1. Steffensen C, Bak AM, Rubeck KZ, Jorgensen JO. Epidemiology of Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010;92(Suppl 1):1-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
2. Nieman LK. Recent updates on the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018;33:139-46.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
3. Braun LT, Riester A, Obwald-Kopp A, Fazel J, Rubinstein G, Bidlingmaier M, et al. Toward a diagnostic score in Cushing’s syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:766.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
4. Drey M, Berr CM, Reincke M, Fazel J, Seissler J, Schopohl J, et al. Cushing’s syndrome: a model for sarcopenic obesity. Endocrine 2017;57:481-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK. Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 2015;386:913-27.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Clayton RN. Mortality in Cushing’s disease. Neuroendocrinology 2010;92(Suppl 1):71-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
7. Clayton RN, Jones PW, Reulen RC, Stewart PM, Hassan-Smith ZK, Ntali G, et al. Mortality in patients with Cushing’s disease more than 10 years after remission: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:569-76.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Ross EJ, Linch DC. Cushing’s syndrome: killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet 1982;2:646-9.
[PUBMED]
9. Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. Approach to the patient with possible Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3121-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Winter SD, Depaoli S, Tiemensma J. Assessing differences in how the CushingQoL is interpreted across countries: comparing patients from the U.S. and the Netherlands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:368.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
11. Tiemensma J, Depaoli S, Felt JM. Using subscales when scoring the Cushing’s quality of life questionnaire. Eur J Endocrinol 2016;174:33-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Webb SM, Santos A, Resmini E, Martinez-Momblan MA, Martel L, Valassi E. Quality of life in Cushing’s disease: a long term issue? Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2018;79:132-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
13. De Bucy C, Guignat L, Niati T, Bertherat J, Coste J. Health-related quality of life of patients with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulations: a cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;177:1-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Dorn LD, Cerrone P. Cognitive function in patients with Cushing syndrome: a longitudinal perspective. Clin Nurs Res 2000;9:420-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Lindsay JR, Nansel T, Baid S, Gumowski J, Nieman LK. Long-term impaired quality of life in Cushing’s syndrome despite initial improvement after surgical remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:447-53.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Andela CD, van Haalen FM, Ragnarsson O, Papakokkinou E, Johannsson G, Santos A, et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Cushing’s syndrome causes irreversible effects on the human brain: a systematic review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;173:R1-14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Pikkarainen L, Sane T, Reunanen A. The survival and well-being of patients treated for Cushing’s syndrome. J Intern Med 1999;245:463-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
18. Nagesser SK, van Seters AP, Kievit J, Hermans J, van Dulken H, Krans HM, et al. Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: long-term results of unilateral adrenalectomy followed by external pituitary irradiation compared to transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;52:427-35.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Hawn MT, Cook D, Deveney C, Sheppard BC. Quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease. Surgery 2002;132:1064-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
20. Sonino N, Bonnini S, Fallo F, Boscaro M, Fava GA. Personality characteristics and quality of life in patients treated for Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;64:314-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Thompson SK, Hayman AV, Ludlam WH, Deveney CW, Loriaux DL, Sheppard BC. Improved quality of life after bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease: a 10-year experience. Ann Surg 2007;245:790-4.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
22. Webb SM, Badia X, Barahona MJ, Colao A, Strasburger CJ, Tabarin A, et al. Evaluation of health-related quality of life in patients with Cushing’s syndrome with a new questionnaire. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:623-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Lindholm J. Endocrine function in patients with Cushing’s disease before and after treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;36:151-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
24. Milian M, Teufel P, Honegger J, Gallwitz B, Schnauder G, Psaras T. The development of the Tuebingen Cushing’s disease quality of life inventory (Tuebingen CD-25). Part II: normative data from 1784 healthy people. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76:861-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Valassi E, Feelders R, Maiter D, Chanson P, Yaneva M, Reincke M, et al. Worse Health-Related Quality of Life at long-term follow-up in patients with Cushing’s disease than patients with cortisol producing adenoma: data from the ERCUSYN. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018;88:787-98.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Ragnarsson O, Johannsson G. Cushing’s syndrome: a structured short- and long-term management plan for patients in remission. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:R139-52.
[PUBMED]
27. Laugesen K, Jorgensen JO, Petersen I, Sorensen HT. Fifteen-year nationwide trends in systemic glucocorticoid drug use in Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol 2019;181:267-73.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Reincke M. Metformin: the white knight fighting corticosteroid side-effects. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020;8:258-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
29. Stenholm S, Mehta NK, Elo IT, Heliovaara M, Koskinen S, Aromaa A. Obesity and muscle strength as long-term determinants of all-cause mortality: a 33-year follow-up of the Mini-Finland Health Examination Survey. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014;38:1126-32.
[PUBMED]
30. Beaudart C, Zaaria M, Pasleau F, Reginster JY, Bruyere O. Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169548.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
31. Berr CM, Stieg MR, Deutschbein T, Quinkler M, Schmidmaier R, Osswald A, et al. Persistence of myopathy in Cushing’s syndrome: evaluation of the German Cushing’s Registry. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;176:737-46.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Olafsson E, Jones HR Jr, Guay AT, Thomas CB. Myopathy of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome: a review of the clinical and electromyographic features in 8 patients. Muscle Nerve 1994;17:692-3.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
33. Khaleeli AA, Edwards RH, Gohil K, McPhail G, Rennie MJ, Round J, et al. Corticosteroid myopathy: a clinical and pathological study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983;18:155-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Vogel F, Braun LT, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Kunzel H, Strasding F, et al. Persisting muscle dysfunction in Cushing’s syndrome despite biochemical remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:e4490-8.
[CROSSREF] [PMC]
35. Minetto MA, Lanfranco F, Botter A, Motta G, Mengozzi G, Giordano R, et al. Do muscle fiber conduction slowing and decreased levels of circulating muscle proteins represent sensitive markers of steroid myopathy?: a pilot study in Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:985-93.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
36. Minetto MA, Qaisar R, Agoni V, Motta G, Longa E, Miotti D, et al. Quantitative and qualitative adaptations of muscle fibers to glucocorticoids. Muscle Nerve 2015;52:631-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
37. Minetto MA, Caresio C, D’Angelo V, Lanfranco F, Ghizzoni L, Roatta S, et al. Diagnostic evaluation in steroid-induced myopathy: case report suggesting clinical utility of quantitative muscle ultrasonography. Endocr Res 2018;43:235-45.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
38. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, et al. Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing’s disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2664-72.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
39. van Haalen FM, Broersen LH, Jorgensen JO, Pereira AM, Dekkers OM. Management of endocrine disease: mortality remains increased in Cushing’s disease despite biochemical remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;172:R143-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
40. Vassiliadi DA, Tsagarakis S. Cardiac hypertrophy in Cushing’s syndrome: if not hypertension then what? Endocrine 2017;56:453-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Souverein PC, Berard A, Van Staa TP, Cooper C, Egberts AC, Leufkens HG, et al. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study. Heart 2004;90:859-65.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
42. Toja PM, Branzi G, Ciambellotti F, Radaelli P, De Martin M, Lonati LM, et al. Clinical relevance of cardiac structure and function abnormalities in patients with Cushing’s syndrome before and after cure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76:332-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
43. Muiesan ML, Lupia M, Salvetti M, Grigoletto C, Sonino N, Boscaro M, et al. Left ventricular structural and functional characteristics in Cushing’s syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2275-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
44. Pereira AM, Delgado V, Romijn JA, Smit JW, Bax JJ, Feelders RA. Cardiac dysfunction is reversed upon successful treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162:331-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
45. Kamenicky P, Redheuil A, Roux C, Salenave S, Kachenoura N, Raissouni Z, et al. Cardiac structure and function in Cushing’s syndrome: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:E2144-53.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
46. Yiu KH, Marsan NA, Delgado V, Biermasz NR, Holman ER, Smit JW, et al. Increased myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction in Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166:27-34.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
47. Roerink SH, Cocks MS, Wagenmakers MA, Rodighiero RP, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, et al. Decreased aerobic exercise capacity after long-term remission from Cushing syndrome: exploration of mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:e1408-18.
[CROSSREF]
48. Avenatti E, Rebellato A, Iannaccone A, Battocchio M, Dassie F, Veglio F, et al. Left ventricular geometry and 24-h blood pressure profile in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrine 2017;55:547-54.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
49. Walker BR. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157:545-59.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
50. Petramala L, Concistre A, Olmati F, Saracino V, Chimenti C, Frustaci A, et al. Cardiomyopathies and adrenal diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:5047.
[CROSSREF] [PMC]
51. Frustaci A, Letizia C, Verardo R, Grande C, Calvieri C, Russo MA, et al. Atrogin-1 pathway activation in Cushing syndrome cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:116-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
52. Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, Skurk C, Calabria E, Picard A, et al. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 2004;117:399-412.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
53. Thoreen CC, Chantranupong L, Keys HR, Wang T, Gray NS, Sabatini DM. A unifying model for mTORC1-mediated regulation of mRNA translation. Nature 2012;485:109-13.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
54. Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, et al. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J 2004;18:39-51.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
55. Lecker SH, Goldberg AL, Mitch WE. Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:1807-19.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
56. McGrath JA, Goldspink DF. Glucocorticoid action on protein synthesis and protein breakdown in isolated skeletal muscles. Biochem J 1982;206:641-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
57. Savary I, Debras E, Dardevet D, Sornet C, Capitan P, Prugnaud J, et al. Effect of glucocorticoid excess on skeletal muscle and heart protein synthesis in adult and old rats. Br J Nutr 1998;79:297-304.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
58. Biedasek K, Andres J, Mai K, Adams S, Spuler S, Fielitz J, et al. Skeletal muscle 11beta-HSD1 controls glucocorticoid-induced proteolysis and expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. PLoS One 2011;6:e16674.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
59. Kang SH, Lee HA, Kim M, Lee E, Sohn UD, Kim I. Forkhead box O3 plays a role in skeletal muscle atrophy through expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 in Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017;312:E495-507.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
60. Morgan SA, Hassan-Smith ZK, Doig CL, Sherlock M, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1 are major regulators of intramyocellular protein metabolism. J Endocrinol 2016;229:277-86.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
61. Canepari M, Agoni V, Brocca L, Ghigo E, Gnesi M, Minetto MA, et al. Structural and molecular adaptations to dexamethasone and unacylated ghrelin administration in skeletal muscle of the mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 2018;69:283-96.
62. Muller LM, Kienitz T, Deutschbein T, Riester A, Hahner S, Burger-Stritt S, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms influence muscle strength in Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:dgz052.
[PUBMED]
63. Vogel F, Braun L, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Benedix S, Schneider H, et al. Patients with low IGF-I after curative surgery for Cushing’s syndrome have an adverse long-term outcome of hypercortisolism-induced myopathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2021;184:813-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
64. Ekstrom M, Nwaru BI, Hasvold P, Wiklund F, Telg G, Janson C. Oral corticosteroid use, morbidity and mortality in asthma: a nationwide prospective cohort study in Sweden. Allergy 2019;74:2181-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
65. Abdulai RM, Jensen TJ, Patel NR, Polkey MI, Jansson P, Celli BR, et al. Deterioration of limb muscle function during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:433-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
66. Spruit MA, Gosselink Rf, Troosters T, Kasran A, Gayan-Ramirez G, Bogaerts P, et al. Muscle force during an acute exacerbation in hospitalised patients with COPD and its relationship with CXCL8 and IGF-I. Thorax 2003;58:752-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
67. Hopkinson NS, Man WD, Dayer MJ, Ross ET, Nickol AH, Hart N, et al. Acute effect of oral steroids on muscle function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004;24:137-42.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]