Fig. 1Comparison of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk estimated by (A) Pooled Cohort Equation and (B) Framingham risk score according to the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ANOVA, analysis of variance. a,bSame superscript letters denote no significant differences in post hoc analyses.
Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Participants
Characteristic |
Total |
NAFLD grade |
P value |
P for trend |
0 |
I |
II |
III |
No. (%) |
15913 |
9,161 (57.6) |
5,639 (35.4) |
1,035 (6.5) |
78 (0.5) |
- |
- |
Age, yr |
46.3±6.3 |
46.4±6.43 |
46.3±6.14 |
44.8±5.09 |
45.9±5.59 |
<0.01 |
0.151 |
Male sex, % |
12,501 (92.3) |
6,248 (68.2) |
4,785 (84.9) |
946 (91.4) |
72 (92.3) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.3±3.0 |
23.1±2.5 |
25.5±2.5 |
27.8±3.2 |
140.7±32.6 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
WC, cm |
85.0±8.3 |
81.6±7.3 |
88.6±6.6 |
94.3±8.4 |
96.1±8.6 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
SBP, mm Hg |
113.5±12.7 |
111.3±12.4 |
115.7±12.3 |
119.9±12.4 |
117.7±13.1 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
FBS, mg/dL |
99.9±17.6 |
97.0±13.3 |
102.9±20.4 |
108.9±25.1 |
111.3±33.8 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
AST, IU/L |
23.0±13.0 |
20.9±11.4 |
24.5±13.4 |
32.1±17.5 |
33.1±15.6 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
ALT, IU/L |
26.3±21.7 |
20.4±15.9 |
31.6±24.3 |
48.9±27.1 |
48.3±28.1 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
TC, mg/dL |
204.3±33.2 |
200.3±31.9 |
208.9±34.1 |
213.5±34.4 |
215.2±38.0 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
TG, mg/dL |
136.4±83.6 |
111.0±60.2 |
165.0±91.5 |
202.7±115.0 |
207.6±148.1 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
53.4±13.1 |
57.3±13.4 |
48.6±10.9 |
45.0±9.4 |
45.5±9.3 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
131.4±30.6 |
121.1±29.4 |
136.9±31.3 |
139.2±31.2 |
140.7±32.6 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
DM, % |
1,228 (7.7) |
374 (4.1) |
619 (11.0) |
214 (20.7) |
21 (26.9) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
HTN, % |
1,247 (7.8) |
540 (5.9) |
559 (9.9) |
138 (13.3) |
10 (12.8) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
Smoker, % |
3,808 (23.9) |
1,868 (20.4) |
1,587 (28.1) |
330 (31.9) |
23 (29.5) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
Mets, % |
2,796 (17.6) |
698 (7.6) |
1,532 (27.2) |
527 (50.9) |
39 (50.0) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
Medication for dyspidemia, % |
801 (5.0) |
345 (3.8) |
367 (6.5) |
83 (8.0) |
6 (7.7) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
Table 2Correlation of PCE and FRS with Various Parameters
Variable |
PCE risk |
FRS risk |
r value |
P value |
r value |
P value |
Age |
0.537 |
<0.01 |
0.383 |
<0.01 |
SBP |
0.308 |
<0.01 |
0.33 |
<0.01 |
FBS |
0.319 |
<0.01 |
0.31 |
<0.01 |
AST |
0.115 |
<0.01 |
0.137 |
<0.01 |
ALT |
0.14 |
<0.01 |
0.196 |
<0.01 |
TC |
0.167 |
<0.01 |
0.257 |
<0.01 |
TG |
0.317 |
<0.01 |
0.323 |
<0.01 |
HDL-C |
–0.307 |
<0.01 |
–0.440 |
<0.01 |
LDL-C |
0.181 |
<0.01 |
0.337 |
<0.01 |
BMI |
0.217 |
<0.01 |
0.281 |
<0.01 |
WC |
0.279 |
<0.01 |
0.349 |
<0.01 |
PCE |
1 |
- |
0.826 |
<0.01 |
FRS |
0.826 |
<0.01 |
1 |
- |
Table 3Odds Ratios for ≥7.5% Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk according to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity
Variable |
PCE |
FRS |
Crude OR |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) |
Crude OR |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) |
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Grade 0 |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
Grade I |
2.02 (1.80–2.27) |
1.89 (1.63–2.20) |
1.52 (1.24–1.86) |
2.41 (2.21–2.63) |
1.91 (1.72–2.13) |
1.65 (1.45–1.86) |
Grade II |
3.24 (2.71–3.88) |
3.71 (2.92–4.71) |
2.56 (1.83–3.59) |
3.3 (2.85–3.82) |
2.46 (2.06–2.94) |
1.62 (1.30–2.02) |
Grade III |
4.02 (2.33–6.92) |
3.57 (1.90–6.71) |
3.35 (1.52–7.39) |
4.36 (2.74–6.93) |
2.66 (1.60–4.41) |
1.72 (0.93–3.17) |
P for trend |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |