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1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
3Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Copyright © 2020 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). Hypertension was defined as SBP >140 mm Hg, DBP >90 mm Hg, or the use of anti-hypertensive medications. Dyslipidemia was defined as a ratio of total to HDL-C >5, or the use of cholesterol-lowering medication.
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
aUsing analysis of variance for age, the Kruskal-Wallis test for the other continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables; bFrom linear-by-linear association.
Model 1: with adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Model 2: with adjustment for hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, smoking history, and family history of heart disease in first-degree relatives in addition to Model 1.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Values are expressed as number(%).
aP for trend, unadjusted; bP for trend with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, smoking history, and family history of heart disease in first-degree relatives; cNumber of subjects in each quartile: 836, 785, 726, and 685 in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively; dNumber of subjects in each quartile: 41, 84, 132, and 190 in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively.
Model 1: with adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Model 2: with adjustment for hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, smoking history, and family history of heart diseases in the first-degree relatives in addition to Model 1.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Characteristic | Q1 (n = 979) | Q2 (n = 981) | Q3 (n = 980) | Q4 (n = 979) | P valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 50.4±10.3 | 54.7±10.4 | 57.4±10.7 | 60.6±10.2 | <0.001 |
Men | 544 (55.6) | 544 (55.6) | 544 (55.6) | 544 (55.6) | 1.000 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9 (21.9–26.0) | 26.0 (23.5–28.0) | 27.0 (25.0–29.8) | 29.0 (27.0–32.3) | <0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 118 (108–128) | 122 (112–136) | 124 (116–136) | 130 (120–140) | <0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg | 76 (68–82) | 78 (70–84) | 80 (72–84) | 80 (74–86) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 196 (174–221) | 202 (178–228) | 209 (182–235) | 208 (183–233) | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 55 (43–69) | 51 (40–66) | 52 (41–64) | 49 (39–59) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 112 (79–167) | 135 (93–196) | 145 (101–198) | 164 (117–234) | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 115 (92–137) | 117 (94–143) | 122 (98–146) | 122 (99–144) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 200 (20.4) | 341 (34.8) | 374 (38.2) | 509 (52.0) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (n = 3,458) | 207 (24.0) | 318 (36.9) | 351 (39.8) | 410 (48.1) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 61 (6.5) | 144 (15.2) | 250 (26.1) | 427 (45.1) | <0.001 |
Smoker | |||||
Ex-smoker | 265 (27.1) | 299 (30.5) | 365 (37.1) | 343 (35.0) | 0.140b |
Current smoker | 103 (10.5) | 89 (9.1) | 85 (8.7) | 77 (7.9) | |
Medications | |||||
Anti-platelet agents | 60 (6.1) | 77 (7.8) | 93 (9.5) | 102 (10.4) | <0.001 |
Lipid-lowering agents | 72 (7.4) | 103 (10.5) | 137 (14.0) | 160 (16.3) | <0.001 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs | 64 (6.5) | 121 (12.3) | 151 (15.4) | 227 (23.2) | <0.001 |
Arterial calcification | |||||
Coronary artery | 396 (40.4) | 494 (50.4) | 567 (57.9) | 632 (64.6) | <0.001 |
Carotid artery (n = 3,479) | 144 (16.4) | 225 (25.9) | 292 (34.0) | 366 (41.8) | <0.001 |
Thoracic aorta | 206 (21.0) | 290 (29.6) | 376 (38.4) | 490 (50.1) | <0.001 |
Abdominal aorta | 344 (35.1) | 489 (49.8) | 573 (58.5) | 648 (66.2) | <0.001 |
Iliac artery | 323 (33.0) | 440 (44.9) | 503 (51.3) | 578 (59.0) | <0.001 |
Renal artery | 47 (4.8) | 95 (9.7) | 144 (14.7) | 202 (20.6) | <0.001 |
Variable | Unadjusted | Age and sex–adjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Coronary artery | 1.386 (1.308–1.468) | <0.001 | 1.162 (1.088–1.240) | <0.001 | 1.083 (1.01–1.171) | 0.047 | 1.079 (0.990–1.176) | 0.082 |
Carotid artery | 1.520 (1.420–1.627) | <0.001 | 1.162 (1.074–1.258) | <0.001 | 1.115 (1.016–1.224) | 0.022 | 1.118 (1.006–1.241) | 0.037 |
Thoracic aorta | 1.548 (1.455–1.647) | <0.001 | 1.096 (1.014–1.184) | 0.021 | 1.156 (1.053–1.268) | 0.002 | 1.141 (1.030–1.264) | 0.011 |
Abdominal aorta | 1.522 (1.436–1.614) | <0.001 | 1.077 (1.001–1.159) | 0.046 | 1.136 (1.041–1.240) | 0.004 | 1.117 (1.013–1.233) | 0.027 |
Iliac artery | 1.414 (1.335–1.498) | <0.001 | 1.056 (0.985–1.131) | 0.125 | 1.042 (0.959–1.132) | 0.327 | 1.012 (0.924–1.110) | 0.793 |
Renal artery | 1.666 (1.519–1.827) | <0.001 | 1.227 (1.104–1.365) | <0.001 | 1.289 (1.137–1.460) | <0.001 | 1.251 (1.091–1.435) | 0.001 |
Variable | Q1 | Q1 | Q3 | Q4 | P valuea | P valueb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Renal artery calcification (–) | 932 | 886 | 836 | 777 | ||
Coronary artery | 357 (38.3) | 414 (46.7) | 450 (53.8) | 460 (59.2) | <0.001 | 0.086 |
Carotid artery (n = 3,032c) | 115 (13.8) | 168 (21.4) | 195 (26.9) | 227 (33.1) | <0.001 | 0.360 |
Thoracic aorta | 171 (18.3) | 208 (23.5) | 249 (29.8) | 307 (39.5) | <0.001 | 0.100 |
Abdominal aorta | 300 (32.2) | 398 (44.9) | 432 (51.7) | 454 (58.4) | <0.001 | 0.045 |
Iliac artery | 284 (30.5) | 360 (40.6) | 380 (45.5) | 396 (51.0) | <0.001 | 0.671 |
Renal artery calcification (+) | 47 | 95 | 144 | 202 | ||
Coronary artery | 39 (83.0) | 80 (84.2) | 117 (81.3) | 172 (85.1) | 0.701 | 0.237 |
Carotid artery (n = 447d) | 29 (70.7) | 57 (67.9) | 97 (73.5) | 139 (73.2) | 0.475 | 0.212 |
Thoracic aorta | 35 (74.5) | 82 (86.3) | 127 (88.2) | 183 (90.6) | 0.008 | 0.254 |
Abdominal aorta | 44 (93.6) | 91 (95.8) | 141 (97.9) | 194 (96.0) | 0.551 | 0.244 |
Iliac artery | 39 (83.0) | 80 (84.2) | 123 (85.4) | 182 (90.1) | 0.089 | 0.456 |
Variable | Unadjusted | Age and sex–adjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Coronary artery | 1.329 (1.250–1.413) | <0.001 | 1.155 (1.079–1.237) | <0.001 | 1.076 (0.991–1.169) | 0.080 | 1.082 (0.989–1.185) | 0.086 |
Carotid artery | 1.437 (1.330–1.554) | <0.001 | 1.146 (1.051–1.250) | 0.002 | 1.059 (0.956–1.174) | 0.273 | 1.056 (0.940–1.186) | 0.360 |
Thoracic aorta | 1.426 (1.330–1.528) | <0.001 | 1.050 (0.966–1.141) | 0.249 | 1.105 (1.000–1.222) | 0.050 | 1.098 (0.982–1.227) | 0.100 |
Abdominal aorta | 1.424 (1.339–1.516) | <0.001 | 1.065 (0.988–1.147) | 0.099 | 1.122 (1.026–1.228) | 0.012 | 1.109 (1.003–1.228) | 0.045 |
Iliac artery | 1.321 (1.242–1.406) | <0.001 | 1.028 (0.957–1.105) | 0.449 | 1.002 (0.918–1.093) | 0.972 | 0.979 (0.889–1.079) | 0.671 |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). Hypertension was defined as SBP >140 mm Hg, DBP >90 mm Hg, or the use of anti-hypertensive medications. Dyslipidemia was defined as a ratio of total to HDL-C >5, or the use of cholesterol-lowering medication. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. aUsing analysis of variance for age, the Kruskal-Wallis test for the other continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables; bFrom linear-by-linear association.
Model 1: with adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Model 2: with adjustment for hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, smoking history, and family history of heart disease in first-degree relatives in addition to Model 1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Values are expressed as number(%). a
Model 1: with adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Model 2: with adjustment for hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, smoking history, and family history of heart diseases in the first-degree relatives in addition to Model 1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.