1. Gautier T, de Haan W, Grober J, Ye D, Bahr MJ, Claudel T, et al. Farnesoid X receptor activation increases cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression in humans and transgenic mice. J Lipid Res 2013;54:2195-205.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
2. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1685-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
3. Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ, Tu H, Learned RM, Luk A, et al. Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 1999;284:1362-5.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Parks DJ, Blanchard SG, Bledsoe RK, Chandra G, Consler TG, Kliewer SA, et al. Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor. Science 1999;284:1365-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Maloney PR, Parks DJ, Haffner CD, Fivush AM, Chandra G, Plunket KD, et al. Identification of a chemical tool for the orphan nuclear receptor FXR. J Med Chem 2000;43:2971-4.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Cariou B, van Harmelen K, Duran-Sandoval D, van Dijk TH, Grefhorst A, Abdelkarim M, et al. The farnesoid X receptor modulates adiposity and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice. J Biol Chem 2006;281:11039-49.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
7. Lo Sasso G, Schlage WK, Boue S, Veljkovic E, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. The Apoe(-/-) mouse model: a suitable model to study cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in the context of cigarette smoke exposure and harm reduction. J Transl Med 2016;14:146.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
8. Sinal CJ, Tohkin M, Miyata M, Ward JM, Lambert G, Gonzalez FJ. Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Cell 2000;102:731-44.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
9. Hanniman EA, Lambert G, McCarthy TC, Sinal CJ. Loss of functional farnesoid X receptor increases atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2005;46:2595-604.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Hartman HB, Gardell SJ, Petucci CJ, Wang S, Krueger JA, Evans MJ. Activation of farnesoid X receptor prevents atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDLR-/- and apoE-/- mice. J Lipid Res 2009;50:1090-100.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
11. Miyazaki-Anzai S, Masuda M, Levi M, Keenan AL, Miyazaki M. Dual activation of the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 protects mice against atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014;9:e108270.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
12. Armstrong LE, Guo GL. Role of FXR in liver inflammation during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Pharmacol Rep 2017;3:92-100.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
13. Sanyal AJ. Use of farnesoid X receptor agonists to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis 2015;33:426-32.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Xu P, Zhai Y, Wang J. The role of PPAR and its cross-talk with CAR and LXR in obesity and atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:1260.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
15. Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Kubota T, Kumagai H, Itoh S, Satoh H, et al. Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2006;281:8748-55.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Dasu MR, Park S, Devaraj S, Jialal I. Pioglitazone inhibits Toll-like receptor expression and activity in human monocytes and db/db mice. Endocrinology 2009;150:3457-64.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Ahn HY, Kim HH, Hwang JY, Park C, Cho BY, Park YJ. Effects of pioglitazone on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the absence of constitutive androstane receptor expression. PPAR Res 2018;2018:9568269.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
18. Zhao W, Thacker SG, Hodgin JB, Zhang H, Wang JH, Park JL, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone improves cardiometabolic risk and renal inflammation in murine lupus. J Immunol 2009;183:2729-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Gong Y, Shao Z, Fu Z, Edin ML, Sun Y, Liegl RG, et al. Fenofibrate inhibits cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2C activity to suppress pathological ocular angiogenesis. EBioMedicine 2016;13:201-11.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
20. Olivier P, Plancke MO, Marzin D, Clavey V, Sauzieres J, Fruchart JC. Effects of fenofibrate, gemfibrozil and nicotinic acid on plasma lipoprotein levels in normal and hyperlipidemic mice: a proposed model for drug screening. Atherosclerosis 1988;70:107-14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Paraskevas KI, Pantopoulou A, Vlachos IS, Agrogiannis G, Iliopoulos DG, Karatzas G, et al. Comparison of fibrate, ezetimibe, low- and high-dose statin therapy for the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome in a mouse model. Angiology 2011;62:144-54.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005;41:1313-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Wang L, Moschetta A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Heyman RA, et al. Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c. J Clin Invest 2004;113:1408-18.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
24. Shen LL, Liu H, Peng J, Gan L, Lu L, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of farnesoid X receptor on the expression of the fatty acid synthetase and hepatic lipase. Mol Biol Rep 2011;38:553-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2005;42:987-1000.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Andersson Y, Majd Z, Lefebvre AM, Martin G, Sechkin AV, Kosykh V, et al. Developmental and pharmacological regulation of apolipoprotein C-II gene expression: comparison with apo C-I and apo C-III gene regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:115-21.
[PUBMED]
27. Carlson LA, Ballantyne D. Changing relative proportions of apolipoproteins CII and CIII of very low density lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridaemia. Atherosclerosis 1976;23:563-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Erkelens DW, Brunzell JD, Bierman EL. Availability of apolipoprotein CII in relation to the maximal removal capacity for an infused triglyceride emulsion in man. Metabolism 1979;28:495-501.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
29. Wang CS, McConathy WJ, Kloer HU, Alaupovic P. Modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity by apolipoproteins: effect of apolipoprotein C-III. J Clin Invest 1985;75:384-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
30. Bishop-Bailey D. FXR as a novel therapeutic target for vascular disease. Drug News Perspect 2004;17:499-504.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
31. Li J, Wilson A, Kuruba R, Zhang Q, Gao X, He F, et al. FXR-mediated regulation of eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2008;77:169-77.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, Renga B, Francisci D, Palladino G, Distrutti E, et al. The bile acid sensor FXR protects against dyslipidemia and aortic plaques development induced by the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in mice. PLoS One 2010;5:e13238.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
33. Miyazaki-Anzai S, Levi M, Kratzer A, Ting TC, Lewis LB, Miyazaki M. Farnesoid X receptor activation prevents the development of vascular calcification in ApoE-/- mice with chronic kidney disease. Circ Res 2010;106:1807-17.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
34. Hambruch E, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Hahn U, Matysik S, Boettcher A, Perovic-Ottstadt S, et al. Synthetic farnesoid X receptor agonists induce high-density lipoprotein-mediated transhepatic cholesterol efflux in mice and monkeys and prevent atherosclerosis in cholesteryl ester transfer protein transgenic low-density lipoprotein receptor (-/-) mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012;343:556-67.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
35. Liu HM, Lee TY, Liao JF. GW4064 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic inflammation and apoptosis through inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in mice. Int J Mol Med 2018;41:1455-62.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
36. Nevens F, Andreone P, Mazzella G, Strasser SI, Bowlus C, Invernizzi P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:631-43.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
37. Claudel T, Inoue Y, Barbier O, Duran-Sandoval D, Kosykh V, Fruchart J, et al. Farnesoid X receptor agonists suppress hepatic apolipoprotein CIII expression. Gastroenterology 2003;125:544-55.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
38. Mencarelli A, Renga B, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Antiatherosclerotic effect of farnesoid X receptor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;296:H272-81.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
39. Zhang Y, Wang X, Vales C, Lee FY, Lee H, Lusis AJ, et al. FXR deficiency causes reduced atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2316-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
40. Pineda Torra I, Claudel T, Duval C, Kosykh V, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17:259-72.
[PUBMED]
41. Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Bile acids as hormones: the FXR-FGF15/19 pathway. Dig Dis 2015;33:327-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]