1. Ahren B, Foley JE. Improved glucose regulation in type 2 diabetic patients with DPP-4 inhibitors: focus on alpha and beta cell function and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia 2016;59:907-17.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
2. Alfayez OM, Almutairi AR, Aldosari A, Al Yami MS. Update on cardiovascular safety of incretin-based therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Can J Diabetes 2019;43:538-45.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
3. White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, Nissen SE, Bergenstal RM, Bakris GL, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1327-35.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, Steg PG, Davidson J, Hirshberg B, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1317-26.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015;373:232-42.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Rosenstock J, Kahn SE, Johansen OE, Zinman B, Espeland MA, Woerle HJ, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs glimepiride on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: the CAROLINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;322:1155-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
7. Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, Cooper ME, Kahn SE, Marx N, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;321:69-79.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, Bakris GL, Menon V, Perez AT, et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2015;385:2067-76.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
9. Liu D, Jin B, Chen W, Yun P. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019;20:15.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
10. Kim KJ, Choi J, Lee J, Bae JH, An JH, Kim HY, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor compared with sulfonylurea in combination with metformin: cardiovascular and renal outcomes in a propensity-matched cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019;18:28.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
11. Ha KH, Kim B, Choi H, Kim DJ, Kim HC. Cardiovascular events associated with second-line anti-diabetes treatments: analysis of real-world Korean data. Diabet Med 2017;34:1235-43.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Lee SJ, Ha KH, Lee JH, Lee H, Kim DJ, Kim HC. Second-line glucose-lowering drugs added to metformin and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2019;14:e0211959.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
13. Kim YG, Yoon D, Park S, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Lee KW, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Circ Heart Fail 2017;10:e003957.
[PUBMED]
14. Chin HJ, Nam JH, Lee EK, Shin JY. Comparative safety for cardiovascular outcomes of DPP-4 inhibitors versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7213.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
15. Ha KH, Kim B, Shin HS, Lee J, Choi H, Kim HC, et al. Comparative cardiovascular risks of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: analyses of real-world data in Korea. Korean Circ J 2018;48:395-405.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
16. Deacon CF. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:7-18.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Singh AK. Efficacy and safety of teneligliptin. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017;21:11-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
19. Seong SC, Kim YY, Khang YH, Park JH, Kang HJ, Lee H, et al. Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:799-800.
[PUBMED]
20. Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res 2011;46:399-424.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
21. Normand ST, Landrum MB, Guadagnoli E, Ayanian JZ, Ryan TJ, Cleary PD, et al. Validating recommendations for coronary angiography following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: a matched analysis using propensity scores. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:387-98.
[PUBMED]
22. Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Marfella R, Paolisso G. Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation by blunting daily acute glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2076-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
23. Matsubara J, Sugiyama S, Akiyama E, Iwashita S, Kurokawa H, Ohba K, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, improves endothelial dysfunction in association with its anti-inflammatory effects in patients with coronary artery disease and uncontrolled diabetes. Circ J 2013;77:1337-44.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
24. Ou HT, Chang KC, Li CY, Wu JS. Comparative cardiovascular risks of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with other second- and third-line antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017;83:1556-70.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
25. Yu OH, Yin H, Azoulay L. The combination of DPP-4 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas with metformin after failure of first-line treatment in the risk for major cardiovascular events and death. Can J Diabetes 2015;39:383-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Kannan S, Pantalone KM, Matsuda S, Wells BJ, Karafa M, Zimmerman RS. Risk of overall mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes on dual drug therapy including metformin: a large database study from the Cleveland Clinic. J Diabetes 2016;8:279-85.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Raz I, Cavender MA, Morrow DA, Jarolim P, et al. Heart failure, saxagliptin, and diabetes mellitus: observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 randomized trial. Circulation 2014;130:1579-88.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Hashikata T, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Kakizaki R, Nemoto T, Fujiyoshi K, Namba S, et al. Teneligliptin improves left ventricular diastolic function and endothelial function in patients with diabetes. Heart Vessels 2016;31:1303-10.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
29. Kosiborod M, Cavender MA, Fu AZ, Wilding JP, Khunti K, Holl RW, et al. Lower risk of heart failure and death in patients initiated on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs: the CVD-REAL study (comparative effectiveness of cardiovascular outcomes in new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors). Circulation 2017;136:249-59.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
30. Kim YG, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Lee KW, Kim HJ. Association between sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and a reduced risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018;17:91.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
31. Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, Florez H, Haas LB, Halter JB, et al. Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2650-64.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
32. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics. 2013 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;127:143-52.
[PUBMED]
33. Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, Straus SM, Hofman A, Deckers JW, et al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1614-9.
[PUBMED]
34. Alonso-Moran E, Orueta JF, Fraile Esteban JI, Arteagoitia Axpe JM, Marques Gonzalez ML, Toro Polanco N, et al. The prevalence of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1059.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
35. American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl 1):S90-102.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
36. Kim MK, Ko SH, Kim BY, Kang ES, Noh J, Kim SK, et al. 2019 Clinical practice guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:398-406.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
37. Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, Sanchez M, Mickel C, Williams-Herman DE, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2632-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
38. Pi-Sunyer FX, Schweizer A, Mills D, Dejager S. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;76:132-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
39. Rosenstock J, Aguilar-Salinas C, Klein E, Nepal S, List J, Chen R, et al. Effect of saxagliptin monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:2401-11.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
40. Kagansky N, Levy S, Rimon E, Cojocaru L, Fridman A, Ozer Z, et al. Hypoglycemia as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1825-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Leiter LA, Teoh H, Braunwald E, Mosenzon O, Cahn A, Kumar KM, et al. Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in older participants in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1145-53.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
42. Abubaker M, Mishra P, Swami OC. Teneligliptin in management of diabetic kidney disease: a review of place in therapy. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:OE05-9.
[CROSSREF]
43. Park J, Kwon S, Choi EK, Choi Y, Lee E, Choe W, et al. Validation of diagnostic codes of major clinical outcomes in a National Health Insurance database. Int J Arrhythm 2019;20:5.
[CROSSREF]