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1Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
2Academic Research Organization, Clinical Trial Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
Copyright © 2020 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CORRECTION
This article was corrected on November 15, 2024 for an author affiliation.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Values are expressed as mean±standard error of the mean, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; T4, thyroxine; TSH, thyrotropin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; UIC, urinary iodine concentration.
aTPOAb positivity was defined as levels >34 IU/mL; bWeighted percentage
Model 1 was adjusted for age, iodine intake, autoimmunity, and smoking. Model 2 was adjusted by Model 1, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer history), income level, and activity limitation.
OR, odds ratio; fT4, free thyroxine; CI, confidence interval.
aWeighted percentage.
Characteristic | Total (n = 5,352) | Men (n = 2,747) | Women (n = 2,605) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 44.0±0.218 | 43.7±0.270 | 44.5±0.295 | 0.024 |
Anemiaa | 334 (6.1) | 83 (2.8) | 251 (9.9) | <0.001 |
Serum hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.4±0.023 | 15.4±0.026 | 13.2±0.025 | <0.001 |
Serum free T4, ng/dL | 1.24±0.003 | 1.28±0.004 | 1.19±0.004 | <0.001 |
Serum TSH, mIU/L | 2.46±0.019 | 2.36±0.026 | 2.57±0.028 | <0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 94.5±0.292 | 94.3±0.354 | 94.7±0.444 | 0.439 |
TPOAb positivitya,b | 294 (5.2) | 92 (3.3) | 202 (7.3) | <0.001 |
UIC, μg/L | 280.7 (150.4–650.5) | 272.1 (156.4–609.9) | 273.9 (139.1–635.6) | 0.091 |
Smoking statusb | ||||
Past smoking | 1,030 (19.5) | 883 (31.8) | 147 (5.4) | <0.001 |
Current smoking | 1,248 (23.6) | 1,080 (39.2) | 168 (5.8) | |
Comorbidityb | 469 (8.9) | 290 (10.3) | 179 (7.3) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | ||||
Hypertension | 1,224 (22.9) | 742 (25.6) | 482 (19.7) | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 119 (2.4) | 72 (2.6) | 47 (2.2) | 0.356 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 70 (1.4) | 23 (0.7) | 47 (2.3) | <0.001 |
Malignancy | 108 (1.9) | 54 (1.6) | 54 (2.1) | 0.297 |
Economic statusb | ||||
Low | 715 (12.8) | 327 (11.0) | 388 (15.0) | <0.001 |
Middle-low | 1,424 (26.4) | 708 (26.0) | 716 (26.8) | |
Middle-high | 1,583 (29.9) | 827 (30.6) | 756 (29.1) | |
High | 1,630 (30.9) | 885 (32.4) | 745 (29.2) | |
Activity limitationb | 297 (5.5) | 137 (4.9) | 160 (6.1) | 0.071 |
Independent variable | Dependent variable: serum Hb | ||
---|---|---|---|
β | SE | P value | |
Men | |||
fT4 | 0.865 | 0.154 | <0.001 |
Age | −0.020 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
eGFR | −0.005 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
UIC | <–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.096 |
TPOAb (>34 IU/mL) | −0.001 | 0.107 | 0.989 |
Current smoking | 0.201 | 0.044 | <0.001 |
Comorbidity | |||
Diabetes | −0.039 | 0.093 | 0.678 |
Hypertension | 0.135 | 0.065 | 0.038 |
Chronic kidney disease | −0.478 | 0.202 | 0.019 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | −0.587 | 0.228 | 0.01 |
Malignancy | −1.259 | 0.223 | <0.001 |
Economic status | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.978 |
Activity limitation | −0.231 | 0.126 | 0.066 |
Women | |||
fT4 | 0.842 | 0.184 | <0.001 |
Age | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.139 |
eGFR | −0.005 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
UIC | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.957 |
TPOAb (>34 IU/mL) | 0.154 | 0.101 | 0.128 |
Current smoking | 0.431 | 0.087 | <0.001 |
Comorbidity | |||
Diabetes | 0.043 | 0.107 | 0.69 |
Hypertension | 0.203 | 0.067 | 0.003 |
Chronic kidney disease | −0.406 | 0.259 | 0.118 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | −0.040 | 0.179 | 0.823 |
Malignancy | 0.002 | 0.192 | 0.999 |
Economic status | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.961 |
Activity limitation | 0.102 | 0.091 | 0.264 |
fT4 quartiles | Prevalence, %a | Unadjusted Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Men | |||||||
Q1 (0.89–1.15) | 5.6 | 6.0 (2.42–14.68) | <0.001 | 3.9 (1.46–10.24) | 0.007 | 4.4 (1.66–11.73) | 0.003 |
Q2 (1.16–1.26) | 3.2 | 3.3 (1.36–8.16) | 0.009 | 2.7 (1.06–6.92) | 0.038 | 3.0 (1.16–7.62) | 0.024 |
Q3 (1.27–1.38) | 1.7 | 1.8 (0.64–4.97) | 0.274 | 1.5 (0.55–4.34) | 0.417 | 1.7 (0.58–4.73) | 0.344 |
Q4 (1.39–1.76) | 1.0 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Women | |||||||
Q1 (0.89–1.08) | 15.4 | 2.4 (1.58–3.70) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.78–4.48) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.78–4.51) | <0.001 |
Q2 (1.09–1.18) | 8.7 | 1.3 (0.79–2.04) | 0.326 | 1.3 (0.76–2.11) | 0.367 | 1.3 (0.75–2.10) | 0.389 |
Q3 (1.19–1.28) | 8.7 | 1.3 (0.78–2.04) | 0.351 | 1.2 (0.70–1.95) | 0.543 | 1.2 (0.71–1.96) | 0.512 |
Q4 (1.29–1.76) | 7.0 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
fT4 quartiles | Prevalence, %a | ORb (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Younger (age <50 yr) | |||
Men (n = 1,658) | |||
Q1 (0.89–1.18) | 3.2 | 3.3 (1.13–9.75) | 0.029 |
Q2 (1.19–1.30) | 1.6 | 1.0 (reference) | |
Q3 (1.31–1.41) | 0 | NA | <0.001 |
Q4 (1.42–1.76) | 0 | NA | <0.001 |
Women (n = 1,619) | |||
Q1 (0.89–1.09) | 20.3 | 3.2 (1.89–5.49) | <0.001 |
Q2 (1.10–1.19) | 12.9 | 1.5 (0.83–2.64) | 0.186 |
Q3 (1.20–1.30) | 10.7 | 1.1 (0.61–2.05) | 0.725 |
Q4 (1.31–1.76) | 7.7 | 1.0 (reference) | |
Older (age ≥50 yr) | |||
Men (n = 1,089) | |||
Q1 (0.89–1.10) | 7.5 | 2.0 (0.81–5.19) | 0.131 |
Q2 (1.11–1.20) | 5.9 | 1.8 (0.74–4.42) | 0.198 |
Q3 (1.21–1.31) | 5.6 | 1.4 (0.53–3.71) | 0.503 |
Q4 (1.32–1.76) | 4.1 | 1.0 (reference) | |
Women (n = 986) | |||
Q1 (0.89–1.07) | 8.4 | 1.8 (0.74–4.60) | 0.193 |
Q2 (1.08–1.16) | 4.1 | 0.8 (0.29–2.39) | 0.732 |
Q3 (1.17–1.26) | 5.1 | 1.1 (0.37–3.19) | 0.859 |
Q4 (1.27–1.76) | 4.4 | 1.0 (reference) |
Values are expressed as mean±standard error of the mean, number (%), or median (interquartile range). KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; T4, thyroxine; TSH, thyrotropin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; UIC, urinary iodine concentration. aTPOAb positivity was defined as levels >34 IU/mL; bWeighted percentage
Values are expressed as adjusted for all other variables in table. fT4, free thyroxine; Hb, hemoglobin; SE, standard error; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UIC, urinary iodine concentration; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody.
Model 1 was adjusted for age, iodine intake, autoimmunity, and smoking. Model 2 was adjusted by Model 1, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer history), income level, and activity limitation. OR, odds ratio; fT4, free thyroxine; CI, confidence interval. aWeighted percentage.
OR, odds ratio; fT4, free thyroxine; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable. aWeighted percentage; bAdjusted for iodine intake, autoimmunity, smoking, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer history), income level, and activity limitation.