1. Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, Karabulut E, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2841-55.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
2. Pincus G, Garcia CR, Rock J, Paniagua M, Pendleton A, Laraque F, et al. Effectiveness of an oral contraceptive; effects of a progestin-estrogen combination upon fertility, menstrual phenomena, and health. Science 1959;130:81-3.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
3. Golobof A, Kiley J. The current status of oral contraceptives: progress and recent innovations. Semin Reprod Med 2016;34:145-51.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:32-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Piomboni P, Morgante G. Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women’s health. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22:634-46.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Yildiz BO. Approach to the patient: contraception in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:794-802.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
7. Christin-Maitre S. History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;27:3-12.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Goebelsmann U, Mashchak CA, Mishell DR Jr. Comparison of hepatic impact of oral and vaginal administration of ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:868-77.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
9. Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;27:13-24.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Timmer CJ, Geurts TB. Bioequivalence assessment of three different estradiol formulations in postmenopausal women in an open, randomized, single-dose, 3-way cross-over study. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1999;24:47-53.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
11. Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. The use of newer progestins for contraception. Contraception 2010;82:410-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2008;61:171-80.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
13. Oelkers W, Foidart JM, Dombrovicz N, Welter A, Heithecker R. Effects of a new oral contraceptive containing an antimineralocorticoid progestogen, drospirenone, on the renin-aldosterone system, body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1816-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Hemrika DJ, Slaats EH, Kennedy JC, de Vries Robles-Korsen TJ, Schoemaker J. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns in long term oral contraceptive users. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:420-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181(5 Pt 1):1263-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Fraser IS, Romer T, Parke S, Zeun S, Mellinger U, Machlitt A, et al. Effective treatment of heavy and/or prolonged menstrual bleeding with an oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest: a randomized, double-blind Phase III trial. Hum Reprod 2011;26:2698-708.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Klipping C, Duijkers I, Trummer D, Marr J. Suppression of ovarian activity with a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive in a 24/4 regimen. Contraception 2008;78:16-25.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
18. Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L, et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2018;110:364-79.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
19. Rojanasakul A, Sirimongkolkasem R, Piromsawasdi S, Sumavong V, Chailurkit L, Chaturachinda K. Effects of combined ethinylestradiol and desogestrel on hormone profiles and sex hormone binding globulin in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Contraception 1987;36:633-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
20. Stegeman BH, Raps M, Helmerhorst FM, Vos HL, van Vliet HA, Rosendaal FR, et al. Effect of ethinylestradiol dose and progestagen in combined oral contraceptives on plasma sex hormone-binding globulin levels in premenopausal women. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:203-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Martin KA, Anderson RR, Chang RJ, Ehrmann DA, Lobo RA, Murad MH, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1233-57.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, et al. Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012;97:28-38.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, Hoeger KM, Murad MH, Pasquali R, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4565-92.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
24. Conway G, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Franks S, Gambineri A, et al. The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;171:P1-29.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Barrionuevo P, Nabhan M, Altayar O, Wang Z, Erwin PJ, Asi N, et al. Treatment options for hirsutism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1258-64.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Bahamondes L, Valeria Bahamondes M, Shulman LP. Non-contraceptive benefits of hormonal and intrauterine reversible contraceptive methods. Hum Reprod Update 2015;21:640-51.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Noncontraceptive health benefits of combined oral contraception. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:513-25.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Jensen JT, Parke S, Mellinger U, Machlitt A, Fraser IS. Effective treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding with estradiol valerate and dienogest: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:777-87.
[PUBMED]
29. Vlahos N, Vlachos A, Triantafyllidou O, Vitoratos N, Creatsas G. Continuous versus cyclic use of oral contraceptives after surgery for symptomatic endometriosis: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2013;100:1337-42.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
30. Zorbas KA, Economopoulos KP, Vlahos NF. Continuous versus cyclic oral contraceptives for the treatment of endometriosis: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;292:37-43.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
31. Schultheis P, Montoya MN, Zhao Q, Archer J, Madden T, Peipert JF. Contraception and ectopic pregnancy risk: a prospective observational analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;224:228-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190(4 Suppl):S5-22.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
33. Li C, Zhao WH, Meng CX, Ping H, Qin GJ, Cao SJ, et al. Contraceptive use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a multi-center case-control study. PLoS One 2014;9:e115031.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
34. Lanza di Scalea T, Pearlstein T. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Med Clin North Am 2019;103:613-28.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
35. Pearlstein TB, Bachmann GA, Zacur HA, Yonkers KA. Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive formulation. Contraception 2005;72:414-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
36. Michels KA, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Trabert B. Modification of the associations between duration of oral contraceptive use and ovarian, endometrial, breast, and colorectal cancers. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:516-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
37. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Hoglund J, Ek WE, Johansson A. Time-dependent effects of oral contraceptive use on breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. Cancer Res 2021;81:1153-62.
[CROSSREF]
38. Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, Fielding S, Hannaford PC. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:580.
[CROSSREF]
40. Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65:1-103.
[CROSSREF]
41. Heinemann LA, Dinger JC. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 2007;75:328-36.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
42. Dragoman MV, Tepper NK, Fu R, Curtis KM, Chou R, Gaffield ME. A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018;141:287-94.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
43. Kourlaba G, Relakis J, Kontodimas S, Holm MV, Maniadakis N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology and burden of venous thromboembolism among pregnant women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016;132:4-10.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
44. Barsoum MK, Heit JA, Ashrani AA, Leibson CL, Petterson TM, Bailey KR. Is progestin an independent risk factor for incident venous thromboembolism?: a population-based case-control study. Thromb Res 2010;126:373-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
45. de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;3:CD010813.
[CROSSREF]
46. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Combined hormonal contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2017;107:43-51.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
47. van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 2009;339:b2921.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
48. Oedingen C, Scholz S, Razum O. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the role of the progestogen type and estrogen dose. Thromb Res 2018;165:68-78.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
49. Dinger J, Do Minh T, Heinemann K. Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives. Contraception 2016;94:328-39.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
50. Manneras-Holm L, Baghaei F, Holm G, Janson PO, Ohlsson C, Lonn M, et al. Coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1068-76.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
51. Yildiz BO, Haznedaroglu IC, Kirazli S, Bayraktar M. Global fibrinolytic capacity is decreased in polycystic ovary syndrome, suggesting a prothrombotic state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3871-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
52. Okoroh EM, Hooper WC, Atrash HK, Yusuf HR, Boulet SL. Is polycystic ovary syndrome another risk factor for venous thromboembolism? United States, 2003-2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:377.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
53. Gariani K, Hugon-Rodin J, Philippe J, Righini M, Blondon M. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2020;185:102-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
54. Luque-Ramirez M, Ortiz-Flores AE, Nattero-Chavez L, Escobar-Morreale HF. A safety evaluation of current medications for adult women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome not pursuing pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020;19:1559-76.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
55. Kasapoglu T. Do oral contraceptive pills really protect against venous thromboembolism, especially in polycystic ovary syndrome patients?: prescription bias or not? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;209:73-4.
[CROSSREF]
56. Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;8:CD011054.
[CROSSREF]
57. Lidegaard O, Lokkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2257-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
58. Helvaci N, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome and aging: health implications after menopause. Maturitas 2020;139:12-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
59. Wekker V, van Dammen L, Koning A, Heida KY, Painter RC, Limpens J, et al. Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2020;26:942-60.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
60. Gunning MN, Fauser BC. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased cardiovascular disease risk later in life? Climacteric 2017;20:222-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
61. Schmidt J, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Brannstrom M, Dahlgren E. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in PCOS women of postmenopausal age: a 21-year controlled follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3794-803.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
62. Merz CN, Shaw LJ, Azziz R, Stanczyk FZ, Sopko G, Braunstein GD, et al. Cardiovascular disease and 10-year mortality in postmenopausal women with clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016;25:875-81.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
63. Meun C, Franco OH, Dhana K, Jaspers L, Muka T, Louwers Y, et al. High androgens in postmenopausal women and the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1622-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
64. Zhou Y, Wang X, Jiang Y, Ma H, Chen L, Lai C, et al. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality: insights from a meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017;33:904-10.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
65. Glintborg D, Rubin KH, Nybo M, Abrahamsen B, Andersen M. Cardiovascular disease in a nationwide population of Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018;17:37.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
66. Merz CN, Johnson BD, Berga S, Braunstein G, Reis SE, Bittner V, et al. Past oral contraceptive use and angiographic coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women: data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Fertil Steril 2006;85:1425-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
67. Forslund M, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Trimpou P, Schmidt J, Brannstrom M, Dahlgren E. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome during a 24-year period: importance of obesity and abdominal fat distribution. Hum Reprod Open 2020;2020:hoz042.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
68. Rubin KH, Glintborg D, Nybo M, Abrahamsen B, Andersen M. Development and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in a nationwide population of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3848-57.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
69. Troisi RJ, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Oral contraceptive use and glucose metabolism in a national sample of women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:389-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
70. Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on carbohydrate metabolism in women without diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;11:CD006133.
[CROSSREF]
71. Halperin IJ, Kumar SS, Stroup DF, Laredo SE. The association between the combined oral contraceptive pill and insulin resistance, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Hum Reprod 2011;26:191-201.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
72. Luque-Ramirez M, Nattero-Chavez L, Ortiz Flores AE, Escobar-Morreale HF. Combined oral contraceptives and/or antiandrogens versus insulin sensitizers for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2018;24:225-41.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
73. Behboudi-Gandevani S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Hosseinpanah F, Khalili D, Cheraghi L, Kazemijaliseh H, et al. Cardiometabolic risks in polycystic ovary syndrome: long-term population-based follow-up study. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1377-86.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
74. Yildiz BO, Bozdag G, Yapici Z, Esinler I, Yarali H. Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod 2012;27:3067-73.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
75. Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:347-63.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
76. Sanchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: pathogenic role of androgen excess and potential therapeutic strategies. Mol Metab 2020;35:100937.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
77. Cagnacci A, Paoletti AM, Renzi A, Orru M, Pilloni M, Melis GB, et al. Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome during therapy with oral contraceptives containing cyproterone acetate or desogestrel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3621-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
78. Wang A, Mo T, Li Q, Shen C, Liu M. The effectiveness of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification in improving the metabolism of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a network meta-analysis. Endocrine 2019;64:220-32.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
79. Amiri M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Nahidi F, Kabir A, Azizi F, Carmina E. Effects of oral contraceptives on metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis comparing products containing cyproterone acetate with third generation progestins. Metabolism 2017;73:22-35.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
80. Amiri M, Nahidi F, Bidhendi-Yarandi R, Khalili D, Tohidi M, Ramezani Tehrani F. A comparison of the effects of oral contraceptives on the clinical and biochemical manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome: a crossover randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2020;35:175-86.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
81. Li L, Zhang R, Zeng J, Ke H, Peng X, Huang L, et al. Effectiveness and safety assessment of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol tablet in treatment of PCOS patients: a single center, prospective, observational study. BMC Womens Health 2020;20:39.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
82. Fields EL, Trent ME. Treatment considerations for the cardiometabolic signs of polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature since the 2013 Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:502-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
83. Hirschberg AL, Bystrom B, Carlstrom K, von Schoultz B. Reduced serum cholecystokinin and increase in body fat during oral contraception. Contraception 1996;53:109-13.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
84. Arusoglu G, Koksal G, Cinar N, Tapan S, Aksoy DY, Yildiz BO. Basal and meal-stimulated ghrelin, PYY, CCK levels and satiety in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of low-dose oral contraceptive. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4475-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
85. Naessen S, Carlstrom K, Bystrom B, Pierre Y, Hirschberg AL. Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive on appetite and eating behavior in bulimic women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007;32:548-54.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
86. Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Carayon F, Schulz KF, Helmerhorst FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD003987.
[CROSSREF]
87. Lindh I, Ellstrom AA, Milsom I. The long-term influence of combined oral contraceptives on body weight. Hum Reprod 2011;26:1917-24.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
88. Aydin K, Cinar N, Aksoy DY, Bozdag G, Yildiz BO. Body composition in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone combination. Contraception 2013;87:358-62.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
89. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Anconetani B, Vicennati V, Colitta D, Caramelli E, et al. The natural history of the metabolic syndrome in young women with the polycystic ovary syndrome and the effect of long-term oestrogen-progestagen treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:517-27.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
90. Mes-Krowinkel MG, Louwers YV, Mulders AG, de Jong FH, Fauser BC, Laven JS. Influence of oral contraceptives on anthropomorphometric, endocrine, and metabolic profiles of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1757-65.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
91. Ibanez L, Diaz M, Sebastiani G, Marcos MV, Lopez-Bermejo A, de Zegher F. Oral contraception vs insulin sensitization for 18 months in nonobese adolescents with androgen excess: posttreatment differences in C-reactive protein, intima-media thickness, visceral adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and menstrual regularity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E902-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
92. Harmanci A, Cinar N, Bayraktar M, Yildiz BO. Oral contraceptive plus antiandrogen therapy and cardiometabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78:120-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
93. Shufelt C, LeVee A. Hormonal contraception in women with hypertension. JAMA 2020;324:1451-2.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
94. Skovlund CW, Morch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard O. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:1154-62.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
95. Schaffir J, Worly BL, Gur TL. Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2016;21:347-55.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
96. Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T. Hormonal contraception and depression: updated evidence and implications in clinical practice. Clin Drug Investig 2020;40:1097-106.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
97. Lundin C, Wikman A, Bixo M, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Sundstrom Poromaa I. Towards individualised contraceptive counselling: clinical and reproductive factors associated with self-reported hormonal contraceptive-induced adverse mood symptoms. BMJ Sex Reprod Health 2021 Jan 15 [Epub].
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200658
.
[CROSSREF]
98. Cooney LG, Lee I, Sammel MD, Dokras A. High prevalence of moderate andcsevere depressive and anxiety symptoms in polycystic ovary syndrome: acsystematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2017;32:1075-91.
[PUBMED]
99. Cinar N, Harmanci A, Demir B, Yildiz BO. Effect of an oral contraceptive on emotional distress, anxiety and depression of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1840-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
101. Dokras A, Sarwer DB, Allison KC, Milman L, Kris-Etherton PM, Kunselman AR, et al. Weight loss and lowering androgens predict improvements in health-related quality of life in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:2966-74.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
102. Yilmaz B, Yildiz BO. Endocrinology of hirsutism: from androgens to androgen excess disorders. Front Horm Res 2019;53:108-19.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
103. Curtis KM, Jatlaoui TC, Tepper NK, Zapata LB, Horton LG, Jamieson DJ, et al. U.S. selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65:1-66.
[CROSSREF]
104. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 206: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:e128-50.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
105. Coquoz A, Gruetter C, Stute P. Impact of micronized progesterone on body weight, body mass index, and glucose metabolism: a systematic review. Climacteric 2019;22:148-61.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
106. Kayikcioglu F, Gunes M, Ozdegirmenci O, Haberal A. Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on glucose and lipid metabolism: a 1-year follow-up study. Contraception 2006;73:528-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
107. Morin-Papunen L, Martikainen H, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Sovio U, Hartikainen AL, et al. Comparison of metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in women who used oral contraceptives and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in a general population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:529.
[CROSSREF]
108. Kivela A, Ruuskanen M, Agren U, Dieben T. The effects of two progrestogen-only pills containing either desogestrel (75 microgram/day) or levonorgestrel (30 microgram/day) on carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal and thyroid function. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2001;6:71-7.
[PUBMED]
109. Oderich CL, Wender MC, Lubianca JN, Santos LM, de Mello GC. Impact of etonogestrel-releasing implant and copper intrauterine device on carbohydrate metabolism: a comparative study. Contraception 2012;85:173-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
110. Villas-Boas J, Vilodre LC, Malerba H, Pontremoli Salcedo M, Foresti Jimenez M, El Beitune P. Metabolic safety of the etonogestrel contraceptive implant in healthy women over a 3-year period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016;202:51-4.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
111. Biswas A, Viegas OA, Coeling Bennink HJ, Korver T, Ratnam SS. Implanon contraceptive implants: effects on carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception 2001;63:137-41.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
113. Grimes DA, Lopez LM, O’Brien PA, Raymond EG. Progestin-only pills for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;11:CD007541.
[CROSSREF]
114. Palacios S, Colli E, Regidor PA. Efficacy and cardiovascular safety of the new estrogen-free contraceptive pill containing 4 mg drospirenone alone in a 24/4 regime. BMC Womens Health 2020;20:218.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
115. Zigler RE, McNicholas C. Unscheduled vaginal bleeding with progestin-only contraceptive use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:443-50.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
116. Hickey M, Higham JM, Fraser I. Progestogens with or without oestrogen for irregular uterine bleeding associated with anovulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD001895.
[CROSSREF]
117. Bagis T, Gokcel A, Zeyneloglu HB, Tarim E, Kilicdag EB, Haydardedeoglu B. The effects of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate and micronized progesterone on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4536-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
118. Livadas S, Boutzios G, Economou F, Alexandraki K, Xyrafis X, Christou M, et al. The effect of oral micronized progesterone on hormonal and metabolic parameters in anovulatory patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010;94:242-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
119. Barkfeldt J, Virkkunen A, Dieben T. The effects of two progestogen-only pills containing either desogestrel (75 microg/day) or levonorgestrel (30 microg/day) on lipid metabolism. Contraception 2001;64:295-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
120. Clark MK, Dillon JS, Sowers M, Nichols S. Weight, fat mass, and central distribution of fat increase when women use depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1252-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
121. Clark MK, Sowers MR, Nichols S, Levy B. Bone mineral density changes over two years in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1580-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
122. Meyer C, Talbot M, Teede H. Effect of implanon on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;45:155-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
123. Luukkainen T, Lahteenmaki P, Toivonen J. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Ann Med 1990;22:85-90.
[CROSSREF]
124. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes E, Pinto L, Gricar J. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009;79:5-14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
125. Mittermeier T, Farrant C, Wise MR. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;9:CD012658.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
126. Seeber B, Ziehr SC, Gschlieber A, Moser C, Mattle V, Seger C, et al. Quantitative levonorgestrel plasma level measurements in patients with regular and prolonged use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2012;86:345-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
127. Mandelbaum RS, Ciccone MA, Nusbaum DJ, Khoshchehreh M, Purswani H, Morocco EB, et al. Progestin therapy for obese women with complex atypical hyperplasia: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device vs systemic therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:103.
[CROSSREF] [PMC]
128. Lin M, Xu X, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhao Y. Evaluation of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for treating endometrial hyperplasia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014;78:41-4.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
129. Fambrini M, Bargelli G, Peruzzi E, Buccoliero AM, Pieralli A, Andersson KL, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system alone as primary treatment in young women with early endometrial cancer: case report. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009;16:630-3.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
130. Tanmahasamut P, Wongwananuruk T. Challenging regimen for long-term conservative treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma in young women: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol 2010;3:380-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
131. Bofill Rodriguez M, Lethaby A, Jordan V. Progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;6:CD002126.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
132. Lethaby A, Wise MR, Weterings MA, Bofill Rodriguez M, Brown J. Combined hormonal contraceptives for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;2:CD000154.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
133. Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, Hassan D, Rosa E, Silva JC, Podgaec S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1993-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
134. Barnett C, Moehner S, Do Minh T, Heinemann K. Perforation risk and intra-uterine devices: results of the EURAS-IUD 5-year extension study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2017;22:424-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
135. da Silva AV, de Melo AS, Barboza RP, de Paula Martins W, Ferriani RA, Vieira CS. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic and clinical effects. Reprod Sci 2016;23:877-84.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]