 0.19 (0.04–0.70) |
0.531 | 1 (reference) | 0.50 (0.22–1.08) | 0.483 |
1–4, /wk | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 1.11 (0.43–2.87) | 0.81 (0.42–1.53) | 0.47 (0.18–1.15) | ||
Almost daily | 0.80 (0.34–1.84) | 0.22 (0.06–0.66) |
0.60 (0.21–1.65) | - | ||
Total seaweed, g/day | ||||||
Low (≤1.33) | 1 (reference) | 0.83 (0.38–1.79) | 0.092 | 1 (reference) | 0.78 (0.33–1.77) | 0.180 |
High (>1.33) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.31 (0.12–0.71) |
0.77 (0.43–1.39) | 0.26 (0.10–0.62) |
||
Iodine, μg/day | ||||||
Low (≤523) | 1 (reference) | 0.43 (0.20–0.91) |
0.587 | 1 (reference) | 0.42 (0.18–0.93) |
0.570 |
High (>523) | 0.66 (0.38–1.13) | 0.39 (0.16–0.90) |
0.51 (0.27–0.93) |
0.30 (0.12–0.73) |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%). BMI, body mass index. Significant difference.
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Significant difference.
Multivariable regression model was adjusted for age, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Significant difference.
Multivariable model is adjusted for age, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Significant difference.