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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea.
3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
5Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
6Department of Surgery, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2017 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Characteristic | Total sample | Disease-free populationa | Reference populationb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
No. of subjects | 6,564 | 3,378 (52.8) | 3,186 (47.2) | 6,326 | 3,340 (54.4) | 2,986 (45.6) | 5,574 | 3,060 (56.4) | 2,514 (43.6) |
Age, yr | 42 (28–56) | 41 (26–54) | 44 (29–58) | 42 (27–55) | 41 (26–54) | 44 (28–57) | 41 (26–55) | 41 (26–54) | 43 (27–57) |
Age range, yr | |||||||||
10–18 | 909 (13.8) | 517 (15.3) | 392 (12.3) | 908 (14.4) | 517 (15.5) | 391 (13.1) | 845 (15.2) | 485 (15.8) | 360 (14.3) |
19–29 | 1,106 (16.8) | 566 (16.8) | 540 (16.9) | 1,098 (17.4) | 563 (16.9) | 535 (17.9) | 981 (17.6) | 520 (17.0) | 461 (18.3) |
30–39 | 1,084 (16.5) | 556 (16.5) | 528 (16.6) | 1,040 (16.4) | 548 (16.4) | 492 (16.5) | 918 (16.5) | 505 (16.5) | 413 (16.4) |
40–49 | 1,101 (16.8) | 569 (16.8) | 532 (16.7) | 1,045 (16.5) | 562 (16.8) | 483 (16.2) | 907 (16.3) | 515 (16.8) | 392 (15.6) |
50–59 | 1,196 (18.2) | 584 (17.3) | 612 (19.2) | 1,133 (17.9) | 575 (17.2) | 558 (18.7) | 968 (17.4) | 524 (17.1) | 444 (17.7) |
60–69 | 1,058 (16.1) | 527 (15.6) | 531 (16.7) | 997 (15.8) | 518 (15.5) | 479 (16.0) | 860 (15.4) | 460 (15.0) | 400 (15.9) |
≥70 | 110 (1.7) | 59 (1.7) | 51 (1.6) | 105 (1.7) | 57 (1.7) | 48 (1.6) | 95 (1.7) | 51 (1.7) | 44 (1.8) |
Urinary iodine, µg/L | 299.4 (158.9–700.1) | 295.3 (167.1–673.7) | 301.2 (150.8–747.6) | 298.4 (159.1–694.4) | 295.9 (167.3–674.6) | 300.3 (150.4–730.2) | 298.7 (160.1–692.0) | 295.3 (168.8–669.7) | 300.2 (150.8–736.1) |
Urine iodine/Cr, µg/g | 192.6 (103.2–477.6) | 169.0 (92.2–379.4) | 228.8 (120.0–595.5) | 190.7 (102.2–466.4) | 169.0 (92.2–378.9) | 224.4 (117.7–571.8) | 191.0 (101.6–459.3) | 169.0 (92.3–374.0) | 224.8 (116.6–571.8) |
TPOAb positivityc | 480 (7.3) | 145 (4.3) | 335 (10.5) | 388 (5.3) | 128 (3.8) | 260 (8.7) | NA | NA | NA |
History of thyroid | 169 (2.6) | 26 (0.8) | 143 (4.5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Variable | Total sample | Disease-free populationa | Reference populationb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
TSH, mIU/L | |||||||||
2.5th Percentile | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.60 |
25th Percentile | 1.53 | 1.48 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.62 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.62 |
Median | 2.25 | 2.17 | 2.36 | 2.26 | 2.17 | 2.37 | 2.23 | 2.15 | 2.31 |
75th Percentile | 3.30 | 3.08 | 3.59 | 3.28 | 3.07 | 3.57 | 3.18 | 3.02 | 3.35 |
97.5th Percentile | 7.61 | 6.94 | 8.45 | 7.49 | 6.83 | 8.18 | 6.86 | 6.44 | 7.21 |
fT4, ng/dL | |||||||||
2.5th Percentile | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.94 |
25th Percentile | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.09 |
Median | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.27 | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.19 |
75th Percentile | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.30 |
97.5th Percentile | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.58 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.55 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.53 |
Variable | Overt hypothyroidisma | Subclinical hypothyroidismb | Overt hyperthyroidismc | Subclinical hyperthyroidismd | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Total population, stratified by age, yr | ||||||||||||
All ages | 0.73 | 0.40 | 1.10 | 3.10 | 2.26 | 4.04 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.81 | 2.98 | 2.43 | 3.59 |
10–18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.60 | 2.40 | 5.23 | 0.94 | 0.63 | 1.34 | 1.60 | 1.41 | 1.85 |
19–29 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 2.34 | 2.20 | 2.52 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 2.26 | 1.18 | 3.65 |
30–39 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 2.15 | 1.71 | 2.68 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 1.17 | 2.73 | 1.86 | 3.78 |
40–49 | 0.98 | 0.23 | 1.91 | 2.86 | 2.09 | 3.81 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.83 | 2.88 | 3.05 | 2.66 |
50–59 | 1.44 | 0.97 | 1.93 | 5.09 | 2.98 | 7.32 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 3.57 | 3.60 | 3.53 |
60–69 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 2.62 | 2.17 | 2.98 | 0.26 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 4.30 | 3.14 | 5.20 |
≥70 | 0.58 | 1.13 | 0.00 | 2.97 | 2.41 | 3.55 | 0.83 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 3.13 | 3.75 | 2.48 |
Total population, stratified by TPOAb | ||||||||||||
Positive TPOAb | 5.16 | 5.92 | 4.81 | 10.88 | 9.10 | 11.69 | 2.92 | 2.44 | 3.13 | 3.80 | 4.06 | 3.67 |
Negative TPOAb | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.66 | 2.49 | 1.95 | 3.13 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.54 | 2.92 | 2.36 | 3.58 |
Variable | Positive TPOAb results, % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | |
Total population, stratified by age, yr | |||
All ages | 7.30 | 4.33 | 10.62 |
10–18 | 2.81 | 2.12 | 3.73 |
19–29 | 4.13 | 3.27 | 5.23 |
30–39 | 5.63 | 2.76 | 9.08 |
40–49 | 7.94 | 4.22 | 12.54 |
50–59 | 11.71 | 5.97 | 17.78 |
60–69 | 10.01 | 7.71 | 11.80 |
≥70 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.14 |
Values are expressed as number (%) or median (interquartile range).
Cr, creatinine; TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody.
aThe disease-free population was defined as subjects with no prior history of thyroid disease and no history of taking medication that could influence thyroid function; bThe reference population was defined subjects with no prior history of thyroid disease, no history of taking medications that could influence thyroid function, no family history of thyroid disease, negative TPOAb results, and serum free thyroxine levels in the reference range (0.89 to 1.76 ng/dL); cTPOAb positivity was defined as >34.0 IU/mL.
TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; fT4, free thyroxine.
aThe disease-free population was defined as subjects with no prior history of thyroid disease and no history of taking medications that could influence thyroid function; bThe reference population was defined as subjects with no prior history of thyroid disease, no history of taking medications that could influence thyroid function, no family history of thyroid disease, negative anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody results, and serum fT4 levels in the reference range (0.89 to 1.76 ng/dL).
Values are expressed as percentage. TPOAb positivity was defined as >34.0 IU/mL.
TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody.
aOvert hypothyroidism was defined thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (mlU/L) >97.5th percentile and free thyroxine (fT4) (ng/dL) <0.9; bSubclinical hypothyroidism was defined TSH (mlU/L) >97.5th percentile and 0.9≤fT4 (ng/dL)<1.8; cOvert hyperthyroidism was defined TSH (mlU/L) <2.5th percentile and fT4 (ng/dL) ≥1.8; dOvert hyperthyroidism was defined TSH (mlU/L) <2.5th percentile and 0.9≤fT4 (ng/dL)<1.8.
TPOAb positivity was defined as >34.0 IU/mL.
TPOAb, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody.