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1Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Neuroscience, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
4Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
5Acute and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
6Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: Y.K.P., H.S.C., H.K.L. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Y.K.P., W.H.P., S.I., L.L. Drafting the work or revising: M.L. Final approval of the manuscript: M.L., H.K.L.
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. The sample serum-induced AhRL and MIS-ATP are presented as fold induction and % control (%) over those of the 10% CS-HS-treated control cells, respectively.
PIVUS, Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; AhRL, arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand activity; CS-HS, charcoal stripped human serum; MIS-ATP, mitochondrial inhibiting substance activity measured by intracellular ATP content.
Quartile | AhRL | MIS-ATP | ||||
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Prevalence, % | OR (95% CI) | P value | Prevalence, % | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Q1 | 18.1 | Reference | - | 25.1 | Reference | - |
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Q2 | 22.8 | 1.48 (0.86–2.55) | 0.160 | 23.7 | 0.98 (0.59–1.60) | 0.921 |
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Q3 | 24.1 | 1.76 (1.03–3.01) | 0.158a | 25.0 | 1.15 (0.70–1.89) | 0.583 |
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Q4 | 28.9 | 2.23 (1.33–3.74) | 0.003a | 20.2 | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 0.203 |
P values were calculated using multivariate logistic regression for quartile categories adjusted for sex, smoking, exercise habits, energy and alcohol intake, education level, body mass index, and fasting glucose.
AhRL, arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand activity; MIS-ATP, mitochondrial inhibiting substance activity measured by intracellular ATP content; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a P values <0.05 were considered significant.
Variable | AhRLa | MIS-ATPa | ||||
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Beta | SE | P value | Beta | SE | P value | |
Continuous variable | ||||||
Model 1 | 0.053 | 0.037 | 0.025b | 0.025 | 0.038 | 0.502 |
Model 2 | 0.092 | 0.039 | 0.020b | 0.022 | 0.040 | 0.594 |
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Quartilec | ||||||
Model 1 | ||||||
Q1 | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
Q2 | 0.024 | 0.105 | 0.819 | 0.014 | 0.105 | 0.897 |
Q3 | −0.046 | 0.105 | 0.662 | 0.076 | 0.105 | 0.471 |
Q4 | 0.243 | 0.105 | 0.021b | −0.003 | 0.105 | 0.972 |
Model 2 | ||||||
Q1 | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
Q2 | −0.012 | 0.116 | 0.914 | 0.024 | 0.116 | 0.835 |
Q3 | 0.008 | 0.117 | 0.943 | 0.094 | 0.116 | 0.417 |
Q4 | 0.241 | 0.114 | 0.035b | −0.027 | 0.117 | 0.812 |
P values were calculated using linear regression for continuous variables and quartile categories. Model 1, adjusted for sex; Model 2, adjusted for Model 1+smoking, exercise habits, energy and alcohol intake, education level, body mass index, and fasting glucose.
AhRL, arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand activity; MIS-ATP, mitochondrial inhibiting substance activity measured by intracellular ATP content; Beta, regression coefficient; SE, standard error.
a All variables were transformed to the SD-scale;
b P values <0.05 were considered significant;
c The lowest quartile Q1 was used as the reference group.
Component | AhRL (FI) | MIS-ATP (%) | ||
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Mean±SD | P value | Mean±SD | P value | |
High glucose | ||||
Present (n=193) | 2.20±0.25 | 0.191 | 80.13±8.36 | 0.265 |
Absent (n=718) | 2.17±0.24 | 80.56±8.30 | ||
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Hypertension | ||||
Present (n=759) | 2.18±0.25 | 0.282 | 80.46±8.38 | 0.788 |
Absent (n=152) | 2.16±0.23 | 80.51±7.97 | ||
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High triglyceride | ||||
Present (n=162) | 2.20±0.26 | 0.219 | 80.51±8.63 | 0.844 |
Absent (n=749) | 2.17±0.24 | 80.46±8.24 | ||
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Low HDL | ||||
Present (n=163) | 2.21±0.25 | 0.019a | 80.98±7.51 | 0.238 |
Absent (n=748) | 2.17±0.24 | 80.36±8.47 | ||
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Large waist circumference | ||||
Present (n=311) | 2.18±0.25 | 0.479 | 80.48±8.17 | 0.344 |
Absent (n=600) | 2.17±0.24 | 80.46±8.39 |
The presence of each component of MetS was defined by following criteria; high glucose, glucose >6.2 mmol/L or antidiabetic treatment; hypertension, blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg or antihypertensive treatment; high triglyceride, triglycerides >1.7 mmol/L; low HDL, HDL <1.0 mmol/L in men and <1.3 mmol/L in women; large waist circumference, waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women. Serum AhRL and MIS-ATP are presented as FI and % of charcoal stripped human serum-treated control. P values were calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for sex, smoking, exercise habits, energy and alcohol intake, education level, body mass index, and fasting glucose.
AhRL, arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand activity; MIS-ATP, mitochondrial inhibiting substance activity measured by intracellular ATP content; MetS, metabolic syndrome; FI, fold induction; SD, standard deviation; HDL, high density lipoprotein.
a P values <0.05 were considered significant.
AhRLa | MIS-ATPa | |||||
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No./totalb | OR (95% CI) | P value | No./totalb | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Continuous variable | ||||||
Model 1 | 1.30 (1.03–1.62) | 0.022c | 0.86 (0.68–1.08) | 0.210 | ||
Model 2 | 1.43(1.13–1.81) | 0.003c | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | 0.120 | ||
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Quartilesd | ||||||
Model 1 | ||||||
Q1 | 15/180 | Reference | 19/191 | Reference | ||
Q2 | 16/181 | 1.21 (0.52–2.57) | 0.620 | 20/183 | 1.11 (0.57–2.17) | 0.740 |
Q3 | 18/190 | 1.25 (0.60–2.60) | 0.540 | 26/181 | 1.57 (0.83–2.96) | 0.160 |
Q4 | 28/191 | 2.02 (1.03–3.95) | 0.040c | 12/187 | 0.63 (0.29–1.38) | 0.230 |
Model 2 | ||||||
Q1 | 15/180 | Reference | 19/191 | Reference | ||
Q2 | 16/181 | 1.39 (0.58–3.31) | 0.450 | 20/183 | 0.81 (0.39–1.69) | 0.570 |
Q3 | 18/190 | 1.72 (0.75–3.94) | 0.200 | 26/181 | 1.38 (0.71–2.76) | 0.330 |
Q4 | 28/191 | 2.81 (1.31–6.02) | 0.008c | 12/187 | 0.45 (0.20–1.04) | 0.062 |
A worsening glucose tolerance was defined as either moving from the normal group to the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes mellitus (DM) group, or from the IFG group to the DM group. Model 1, adjusted for sex; Model 2, adjusted for Model 1+smoking, exercise habits, energy and alcohol intake, education level, body mass index, and fasting glucose. P values were calculated using multivariate logistic regression for continuous variables and quartile categories.
AhRL, arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand activity; MIS-ATP, mitochondrial inhibiting substance activity measured by intracellular ATP content; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a All variables were transformed to the standard deviation-scale;
b Number of subjects with worsening glucose tolerance over 5 years/total subjects;
c P values <0.05 were considered significant;
d The lowest quartile Q1 was used as the reference group.