INTRODUCTION
Postoperative routine radioiodine (RAI) treatment is currently debated for low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients. However, consideration of specific features of the individual patient that could modulate recurrence risk, disease follow-up implications, and patient preferences are relevant to the decision-making [1]. If performed, a low 131I activity (i.e., 1 to 2 GBq) is recommended with the aim to ablate thyroid remnant and facilitate subsequent follow-up by thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement [2]. Post-surgical diagnostic scintigraphy with 131I can give very useful information to properly inform RAI prescription and questions regarding its potentially negative impact on the efficacy for successful remnant ablation (i.e., “stunning”) can be mitigated by using either low-activity of 131I (37-111 MBq) or alternative tracers as 123I or technetium-99m (99mTc)-pertechnetate [3]. The latter is cheap, widely available and was previously proved to be accurate in predicting successful RAI ablation [4]. However, previous data were mostly obtained in patients treated with RAI activities ≥3.7 GBq [4,5,6] while data are lacking with currently recommended low activities. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy to predict the effectiveness of low-activities of 131I administered to ablate postoperative thyroid remnants in low-risk DTC. Finally, the relationship between 99mTc-pertechnetate scan results and corresponding preablation Tg values was assessed.
METHODS
Ethics
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (CE-2013-00014/LG/MN) of Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Ethics Committee of Canton Ticino, Bellinzona, Switzerland. An informed consensus was obtained before enrolling patients, records were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis and all data were fully anonymized prior to any access by the authors.
Standard of care in our center
As per European Association of Nuclear Medicine guidelines all patients with DTC >10 mm in the largest diameter underwent RAI ablation in our centers. In most cases ablation is performed 3 to 6 weeks after surgery (i.e., without prescribing thyroid hormone in between) and 1.1, 2 to 3.7, and 3.7 to 7.4 GBq of 131I are administered in low-, intermediate-, and high-risk DTC patients, respectively. A blood sample is obtained just before RAI treatment and thyrotropin (TSH), Tg and Tg autoantibodies (TgAb) are measured. A post-treatment (PT) whole body scan (WBS) with additional single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT-CT) is obtained 3 to 7 days after treatment as previously reported [7,8,9]. Response to treatment is assessed at 6 to 12 months after ablation by neck ultrasound (US), diagnostic WBS (DxWBS), and recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)-stimulated Tg (sTg) testing. A successful ablation is defined by negative neck US and DxWBS with a corresponding sTg values <1 ng/mL. Ablated patients are followed-up by basal Tg measurement and clinical examination with additional neck US when indicated by the attending physician. Non-ablated patients are managed according to decisions of our multidisciplinary thyroid board.
Patients enrollment and study design
This study involved 372 patients with DTC >10 mm in largest diameter who underwent total thyroidectomy followed by low-activity RAI ablation in our center between January 2014 and June 2018. Among them patients who belonged to the low-risk group according to American Thyroid Association 2015 criteria were enrolled [1]. Demographic and clinical data, pathological parameters (tumor size, lymph node involvement, pathologic TNM stage) and pre-ablation TSH-stimulated serum Tg values were recorded. For the purpose of the present study a preablation 99mTc-pertechnetate scan was obtained before RAI ablation and compared to PT-WBS/SPECT-CT, preablation Tg levels and response to treatment, respectively. Patients were prepared by thyroid hormone withdrawal and placed on a low iodine diet 2 weeks before ablation. Pregnancy was excluded in each woman of child-bearing age. Before 131I administration a blood sample was obtained and TSH, free thyroxine, Tg, and TgAb were measured in all patients. PT WBS/SPECT-CT images were examined by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians (L.C., G.P.) unaware of the results of 99mTc-pertechnetate scan and classified as (1) negative (i.e., physiologic RAI distribution), (2) remnant tissue (i.e., median foci localized either in the thyroid bed and thyroglossal duct), and (3) positive (i.e., focal uptake localized in front of a focal lesion discernable on morphological CT imaging).
Technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy
Fifteen minutes after intravenous administration of about 185 MBq of 99mTc-pertechnetate, anterior images of the neck were acquired using a gamma-camera equipped with high-resolution parallel-hole collimator (Symbia, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with an acquisition time of 10 minutes, using a 20% window centered around the 140 KeV peak of 99mTc and a 128×128 computer matrix. Images were analyzed separately by two experienced board-certified nuclear medicine physicians unaware of PT-WBS/SPECT-CT results (L.G., A.P.). Scans were reported as negative (i.e., physiological uptake within the neck and upper mediastinum) or positive (i.e., any uptake above background within the neck and upper mediastinum). Additionally, the 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake rate was determined using the region-of-interest technique as previously described [4]. For statistical analysis, the uptake value was arbitrarily set at 0.1% in patients with no visually discernable thyroid remnant. In case of disagreeing interpretation, a consensus was reached.
TSH was measured on a UniCel DxI 800 immunochemiluminescence automated platform (Beckman Coulter SA, Nyon, Switzerland; normal reference range, 0.40 to 4.00 mIU/L). Serum Tg and TgAb were measured on the Kryptor compact Plus instrument (BRAHMS Thermo Fisher Scientific, Henningsdorf, Germany). This method uses two fluorophores, Lumi4 and Cyanin5.5, detected separately or combined in the same antigen-antibody complex, a method known as the time-resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE). The Kryptor hTg sensitive assay is calibrated against BCR457 international reference standard. The functional sensitivity (corresponding to inter-assay imprecision of 20%) had been estimated at 0.15 ng/mL by the manufacturer (Instruction For Use, ThermoFisher). The Kryptor TgAb is standardized against 1st International Reference Preparation 65/93 and the functional sensitivity had been estimated at 33 IU/mL by the manufacturer (Instruction For Use, Thermo-Fisher). Then, serum TgAb levels <33 IU/mL were considered as negative (i.e., not interfered) [8,10,11].
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics included mean±standard deviation, median and percentiles, minimum and maximum of continuous factors and scores; in the case of categorical factors, number and percentage distribution. We used Pearson's chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney U tests to compare categorical and continuous factors, respectively. The Spearman's rho was adopted to search for correlations. Finally, the nonparametric association coefficient qu (q-phi) was used to evaluate predictive factors for successful ablation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify optimal cut-off levels of serum Tg level for predicting PT-WBS/SPECT-CT results (i.e., presence of metastases). In patients without metastases ROC curve analysis was used to identify optimal cut-off levels of serum Tg level and 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake rate for predicting successful ablation after low-activity RAI treatment, respectively. All analyses were conducted by means of STATA version 14 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA) software. A P<0.05 was considered to define nominal statistical significance.
RESULTS
Among 431 DTC patients, 59 had positive TgAb and were excluded from the present study. Among the remaining 372 enrolled were 193 patients (52%) belonged to the low-risk group: their demographic, clinical, and pathological data are summarized in the Table 1. The PT-WBS/SPECT-CT revealed thyroid remnants in all cases with additional lymph-nodes metastasis in 24 (12%), respectively. None of our patients had RAI-avid distant metastases. Thyroid remnants and lymph node metastases were visually detected by 99mTc-pertechnetate scan in 99/193 (51%) and 2/24 (8%) of cases, respectively. Neither Tg concentrations (2.45 ng/mL [<0.15 to 27.2] vs. 3.30 ng/mL [<0.15 to 78.9]) nor the rate of Tg levels exceeding 1 ng/mL (15/24 [62%] vs. 96/169 [57%]) differed significantly in patients with and without metastases, respectively. Then it was not possible to set any Tg level to accurately detect the presence of DTC metastases (area under the ROC curve 0.520; curve not shown). Further analysis was conducted on the 169 patients without metastases as the present study was specifically designed to assess thyroid remnant ablation. As reported in the Table 2 neither sex nor age of the patient at the time of ablation or tumor histology and size showed a significant association with the rate of successful ablation. Vice versa, visually positive scan was obtained in 96% of non-ablated and 52% of ablated patients (P<0.001); additionally, significantly higher Tg levels (P<0.01) and 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake rates (P=0.05) were observed in non-ablated patients. Significantly higher Tg levels were found in 99 patients with visually discernable 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake compared to 70 patients without any discernable uptake (1.8 ng/mL [<0.1 to 16.5] vs. 3.2 ng/mL [0.4 to 78.9], P<0.001). Interestingly, however, the proportions of patients having preablation sTg values exceeding 1 or 2 ng/mL were similar in ablated and non-ablated patients, respectively. As can be expected, a correlation between 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake and Tg levels could only be established when solely regarding the patients with a visually positive scintigraphy. Among them the median 99mTc-perthecnetate uptake was 0.6% (range, 0.2% to 5.6%) and a significant relationship was found with corresponding Tg levels (Spearman's rho 0.265, P=0.002).
Predictors of successful ablation
As shown in Table 2, visually positive 99mTc-perthecnetate scan, 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake values exceeding 0.9% were significantly associated with unsuccessful ablation (Figs. 1, 2). The optimal cut-off values of sTg and 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake were settled at 0.8 ng/mL (sensitivity 65%, specificity 67%; area under the curve, 0.620; P=0.025) and 0.9% (sensitivity 70%, specificity 55%; area under the curve, 0.710; P=0.020) (Fig. 3). In order of significance, the best predictive factors for successful ablation were visually negative scan (ρφ=0.91, P<0.001), preablative sTg level <0.8 ng/mL (ρφ=0.55, P<0.008), and 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake rate values <0.9% (ρφ=0.44, P=0.065).
DISCUSSION
The present study proves the value of 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy to assess DTC patients before RAI ablation, in that patients with a negative 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy have a much higher chance of successful 131I remnant ablation. Differences in administered activity, 131I uptake and retention time in the remnants, the mass of the thyroid remnant, different TSH levels, may account for differences in successful ablation rates between and within DTC patients, most of these factors are not likely to play a role in the present study. In facts, treatment protocol was strictly standardized and fixed low 131I activities were administered; consequently, the mass of the thyroid remnants (which largely depends on the quality of surgery) most likely accounts for the majority of variation in success of ablation in the present patient population. Accordingly, as successful ablation is prognostically relevant, it could be argued that patients with visually positive 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy should receive a higher 131I activity to maximize the chance of successful ablation, especially if 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake ratio and sTg levels exceed 0.4% and 0.8 ng/mL, respectively.
Residual lymph node metastases were found on PT-WBS/SPECT-CT in 24 patients and can be assumed to be not distinguishable preoperatively via US as a careful examination was always performed before surgery by an experienced thyroidologist. Then, unfortunately, neither 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy nor serum Tg would be accurate in detecting lymph node metastases in our series. In contrast, Lee et al. [12] recently found no RAI-avid lymph-node metastases at PT-WBS/SPECT-CT in low-risk DTC patients with rhTSH-sTg values below 0.5 ng/mL. However, their patients were operated on by two experienced thyroid surgeons who performed more than 300 cases of thyroid cancer surgery per year while in Switzerland, due to different reasons, thyroid operations are mostly performed by low-volume general surgeons [13]. Schneider et al. [14] conducted a retrospective review of 223 DTC patients treated with total thyroidectomy and subsequent RAI ablation. Among them 21 patients (9%) experienced a recurrence and had a 10-fold higher RAI uptake compared with those without recurrences (P=0.001). Significantly lower RAI uptake ratios were recorded in patients treated by high-volume indicating the completeness of resection and properly informing the use of Tg as tumor marker [15]. Such data suggest that the use of serum Tg to predict metastases and properly inform RAI treatment cannot be generalized due to the relevant confounding role of the amount of postoperative residual thyroid tissue [1,16,17]. In this context we proved here, as the main result of our study, that preablation 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy performs better than sTg in predicting successful ablation after administration of fixed low RAI activity (i.e., 1.1 GBq). However, considering that positive scans and high uptake values may occur in patients whose remnant was successfully ablated DxWBS and/or sTg measurements are still needed 6 to 12 months after ablation to prove successful ablation.
In conclusion, radioiodine remnant ablation is not routinely recommended after thyroidectomy for low risk DTC patients but specific features of the individual patient that could modulate recurrence risk, disease follow-up implications, and patient preferences are relevant to RAI decision-making. The present study shows that 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy is a simple and reliable method to predict the effectiveness of postoperative thyroid ablation with low-activity RAI administration in patients with visually negative scan or positive scan with a 99mTc pertechnetate uptake below 0.9%.
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