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Clinical Study
Postoperative Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels Did Not Affect Recurrence after Thyroid Lobectomy in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Myung-Chul Lee, Min Joo Kim, Hoon Sung Choi, Sun Wook Cho, Guk Haeng Lee, Young Joo Park, Do Joon Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):150-157.   Published online May 10, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.150
  • 6,431 View
  • 131 Download
  • 28 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression is recommended for patients who undergo thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the impact of TSH suppression on clinical outcomes in low-risk DTC remains uncertain. Therefore, we investigated the effects of postoperative TSH levels on recurrence in patients with low-risk DTC after thyroid lobectomy.

Methods

Patients (n=1,528) who underwent thyroid lobectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma between 2000 and 2012 were included in this study. According to the mean and dominant TSH values during the entire follow-up period or 5 years, patients were divided into four groups (<0.5, 0.5 to 1.9, 2.0 to 4.4, and ≥4.5 mIU/L). Recurrence-free survival was compared among the groups.

Results

During the 5.6 years of follow-up, 21 patients (1.4%) experienced recurrence. Mean TSH levels were within the recommended low-normal range (0.5 to 1.9 mIU/L) during the total follow-up period or 5 years in 38.1% or 36.0% of patients. The mean and dominant TSH values did not affect recurrence-free survival. Adjustment for other risk factors did not alter the results.

Conclusion

Serum TSH levels did not affect short-term recurrence in patients with low-risk DTC after thyroid lobectomy. TSH suppression should be conducted more selectively.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Erika Abelleira, Fernando Jerkovich
    Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2024; 25(1): 79.     CrossRef
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    Endocrine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression on quality of life in thyroid lobectomy patients: interim analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in low- to intermediate-risk thyroid cancer patients (MASTER study)
    Ja Kyung Lee, Eu Jeong Ku, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Jae Won Cho, Kyong Yeun Jung, Hyeong Won Yu, Yea Eun Kang, Mijin Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Junsun Ryu, June Young Choi
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2024; 106(1): 19.     CrossRef
  • Impact of a mobile health intervention based on multi-theory model of health behavior change on self-management in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
    Yang Jiang, Xiangju Sun, Maomin Jiang, Hewei Min, Jing Wang, Xinghua Fu, Jiale Qi, Zhenjie Yu, Xiaomei Zhu, Yibo Wu
    Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Outcomes and Trends of Treatments in High‐Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
    Arash Abiri, Khodayar Goshtasbi, Sina J. Torabi, Edward C. Kuan, William B. Armstrong, Tjoson Tjoa, Yarah M. Haidar
    Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 168(4): 745.     CrossRef
  • Outcomes of Patients with an Intermediate‐Risk Group According to the Japanese Risk Classification of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
    Kiyomi Horiuchi, Mikiko Fujimoto, Kamio Hidenori, Yusaku Yoshida, Eiichiro Noguchi, Yoko Omi, Takahiro Okamoto
    World Journal of Surgery.2023; 47(10): 2464.     CrossRef
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    Yeong San Jeon, Wan Wook Kim
    International Journal of Thyroidology.2023; 16(1): 120.     CrossRef
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    Benjamin J. Gigliotti, Sina Jasim
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    Thyroid.2022; 32(2): 138.     CrossRef
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    Fabrice Menegaux, Jean-Christophe Lifante
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    Eun Kyung Lee, Yea Eun Kang, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Ki-Wook Chung, Eu Jeong Ku, Ho-Ryun Won, Won Sang Yoo, Eonju Jeon, Se Hyun Paek, Yong Sang Lee, Dong Mee Lim, Yong Joon Suh, Ha Kyoung Park, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Mijin Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ka
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    Yalin Zhu, Ying Che, Shuhang Gao, Shuangsong Ren, Mengying Tong, Lina Wang, Fang Yang
    International Journal of Hyperthermia.2021; 38(1): 1225.     CrossRef
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    Soo Young Kim, Hee Jun Kim, Seok-Mo Kim, Hojin Chang, Yong Sang Lee, Hang-Seok Chang, Cheong Soo Park
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Thyroid Lobectomy for Low to Intermediate Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
    Dana M. Hartl, Joanne Guerlain, Ingrid Breuskin, Julien Hadoux, Eric Baudin, Abir Al Ghuzlan, Marie Terroir-Cassou-Mounat, Livia Lamartina, Sophie Leboulleux
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    Jin Gu Kang, Jung Eun Choi, Soo Jung Lee, Su Hwan Kang
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    Giorgio Grani, Valeria Ramundo, Antonella Verrienti, Marialuisa Sponziello, Cosimo Durante
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Waist Circumference as a Marker of Obesity Is More Predictive of Coronary Artery Calcification than Body Mass Index in Apparently Healthy Korean Adults: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study
Jongsin Park, Eun Seo Lee, Da Young Lee, Jihyun Kim, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):559-566.   Published online December 20, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.559
  • 4,393 View
  • 36 Download
  • 32 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

We aimed to assess the risk for coronary artery calcification (CAC) according to groups subdivided by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in apparently healthy Korean adults.

Methods

Thirty-three thousand four hundred and thirty-two participants (mean age, 42 years) in a health screening program were divided into three groups according to BMI: <23 kg/m2 (normal), 23 to 25 kg/m2 (overweight), and >25 kg/m2 (obese). In addition, the participants were divided into two groups according to WC. Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was measured with multi-detector computed tomography in all participants. Presence of CAC was defined as CACS >0.

Results

When logistic regression analysis was performed with the presence of CAC as the dependent variable, the risk for CAC increased as BMI increased after adjusting for confounding variables (1.102 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.000 to 1.216]; 1.284 [95% CI, 1.169 to 1.410]; in the overweight and obese groups vs. the normal weight group). When the participants were divided into six groups according to BMI and WC, the subjects with BMI and WC in the obese range showed the highest risk for CAC (1.321 [95% CI, 1.194 to 1.461]) and those with BMI in the overweight range and WC in the obese range showed the second highest risk for CAC (1.235 [95% CI, 1.194 to 1.461]).

Conclusion

Participants with obesity defined by both BMI and WC showed the highest risk for CAC. Those with BMIs in the overweight range but with WC in the obese range showed the second highest risk for CAC, suggesting that WC as a marker of obesity is more predictive of CAC than BMI.

Citations

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Close layer
Namgok Lecture 2014
Thyroid
A Closer Look at Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Won Bae Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):1-6.   Published online March 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.1
  • 3,897 View
  • 35 Download
  • 30 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Recent surge of thyroid cancer, especially papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), ignited a debate on over-diagnosis of cancer. Such increase in incidence is a worldwide phenomenon, but it has been the most prominent in Korea. Although increased detection might have played a major role, some evidences suggest that true increase in incidence have also contributed to such phenomenon. PTC is a very common disease being the most common cancer in human. As the mortality due to PTC is relatively low, understanding pathophysiology of the disease and risk prediction in individual patient have particular importance for optimal management, but little has been known. I suggest a reason for such a commonality of PTC, and would like to describe my view on some aspects of PTC including unresolved issue on management based on our recent observations.

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Close layer
Review Articles
Obesity and Metabolism
Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity
Norbert Stefan
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):487-493.   Published online August 20, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.301
  • 8,720 View
  • 432 Download
  • 29 Web of Science
  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Increased fat mass is an established risk factor for the cardiometabolic diseases type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, also very low fat mass associates with such an increased risk. Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. An important pathomechanism of impaired metabolic health is disproportionate fat distribution. In this article the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality in subjects with metabolically healthy and unhealthy normal weight and obesity is summarized. Furthermore, the change of metabolic health during a longer period of follow-up and its impact on cardiometabolic diseases is being discussed. Finally, the implementation of the concept of metabolic health in daily clinical practice is being highlighted.

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Close layer
Thyroid
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease
Sunghwan Suh, Duk Kyu Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):246-251.   Published online August 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.246
  • 4,589 View
  • 65 Download
  • 31 Web of Science
  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common disorder that is characterized by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in conjunction with free thyroxine concentrations within the normal reference range. Thyroid hormones are known to affect the heart and vasculature and, as a result, the impact of SCH on the cardiovascular (CV) system has recently become an important topic of research. Strong evidence points to a link between SCH and CV risk factors such as alterations in blood pressure, lipid levels, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, accumulating evidence indicates that SCH is associated with metabolic syndrome and heart failure. The present review proposes that SCH may be a potentially modifiable risk factor of CV disease and mortality. However, large-scale clinical trials with appropriate power investigating the risks and benefits of SCH treatment are required to determine whether these benefits can be achieved with levothyroxine therapy.

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Close layer
Bone Metabolism
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Beyond Bone Mineral Density Determination
Yong Jun Choi
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):25-30.   Published online March 16, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.25
  • 4,216 View
  • 72 Download
  • 35 Web of Science
  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Significant improvements in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) concerning quality, image resolution and image acquisition time have allowed the development of various functions. DXA can evaluate bone quality by indirect analysis of micro- and macro-architecture of the bone, which and improve the prediction of fracture risk. DXA can also detect existing fractures, such as vertebral fractures or atypical femur fractures, without additional radiologic imaging and radiation exposure. Moreover, it can assess the metabolic status by the measurement of body composition parameters like muscle mass and visceral fat. Although more studies are required to validate and clinically use these parameters, it is clear that DXA is not just for bone mineral densitometry.

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Close layer
Thyroid
Current Guidelines for Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Mijin Kim, Bo Hyun Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):514-524.   Published online June 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1082
  • 17,037 View
  • 1,631 Download
  • 27 Web of Science
  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from the parafollicular cells. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the condition are different from those used for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Since the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MTC, the latest, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Association for Medical Oncology guidelines have been updated to reflect several recent advances in the management of MTC. Advances in molecular diagnosis and postoperative risk stratification systems have led to individualized treatment and follow-up strategies. Multi-kinase inhibitors, such as vandetanib and cabozantinib, can prolong disease progression-free survival with favorable adverse effects. In addition, potent selective rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) have shown a promising efficacy in recent clinical trials. This review summarizes the management of MTC in recent guidelines focused on sporadic MTC.

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Close layer
Bone Metabolism
Diagnostic Modalities for FGF23-Producing Tumors in Patients with Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia
Seiji Fukumoto
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(2):136-143.   Published online June 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.2.136
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  • 25 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that is produced by osteocytes and regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism through binding to the Klotho-FGF receptor complex. Excessive actions of FGF23 cause several kinds of hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia (TIO) is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by overproduction of FGF23 from the responsible tumors. Because TIO is cured by complete resection of the causative tumors, it is of great clinical importance to locate these tumors. Several imaging methods including skeletal survey by magnetic resonance imaging and octreotide scintigraphy have been used to identify the tumors that cause TIO. However, none of these imaging studies indicate that the detected tumors are actually producing FGF23. Recently, systemic venous sampling was conducted for locating FGF23-producing tumor in suspected patients with TIO and demonstrated that this test might be beneficial to a subset of patient. Further studies with more patients are necessary to establish the clinical utility of venous sampling in patients with TIO.

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Obesity and Metabolism
Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Variability on Health Outcomes
Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):217-226.   Published online June 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.217
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Innumerable studies have suggested “the lower, the better” for cardiovascular risk factors, such as body weight, lipid profile, blood pressure, and blood glucose, in terms of health outcomes. However, excessively low levels of these parameters cause health problems, as seen in cachexia, hypoglycemia, and hypotension. Body weight fluctuation is related to mortality, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, although contradictory findings have been reported. High lipid variability is associated with increased mortality and elevated risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and dementia. High blood pressure variability is associated with increased mortality, myocardial infarction, hospitalization, and dementia, which may be caused by hypotension. Furthermore, high glucose variability, which can be measured by continuous glucose monitoring systems or self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, is associated with increased mortality, microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, and hypoglycemic events, leading to hospitalization. Variability in metabolic parameters could be affected by medications, such as statins, antihypertensives, and hypoglycemic agents, and changes in lifestyle patterns. However, other mechanisms modify the relationships between biological variability and various health outcomes. In this study, we review recent evidence regarding the role of variability in metabolic parameters and discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

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Close layer
Obesity and Metabolism
Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to Visceral Adiposity in Asian Populations
Rachel Williams, Muthu Periasamy
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):681-695.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.772
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Obesity-associated metabolic illnesses are increasing at an alarming rate in Asian countries. A common feature observed in the Asian population is a higher incidence of abdominal obesity—the “skinny-fat” Asian syndrome. In this review, we critically evaluate the relative roles of genetics and environmental factors on fat distribution in Asian populations. While there is an upward trend in obesity among most Asian countries, it appears particularly conspicuous in Malaysia. We propose a novel theory, the Malaysian gene-environment multiplier hypothesis, which explains how ancestral variations in feast-and-famine cycles contribute to inherited genetic predispositions that, when acted on by modern-day stressors—most notably, urbanization, westernization, lifestyle changes, dietary transitions, cultural pressures, and stress—contribute to increased visceral adiposity in Asian populations. At present, the major determinants contributing to visceral adiposity in Asians are far from conclusive, but we seek to highlight critical areas for further research.

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Close layer
Original Article
Clinical Study
Visceral-to-Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat Ratio Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis
Chan-Hee Jung, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyemi Kwon, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):165-176.   Published online March 19, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.165
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

We evaluated the association of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced fibrosis degree based on noninvasive serum fibrosis markers in the general population with NAFLD.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study, in 7,465 Korean adults who underwent health screening examinations. NAFLD was defined as fatty liver detected on ultrasonography, and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was measured using computed tomography. We predicted fibrosis based on the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and categorized the risk for advanced fibrosis as low, indeterminate, or high.

Results

The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for indeterminate to high risk of advanced fibrosis based on FIB-4, determined by comparing the second, third, and fourth quartiles with the first quartile of VSR, were 3.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 17.97), 9.41 (95% CI, 1.97 to 45.01), and 19.34 (95% CI, 4.06 to 92.18), respectively. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for intermediate to high degree of fibrosis according to APRI also increased across VSR quartiles (5.04 [95% CI, 2.65 to 9.59], 7.51 [95% CI, 3.91 to 14.42], and 19.55 [95% CI, 9.97 to 38.34], respectively). High VSR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of NAFLD in nonobese subjects than in obese subjects, and the associations between VSR and intermediate to high probability of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD were stronger in obese subjects than in nonobese subjects.

Conclusion

High VSR values predicted increased NAFLD risk and advanced fibrosis risk with NAFLD, and the predictive value of VSR for indeterminate to high risk of advanced fibrosis was higher in obese subjects than in nonobese subjects.

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Close layer
Review Article
Miscellaneous
Quality Matters as Much as Quantity of Skeletal Muscle: Clinical Implications of Myosteatosis in Cardiometabolic Health
Hong-Kyu Kim, Chul-Hee Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1161-1174.   Published online December 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1348
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Although age-related changes in skeletal muscles are closely associated with decreases in muscle strength and functional decline, their associations with cardiometabolic diseases in the literature are inconsistent. Such inconsistency could be explained by the fact that muscle quality—which is closely associated with fatty infiltration of the muscle (i.e., myosteatosis)—is as important as muscle quantity in cardiometabolic health. However, muscle quality has been less explored compared with muscle mass. Moreover, the standard definition of myosteatosis and its assessment methods have not been established yet. Recently, some techniques using single axial computed tomography (CT) images have been introduced and utilized in many studies, as the mass and quality of abdominal muscles could be measured opportunistically on abdominal CT scans obtained during routine clinical care. Yet, the mechanisms by which myosteatosis affect metabolic and cardiovascular health remain largely unknown. In this review, we explore the recent advances in the assessment of myosteatosis and its changes associated with aging. We also review the recent literature on the clinical implication of myosteatosis by focusing on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and unanswered questions that need addressing to set myosteatosis as a therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

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Close layer
Original Article
Thyroid
Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma with Initial Distant Metastasis: A Multicenter Study in Korea
Hosu Kim, Hye In Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jaehoon Jung, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Ji Min Han, Yoon Young Cho, Tae Hyuk Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):287-295.   Published online June 21, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.287
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have a favorable prognosis. However, patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis have not been commonly found, and their clinical characteristics have seldom been reported. In this study, we analyzed the clinical features and prognosis of patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis in Korea.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 242 patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis treated from 1994 to 2013, collected from five tertiary hospitals in Korea.

Results

The patients' median age was 51 years, and 65% were women. They were followed for a median of 7 years. Lung was the most common site of distant metastasis: only lung 149 patients (62%), only bone 49 (20%), other single site one (pleura), and combined sites 43 (40 were lung and bone, two were bone and other site, and one was lung and other site). At the time of diagnosis, 50 patients (21%) had non-radioactive iodine (RAI) avidity. Five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 85% and 10-year DSS was 68%, which were better than those in previous studies. After multivariate analysis, old age, male sex, metastatic site, and histologic type (follicular type) were significant factors for poor prognosis. However, negative RAI avidity status was not a significant prognostic factor after adjusting for other variables.

Conclusion

The prognosis of Korean patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis was better than in previous studies. Old age, male sex, metastasis site, and histologic type were significant prognostic factors.

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Close layer
Review Articles
Recent Progress in the Medical Therapy of Pituitary Tumors
Fabienne Langlois, Shirley McCartney, Maria Fleseriu
Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):162-170.   Published online May 19, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.162
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Management of pituitary tumors is multidisciplinary, with medical therapy playing an increasingly important role. With the exception of prolactin-secreting tumors, surgery is still considered the first-line treatment for the majority of pituitary adenomas. However, medical/pharmacological therapy plays an important role in controlling hormone-producing pituitary adenomas, especially for patients with acromegaly and Cushing disease (CD). In the case of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs), pharmacological therapy plays a minor role, the main objective of which is to reduce tumor growth, but this role requires further studies. For pituitary carcinomas and atypical adenomas, medical therapy, including chemotherapy, acts as an adjuvant to surgery and radiation therapy, which is often required to control these aggressive tumors. In the last decade, knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of various pituitary adenomas has increased, thus novel medical therapies that target specific pathways implicated in tumor synthesis and hormonal over secretion are now available. Advancement in patient selection and determination of prognostic factors has also helped to individualize therapy for patients with pituitary tumors. Improvements in biochemical and “tumor mass” disease control can positively affect patient quality of life, comorbidities and overall survival. In this review, the medical armamentarium for treating CD, acromegaly, prolactinomas, NFA, and carcinomas/aggressive atypical adenomas will be presented. Pharmacological therapies, including doses, mode of administration, efficacy, adverse effects, and use in special circumstances are provided. Medical therapies currently under clinical investigation are also briefly discussed.

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Thyroid
Recent Updates on the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Bo Hyun Kim, In Joo Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):392-399.   Published online August 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.392
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor derived from the thyroid C cells producing calcitonin. MTC accounts for 0.6% of all thyroid cancers and incidence of MTC increased steadily between 1997 and 2011 in Korea. It occurs either sporadically or in a hereditary form based on germline rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations. MTC can be cured only by complete resection of the thyroid tumor and any loco-regional metastases. The most appropriate treatment is still less clear in patients with residual or recurrent disease after initial surgery or those with distant metastases because most patients even with metastatic disease have indolent courses with slow progression for several years and MTC is not responsive to either radioactive iodine therapy or thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. Recently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), vandetanib and cabozantinib, are approved for use in patients with advanced, metastatic or progressive MTC. In this review, we summarize the current approach according to revised American Thyroid Association guidelines and recent advances in systemic treatment such as TKIs for patients with persistent or recurrent MTC after surgery.

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