Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Plasma C-Peptide Levels and the Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Defined Coefficient of Variation in Risk Prediction for Hypoglycemia in Korean People with Diabetes Having Normal and Impaired Kidney Function: So Yoon Kwon, Jiyun Park, So Hee Park, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(2):268-277. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2083

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Background
We aimed to investigate the predictive values of plasma C-peptide levels and the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-defined coefficient of variation (CV) in risk prediction for hypoglycemia in Korean people with diabetes with normal and impaired kidney function.
Methods
We analyzed data from 1,185 participants diagnosed with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who underwent blinded professional CGM between January 2009 and May 2021 at outpatient clinics. We explored correlations among CGM-defined CV, plasma C-peptide levels, and time below range at <70 and 54 mg/dL across different kidney function categories.
Results
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1–2 (n=934), 89.3% who had a random plasma C-peptide level higher than 600 pmol/L exhibited a CV of ≤36%. Among those in CKD stage 3 (n=161) with a random plasma C-peptide level exceeding 600 pmol/L, 66.7% showed a CV of ≤36%. In stages 4–5 of CKD (n=90), the correlation between random C-peptide levels and CV was not significant (r=–0.05, P=0.640), including cases with a CV greater than 36% despite very high random plasma C-peptide levels. Random plasma C-peptide levels and CGM-assessed CV significantly predicted hypoglycemia in CKD stages 1–2 and 1–5, respectively.
Conclusion
The established C-peptide criteria in Western populations are applicable to Korean people with diabetes for hypoglycemic risk prediction, unless kidney function is impaired equivalent to CKD stage 3–5. The CGM-defined CV is informative for hypoglycemic risk prediction regardless of kidney function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Continuous glucose monitoring in high-risk individuals
Zhiyue Chen, Yinbei Zhang, Lin Sun, Weiying Guo
Clinica Chimica Acta.2026; 580: 120733. CrossRef
The evolution of C-peptide's role in diabetes care
Laura Briggs, Alexander Read, Sarah Darch, Emma L. Williams, Wann Jia Loh, Julia S. Kenkre
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2026; 33(1): 16. CrossRef
Antidiabetic Potential of Brewed Arabica Coffee: Modulation of GLUT4, Insulin, and Glucagon in STZ‐Induced Rats
Yusni Yusni, Hanifah Yusuf, Said Usman, Iflan Nauval, Hasanuddin Hasanuddin, Fahmi Ichwansyah, Nurul Mahmudati, Eric Gumpricht
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent Advances in the Application of C-Peptide in Type 2 Diabetes Management: From Biomarker to Clinical Decision Tool
茜许
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(04): 3314. CrossRef
Plasma C-Peptide Level and Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Coefficient of Variation as a Predictable Risk Factor for Hypoglycemia in Koreans with Diabetes
Seung-Hyun Ko
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 198. CrossRef
Beneficial Role of Increased Glucose Infusion in Decompensated Type 2 Diabetes Patient
Marie Ticha, Ondrej Sobotka, Pavel Skorepa, Lubos Sobotka
Diabetology.2025; 6(6): 47. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Gout on End-Stage Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Population-Based Cohort Study: Inha Jung, Da Young Lee, Seung Min Chung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Jun Sung Moon, Ji A Seo, Kyungdo Han, Nan Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):748-757. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2020

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Background
We examined the impact of gout on the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and determined whether this association differs according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) status.
Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service, this nationwide cohort study enrolled 847,884 patients with T2DM who underwent health checkups in 2009. Based on the presence of CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and gout (two outpatient visits or one hospitalization within 5 years), patients were classified into four groups: CKD⁻Gout⁻, CKD⁻ Gout⁺, CKD⁺Gout⁻, and CKD⁺Gout⁺. Patients with incident ESRD were followed up until December 2018.
Results
Among 847,884 patients, 11,825 (1.4%) experienced progression to ESRD. ESRD incidence increased in the following order: 0.77 per 1,000 person-years (PY) in the CKD⁻Gout⁻ group, 1.34/1,000 PY in the CKD⁻Gout⁺ group, 8.20/1,000 PY in the CKD⁺Gout⁻ group, and 23.06/1,000 PY in the CKD⁺Gout⁺ group. The presence of gout modified the ESRD risk in a status-dependent manner. Hazard ratios (HR) were 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 1.69) and 2.24 (95% CI, 2.09 to 2.40) in patients without and with CKD, respectively, indicating a significant interaction (P<0.0001). The CKD⁺Gout⁺ group had a markedly higher risk of developing ESRD (HR, 18.9; 95% CI, 17.58 to 20.32) than the reference group (CKD⁻Gout⁻).
Conclusion
Gout substantially enhances the risk of ESRD, even in the absence of CKD. Concurrent CKD and gout synergistically increase the risk of ESRD. Therefore, physicians should carefully screen for hyperuricemia to prevent progression to ESRD.

Citations

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Undescribed phenylspirodrimane dimers with anti-gouty activity from the coral-derived fungus Stachybotrys chartarum
Shuang Lin, Yi-Fan Geng, Hanxiao Zeng, Zixue Chai, Baolei Fan, Jun-Cheng Su, Yonghui Zhang, Zhengxi Hu
Phytochemistry.2026; 248: 114891. CrossRef
Gout in the era of multimorbidity: pathogenesis, systemic comorbidities, and evolving therapeutic strategies
Phillip J Kim, Jihun Kang, Jesang Yu, Geun-Tae Kim, Yunkyung Kim
Kosin Medical Journal.2026; 41(1): 26. CrossRef
Acute gout attack in a peritoneal dialysis patient treated with Firsekibart: a case report
Wenqian Wei, Lijie Gu, Hanyu Meng, Nan Zhu, Shu Rong
Open Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Polydatin alleviates adenine-induced nephropathy in mice
Tao Sheng, Tianhong Ma, Xin Jin, Debin Chen, Shipeng Che, Jie Wang, Jiadu Shen, Chaoqun Shi, Qiang Li, Yixin Sun, Deqing Chen, Guangtao Xu
Renal Failure.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Heterogeneity in the development of diabetes-related complications: narrative review of the roles of ancestry and geographical determinants
Andrea O. Y. Luk, Yingnan Fan, Baoqi Fan, Edith W. K. Chow, Tony C. K. O
Diabetologia.2025; 68(11): 2386. CrossRef
Relationship between the Chinese visceral adiposity index and gout in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional population-based study
Ningyu Cai, Mengdie Chen, Ping Feng, Yiyun Wang, Xianping Zhu, Qidong Zheng
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Financial Benefits of Renal Dose-Adjusted Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Hun Jee Choe, Yeh-Hee Ko, Sun Joon Moon, Chang Ho Ahn, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Hyeongsuk Lee, Jae Hyun Bae, Hyung Joon Joo, Hyejin Lee, Jang Wook Son, Dae Jung Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Kwangsoo Kim, Young Min Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(4):622-631. Published online August 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1965

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Background
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors are frequently prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes; however, their cost can pose a significant barrier for those with impaired kidney function. This study aimed to estimate the economic benefits of substituting non-renal dose-adjusted (NRDA) DPP4 inhibitors with renal dose-adjusted (RDA) DPP4 inhibitors in patients with both impaired kidney function and type 2 diabetes.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018, using data obtained from common data models of five medical centers in Korea. Model 1 applied the prescription pattern of participants with preserved kidney function to those with impaired kidney function. In contrast, model 2 replaced all NRDA DPP4 inhibitors with RDA DPP4 inhibitors, adjusting the doses of RDA DPP4 inhibitors based on individual kidney function. The primary outcome was the cost difference between the two models.
Results
In total, 67,964,996 prescription records were analyzed. NRDA DPP4 inhibitors were more frequently prescribed to patients with impaired kidney function than in those with preserved kidney function (25.7%, 51.3%, 64.3%, and 71.6% in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates [eGFRs] of ≥60, <60, <45, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m², respectively). When model 1 was applied, the cost savings per year were 7.6% for eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² and 30.4% for eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m². According to model 2, 15.4% to 51.2% per year could be saved depending on kidney impairment severity.
Conclusion
Adjusting the doses of RDA DPP4 inhibitors based on individual kidney function could alleviate the economic burden associated with medical expenses.

Citations

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Nephroprotective Potential of Linagliptin and Glimepiride: a Comprehensive Review
Sumaira Tasleem, Farogh Ahsan, Shahzadi Bano, Tarique Mahmood, Asad Ahmad, Soheir A. A. Hagras, Mohammad Sarafroz, Syed Mehdi Hasan Zaidi, Divyanshi Saxena
Current Pharmacology Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Adrenal gland
A Contemporary Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency: Suranut Charoensri, Richard J. Auchus; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):73-82. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1894

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Adrenal insufficiency (AI) can be classified into three distinct categories based on its underlying causes: primary adrenal disorders, secondary deficiencies in adrenocorticotropin, or hypothalamic suppression from external factors, most commonly glucocorticoid medications used for anti-inflammatory therapy. The hallmark clinical features of AI include fatigue, appetite loss, unintentional weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyponatremia. Individuals with primary AI additionally manifest skin hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia, and salt craving. The diagnosis of AI is frequently delayed due to the non-specific symptoms and signs early in the disease course, which poses a significant challenge to its early detection prior to an adrenal crisis. Despite the widespread availability of lifesaving glucocorticoid medications for decades, notable challenges persist, particularly in the domains of timely diagnosis while simultaneously avoiding misdiagnosis, patient education for averting adrenal crises, and the determination of optimal replacement therapies. This article reviews recent advancements in the contemporary diagnostic strategy and approaches to optimal treatment for AI.

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Original Article

Miscellaneous
Incidence of Endocrine-Related Dysfunction in Patients Treated with New Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review: Won Sang Yoo, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):750-759. Published online November 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1785

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Background
This study investigated the incidence of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) for recently developed immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) drugs.
Methods
We collected studies on newly developed ICI drugs using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception through January 31, 2023. Among ICI drugs, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab were excluded from the new ICI drugs because many papers on endocrine-related side effects have already been published.
Results
A total of 44,595 patients from 177 studies were included in this analysis. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9% to 11.4%), thyrotoxicosis was 4.6% (95% CI, 3.8% to 5.7%), hypophysitis was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.5% to 1.1%), adrenal insufficiency was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7% to 1.1%), and hyperglycemia was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6% to 3.4%). Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis occurred most frequently with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors (13.7% and 7.5%, respectively). The rate of endocrine side effects for the combination of a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor (durvalumab) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor (tremelimumab) was higher than that of monotherapy. In a meta-analysis, the combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab had a 9- to 10-fold higher risk of pituitary and adrenal-related side effects than durvalumab alone.
Conclusion
Newly developed PD-1 inhibitors had a high incidence of thyroid-related irAEs, and combined treatment with durvalumab and tremelimumab increased the risk of pituitary- and adrenal-related irAEs. Based on these facts, it is necessary to predict the endocrine side effects corresponding to each ICI drug, diagnose and treat them appropriately, and try to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients.

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Review Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Renal Protection of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, Finerenone, in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Dong-Lim Kim, Seung-Eun Lee, Nan Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):43-55. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1629

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases; therefore, its prevention and treatment are important. The prevention of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can be achieved through intensive glycemic control and blood pressure management. Additionally, DKD treatment aims to reduce albuminuria and improve kidney function. In patients with T2DM, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can delay the progression of DKD. Hence, there is a need for novel treatments that can effectively suppress DKD progression. Finerenone is a first-in-class nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with clinically proven efficacy in improving albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and risk of cardiovascular events in early and advanced DKD. Therefore, finerenone is a promising treatment option to delay DKD progression. This article reviews the mechanism of renal effects and major clinical outcomes of finerenone in DKD.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Therapy: From Discovery to Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond: Adie Viljoen, Stephen C. Bain; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):25-33. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1642

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The therapeutic benefits of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), for people with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, are now firmly established. The evidence-base arising from head-to-head comparative effectiveness studies in people with type 2 diabetes, as well as the recommendations by professional guidelines suggest that GLP1 receptor agonists should replace more traditional treatment options such as sulfonylureas and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Furthermore, their benefits in reducing cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes beyond improvements in glycaemic control has led to numerous clinical trials seeking to translate this benefit beyond type 2 diabetes. Following early trial results their therapeutic benefit is currently being tested in other conditions including fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Adrenal Gland
Clinical and Technical Aspects in Free Cortisol Measurement: Man Ho Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(4):599-607. Published online August 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1549

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Accurate measurement of cortisol is critical in adrenal insufficiency as it reduces the risk associated with misdiagnosis and supports the optimization of stress dose. Comprehensive assays have been developed to determine the levels of bioactive free cortisol and their clinical and analytical efficacies have been extensively discussed because the level of total cortisol is affected by changes in the structure or circulating levels of corticoid-binding globulin and albumin, which are the main reservoirs of cortisol in the human body. Antibody-based immunoassays are routinely used in clinical laboratories; however, the lack of molecular specificity in cortisol assessment limits their applicability to characterize adrenocortical function. Improved specificity and sensitivity can be achieved by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic separation methods, which is a cutting-edge technology to measure individual as well as a panel of steroids in a single analytical run. The purpose of this review is to introduce recent advances in free cortisol measurement from the perspectives of clinical specimens and issues associated with prospective analytical technologies.

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Original Article

Miscellaneous
Clinical Value of Serum Mitochondria-Inhibiting Substances in Assessing Renal Hazards: A Community-Based Prospective Study in Korea: Hoon Sung Choi, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Wook Ha Park, Youngmi Kim Pak, Sung Woo Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1298-1306. Published online November 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1226

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Background
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with several kidney diseases. However, no studies have evaluated the potential renal hazards of serum mitochondria-inhibiting substance (MIS) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand (AhRL) levels.
Methods
We used serum level of MIS and AhRL and clinical renal outcomes from 1,511 participants of a prospective community-based cohort in Ansung. MIS was evaluated based on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (MIS-ATP) or reactive oxygen species (MIS-ROS) generation measured using cell-based assays.
Results
During a mean 6.9-year follow-up, 84 participants (5.6%) developed a rapid decline in kidney function. In the lowest quartile group of MIS-ATP, patients were older and had metabolically deleterious parameters. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher MIS-ATP was associated with decreased odds for rapid decline: the odds ratio (OR) of 1% increase was 0.977 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.957 to 0.998; P=0.031), while higher MIS-ROS was marginally associated with increased odds for rapid decline (OR, 1.014; 95% CI, 0.999 to 1.028; P=0.055). However, serum AhRL was not associated with the rapid decline in kidney function. In subgroup analysis, the renal hazard of MIS was particularly evident in people with hypertension and low baseline kidney function.
Conclusion
Serum MIS was independently associated with a rapid decline in kidney function, while serum AhRL was not. The clinical implication of renal hazard on serum MIS requires further evaluation in future studies.

Citations

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Special Article

Miscellaneous
COVID-19 Vaccination for Endocrine Patients: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society: Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chang Ho Ahn, Jun Sung Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Hee Kyung Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Eun Roh, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):757-765. Published online August 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.404

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Since the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ongoing efforts have been made to discover an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19 to combat the pandemic. In most countries, both mRNA and DNA vaccines have been administered, and their side effects have also been reported. The clinical course of COVID-19 and the effects of vaccination against COVID-19 are both influenced by patients’ health status and involve a systemic physiological response. In view of the systemic function of endocrine hormones, endocrine disorders themselves and the therapeutics used to treat them can influence the outcomes of vaccination for COVID-19. However, there are very limited data to support the development of clinical guidelines for patients with specific medical backgrounds based on large clinical trials. In the current severe circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, position statements made by clinical specialists are essential to provide appropriate recommendations based on both medical evidence and clinical experiences. As endocrinologists, we would like to present the medical background of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as precautions to prevent the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with specific endocrine disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypogonadism, and pituitary disorders.

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Review Articles

Miscellaneous
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Potential Biomarkers of Endocrine Dysfunction Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Shintaro Iwama, Tomoko Kobayashi, Hiroshi Arima; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):312-321. Published online April 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1007

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Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting the endocrine glands are among the most frequent irAEs induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and include hypopituitarism, primary adrenal insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Since the incidence and clinical features of endocrine irAEs vary according to the ICI used, it is important to understand the characteristics of these irAEs and to manage each one appropriately. Since some endocrine irAEs, including adrenal crisis and diabetic ketoacidosis, are potentially life-threatening, predicting the risk of endocrine irAEs before their onset is critical. Several autoantibodies have been detected in patients who develop endocrine irAEs, among which anti-thyroid antibodies may be predictive biomarkers of thyroid dysfunction. In this review, we describe the clinical features of each endocrine irAE induced by ICIs and discuss their potential biomarkers, including autoantibodies.

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Diabetes
Cardiorenal Protection in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Jason F. Lee, Ecaterina Berzan, Vikas S. Sridhar, Ayodele Odutayo, David Z.I. Cherney; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):256-269. Published online April 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.987

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Over the last 5 years there have been many new developments in the management of diabetic kidney disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were initially used for glycemic control, but more recent studies have now shown that their benefits extend to cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. The recent addition of data on the novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) gives us another approach to further decrease the residual risk of diabetic kidney disease progression. In this review we describe the mechanism of action, key studies, and possible adverse effects related to these three classes of medications. The management of type 2 diabetes now includes an increasing number of medications for the management of comorbidities in a patient population at significant risk of cardiovascular disease and progression of chronic kidney disease. It is from this perspective that we seek to outline the rationale for the sequential and/or combined use of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 RA and MRAs in patients with type 2 diabetes for heart and kidney protection.

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Original Article

Clinical Study
Stimulated Salivary Cortisol as a Noninvasive Diagnostic Tool for Adrenal Insufficiency: Yoon Ji Kim, Jung Hee Kim, A Ram Hong, Kyeong Seon Park, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):628-635. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.707

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Background
Salivary cortisol is routinely used as a diagnostic test for Cushing syndrome. The diagnostic use of salivary cortisol for adrenal insufficiency (AI), however, is less established. We aimed to investigate the utility of morning basal and adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated salivary cortisol in diagnosing AI in Korean adults.
Methods
We prospectively included 120 subjects (female, n=70) from Seoul National University Hospital. AI was defined as a stimulated serum cortisol level of <496.8 nmol/L during the short Synacthen test (SST). Serum and saliva samples were drawn between 8:00 AM and 10:00 AM. Salivary cortisol levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit.
Results
Thirty-four patients were diagnosed with AI according to the SST results. Age, sex, body mass index, serum albumin levels, and serum creatinine levels did not significantly differ between the normal and AI groups. Basal and stimulated salivary cortisol levels were positively correlated with basal (r=0.538) and stimulated serum cortisol levels (r=0.750), respectively (all P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded a cutoff level of morning basal salivary cortisol of 3.2 nmol/L (sensitivity, 84.9%; specificity, 73.5%; area under the curve [AUC]=0.822). The optimal cutoff value of stimulated salivary cortisol was 13.2 nmol/L (sensitivity, 90.7%; specificity, 94.1%; AUC=0.959). Subjects with a stimulated salivary cortisol level above 13.2 nmol/L but a stimulated serum cortisol level below 496.8 nmol/L (n=2) had lower serum albumin levels than those showing a concordant response.
Conclusion
The diagnostic performance of stimulated salivary cortisol measurements after the SST was comparable to serum cortisol measurements for diagnosing AI.

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Review Article

Miscellaneous
Encountering COVID-19 as Endocrinologists: Eun-Jung Rhee, Jung Hee Kim, Sun Joon Moon, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):197-205. Published online June 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.197

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The world is entering an era of disaster and chaos due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Since its first emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has swept through Asia and propagated throughout the world to Europe and North America. As of April 13, 1,773,084 people were infected and 111,652 people had died from COVID-19 globally, and new record levels of infection are being reported every day. Based on the data that have been amassed so far, the primary risk factors for a severe disease course or even mortality from COVID-19 are underlying diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. As the global prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, patients with endocrine diseases such as diabetes mellitus and those who are on long-term corticosteroid therapy due to adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism are at risk for a poor prognosis of COVID-19. As endocrinologists, we would like to briefly review the current knowledge about the relationship between COVID-19 and endocrine diseases and to discuss what we can do for the safety and health of our patients with endocrine diseases in this globally threatening situation.

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Original Articles

Comparison between Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in Renal Function Decline among Patients with Diabetes: Eugene Han, Gyuri Kim, Ji-Yeon Lee, Yong-ho Lee, Beom Seok Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun Seok Kang; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):274-280. Published online June 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.274

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Background

Although the beneficial effects of statin treatment in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis have been well studied, there is limited information regarding the renal effects of statins in diabetic nephropathy. We aimed to investigate whether, and which, statins affected renal function in Asian patients with diabetes.

Methods

We enrolled 484 patients with diabetes who received statin treatment for more than 12 months. We included patients treated with moderate-intensity dose statin treatment (atorvastatin 10 to 20 mg/day or rosuvastatin 5 to 10 mg/day). The primary outcome was a change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the 12-month statin treatment, and rapid renal decline was defined as a >3% reduction in eGFR in a 1-year period.

Results

In both statin treatment groups, patients showed improved serum lipid levels and significantly reduced eGFRs (from 80.3 to 78.8 mL/min/1.73 m² for atorvastatin [P=0.012], from 79.1 to 76.1 mL/min/1.73 m² for rosuvastatin [P=0.001]). A more rapid eGFR decline was observed in the rosuvastatin group than in the atorvastatin group (48.7% vs. 38.6%, P=0.029). Multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated more rapid renal function loss in the rosuvastatin group than in the atorvastatin group after adjustment for other confounding factors (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.42).

Conclusion

These results suggest that a moderate-intensity dose of atorvastatin has fewer detrimental effects on renal function than that of rosuvastatin.

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Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Insufficiency in a General Hospital: Ye Yeon Lee, Nan Hee Cho, Jong Won Lee, Nam Kyung Kim, Hye Soon Kim, Mi-Kyung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):83-89. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.83

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Background

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a life-threatening disorder caused by the deficiency of adrenal steroid hormones. This retrospective cross-sectional study investigated the characteristics of patients with AI in Korea.

Methods

All consecutive patients with suspected AI who received care at a tertiary referral center in Korea in 2014 and underwent adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation or insulin-tolerance testing were identified through a review of medical charts. Patients diagnosed with AI were enrolled. Their demographic, clinical, and treatment details were extracted.

Results

Of 771 patients with suspected AI, 183 (23.7%) received a definitive diagnosis. The most common reason for testing was the presence of suspicious AI-related symptoms (30.0%), followed by a history of steroid medications (23.5%). Their mean age was 66.7 years, and females predominated (67.8%). The most common symptoms were general weakness, anorexia, arthralgia, and fever. Approximately half (53.6%) had a history of steroid use. Hydrocortisone was the most common treatment (71.6%), with most patients taking a 30 mg dose (44.2%). The most common dose frequency was twice a day (78.6%). Fourteen patients were treated for adrenal crisis (n=10, 5.5%) or an intercurrent illness (n=4, 2.2%).

Conclusion

AI may have been caused by steroid medication use in many of the patients included in this study. The detection of AI can be improved by careful history-taking and being alert to the possibility that a patient has used steroids.

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Clinical Study
Prevalent Rate of Nonalbuminuric Renal Insufficiency and Its Association with Cardiovascular Disease Event in Korean Type 2 Diabetes: Hye Won Lee, A Ra Jo, Dong Won Yi, Yang Ho Kang, Seok Man Son; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):577-585. Published online December 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.577

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Background

Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency is a unique category of diabetic kidney diseases. The objectives of the study were to evaluate prevalent rate of nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency and to investigate its relationship with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) event in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Laboratory and clinical data of 1,067 subjects with T2DM were obtained and reviewed. Study subjects were allocated into four subgroups according to the CKD classification. Major CVD events were included with coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular events.

Results

Nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD group, when compared with albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD group, had shorter diabetic duration, lower concentrations of glycated hemoglobin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lower prevalent rates of retinopathy and previous CVD, and higher rate of treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers. Nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD group showed a greater association with prior CVD events than no CKD group; however, albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD group made addition to increase prevalence of prior CVD events significantly when CKD categories were applied as covariates. Association of prior CVD events, when compared with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and nonalbuminuria categories, became significant for declined eGFR, which was higher for eGFR of <30 mL/min/1.73 m², and albuminuria.

Conclusion

The results show that subjects with nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD is significantly interrelated with occurrence of prior CVD events than those with normal eGFR with or without albuminuria. Comparing with normal eGFR and nonalbuminuria categories, the combination of increased degree of albuminuria and declined eGFR is becoming significant for the association of prior CVD events.

Citations

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Chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: trends in prevalence, clinical phenotypes and outcomes
A. I. Korbut, V. V. Klimontov
Diabetes mellitus.2025; 28(3): 265. CrossRef
Prevalence of normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus from India
Chellamma Jayakumari, Ramesh Gomez, Sasidharan Dipin, R. V. Jayakumar, Karthik Vijayakumar, Ravindranath Sreenath, Thulaseedharan Ajeesh, Puthiyaveettil Khadar Jabbar, Darvin Vamadevan Das, Giri Vishnu Gopi, Thadathil Pandarakandy Seena, Abilash Nair
Indian Journal of Medical Research.2022; 156(4&5): 632. CrossRef
Update on pathogenesis and diagnosis flow of normoalbuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency
Le Deng, Wenjie Li, Gaosi Xu
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetic kidney disease: new clinical and therapeutic issues. Joint position statement of the Italian Diabetes Society and the Italian Society of Nephrology on “The natural history of diabetic kidney disease and treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with
Giuseppe Pugliese, Giuseppe Penno, Andrea Natali, Federica Barutta, Salvatore Di Paolo, Gianpaolo Reboldi, Loreto Gesualdo, Luca De Nicola
Journal of Nephrology.2020; 33(1): 9. CrossRef
Diabetic kidney disease: New clinical and therapeutic issues. Joint position statement of the Italian Diabetes Society and the Italian Society of Nephrology on “The natural history of diabetic kidney disease and treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with
Giuseppe Pugliese, Giuseppe Penno, Andrea Natali, Federica Barutta, Salvatore Di Paolo, Gianpaolo Reboldi, Loreto Gesualdo, Luca De Nicola
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2019; 29(11): 1127. CrossRef
Soluble Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Levels Are Associated with Decreased Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Eun-Hee Cho, Sang-Wook Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(1): 97. CrossRef
STORIA NATURALE DELLA MALATTIA RENALE NEL DIABETE E TRATTAMENTO DELL’IPERGLICEMIA NEI PAZIENTI CON DIABETE DI TIPO 2 E RIDOTTA FUNZIONE RENALE

il Diabete.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
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Nonalbuminuric Renal Insufficiency: Can It Be a Novel Category of Diabetic Nephropathy?
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Clinical Study
Eligibility for Statin Treatment in Korean Subjects with Reduced Renal Function: An Observational Study: Byung Sub Moon, Jongho Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Young Youl Hyun, Se Eun Park, Hyung-Geun Oh, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Kyu-Beck Lee, Hyang Kim, Sung-Woo Park, Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):402-409. Published online August 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.402

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Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between statin eligibility and the degree of renal dysfunction using the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III and the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines in Korean adults.

Methods

Renal function was assessed in 18,746 participants of the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study from January 2011 to December 2012. Subjects were divided into three groups according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): stage 1, eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m²; stage 2, eGFR 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m²; and stages 3 to 5, eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m². Statin eligibility in these groups was determined using the ATP III and ACC/AHA guidelines, and the risk for 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE).

Results

There were 3,546 (18.9%) and 4,048 (21.5%) statin-eligible subjects according to ATP III and ACC/AHA guidelines, respectively. The proportion of statin-eligible subjects increased as renal function deteriorated. Statin eligibility by the ACC/AHA guidelines showed better agreement with the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recommendations compared to the ATP III guidelines in subjects with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (κ value, 0.689 vs. 0.531). When the 10-year ASCVD risk was assessed using the FRS and PCE, the mean risk calculated by both equations significantly increased as renal function declined.

Conclusions

The proportion of statin-eligible subjects significantly increased according to worsening renal function in this Korean cohort. ACC/AHA guideline showed better agreement for statin eligibility with that recommended by KDIGO guideline compared to ATP III in subjects with CKD.

Citations

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Long-term effects of various types of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on changes in glomerular filtration rate in Korea
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Y. J. Jeong, H. Kim, S. J. Baik, T. M. Kim, S. J. Yang, S.-H. Lee, J.-H. Cho, H. Lee, H. W. Yim, I. Y. Choi, K.-H. Yoon, H.-S. Kim
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(2): 274. CrossRef

Review Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Current Challenges in Diabetic Nephropathy: Early Diagnosis and Ways to Improve Outcomes: Sang Soo Kim, Jong Ho Kim, In Joo Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):245-253. Published online May 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.245

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Diabetes is often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the primary cause of kidney failure in half of patients who receive dialysis therapy. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its high morbidity and mortality, diabetic nephropathy is a serious drawback in individual patients and a tremendous socioeconomic burden on society. Despite growing concern for the management of diabetic nephropathy, the prevalence of CKD with diabetes is the same today as it was 20 years ago. The current strategy to manage diabetic nephropathy, including the control of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure and the wide-spread use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, is well established to be beneficial in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. However, the effects are uncertain in patients with relatively progressed CKD. Therefore, early diagnosis or risk verification is extremely important in order to reduce the individual and socioeconomic burdens associated with diabetic nephropathy by providing appropriate management to prevent the development and progression of this condition. This review focuses on recent research and guidelines regarding risk assessment, advances in medical treatment, and challenges of and future treatments for diabetic nephropathy.

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Original Article

Clinical Study
Recovery of Adrenal Function in Patients with Glucocorticoids Induced Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Jong Ha Baek, Soo Kyoung Kim, Jung Hwa Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Jaehoon Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):153-160. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.153

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The chronic use of glucocorticoids (GC) suppresses function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and often results in secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI). The present study aimed to determine the recovery rate of adrenal function in patients with secondary AI within 1 to 2 years and to assess the factors predictive of adrenal function recovery.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study that enrolled patients diagnosed with GC-induced secondary AI between 2007 and 2013. AI was defined by peak serum cortisol levels <18 µg/dL during a standard-dose short synacthen test (SST). A follow-up SST was performed after 1 to 2 years, and responders were defined as those with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated peak serum cortisol levels ≥18 µg/dL.

Results

Of the total 34 patients diagnosed with GC-induced secondary AI at first, 20 patients (58.8%) recovered normal adrenal function by the time of the follow-up SST (median follow-up period, 16.5 months). Although the baseline serum ACTH and cortisol levels at the first SST did not differ between responders and non-responders, the incremental cortisol response during the first SST was higher in responders than that of non-responders (7.88 vs. 3.56, P<0.01). Additionally, higher cortisol increments during the first SST were an independent predictive factor of the adrenal function recovery (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 2.46; P<0.05).

Conclusion

In the present study, adrenal function recovery was achieved frequently in patients with GC-induced secondary AI within 1 to 2 years. Additionally, an incremental cortisol response at the first SST may be an important predictive factor of adrenal function recovery.

Citations

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Jia Wei Tan, Sachin K. Majumdar, Osamu Isozaki
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Glucocorticoid Withdrawal—An Overview on When and How to Diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency in Clinical Practice
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International Journal of Endocrinology.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Dexamethasone-related adrenal insufficiency in patients with brain and skull base tumours
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Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
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The unresolved riddle of glucocorticoid withdrawal
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Lessons from iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in children
Betty P Messazos, Margaret R Zacharin
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Case Report

Adrenal gland
Allgrove (Triple A) Syndrome: A Case Report from the Kashmir Valley: Raiz Ahmad Misgar, Nazir Ahmad Pala, Mahroosa Ramzan, Arshad Iqbal Wani, Mir Iftikhar Bashir, Bashir Ahmad Laway; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):604-606. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.604

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Allgrove (Triple A) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cardinal features of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resistance, achalasia, and alacrimia. It is frequently associated with neurological manifestations like polyneuropathy. Since its first description by Allgrove in 1978, approximately 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Here we report an 18-year-old boy diagnosed as having Allgrove syndrome, with ACTH resistant adrenal insufficiency, achalasia, alacrimia, and severe motor polyneuropathy. Alacrimia was the earliest feature evident at the age of 8 years. He presented with achalasia and adrenal insufficiency at 12 and 18 years respectively and developed neurological symptoms in the form of severe muscle wasting at the age of 15 years. Patients with Allgrove syndrome usually manifest adrenal insufficiency and achalasia during first decade of life. Our patient manifested adrenal insufficiency and achalasia in the second decade and manifested neurological dysfunction before adrenal dysfunction.

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Neurological manifestations of Allgrove syndrome in patients carrying a potentially founder p.Ser263Pro variant in the AAAS gene
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Neurogenetics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Adrenal Insufficiency as the First Manifestation of Triple A Syndrome: A Case Report
Victoria Leal, Shokery Awadalla, William Javier Morales Camacho
Archives of Endocrinology and Disorders.2026; 2(1): 1. CrossRef
Toward a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of neurological symptoms related to Allgrove syndrome: a case report
Farah Al-Hasani, Hana Diab, Sultaneh Haddad, Hadi Salame, Ruba ALShreibati, Hla Alhanash, Aseel Sadaqa, Lina Khouri
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2026; 88(6): 3585. CrossRef
Allgrove syndrome in childhood: a case report and review of the literature
Moataz B. Koathal, Muhammad Azhar, Mishraz Shaikh, Nabil A. Shayba, Izzat Malkani, Ziyad A. Ajlan
International Surgery Journal.2025; 12(12): 2182. CrossRef
Child Neurology: Allgrove Syndrome
Juhi Gupta, Sayoni Roy Chowdhury, Prashant Jauhari, Kaushik Ragunathan, Biswaroop Chakrabarty, Vandana Jain, Sheffali Gulati
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Martina Vigano’, Vittorio Mantero, Paola Basilico, Fiammetta Pirro, Dario Ronchi, Alessio Di Fonzo, Andrea Salmaggi
Neurological Sciences.2023; 44(10): 3703. CrossRef
Allgrove syndrome with amyotrophy
Míriam Carvalho Soares, Otávio Gomes Lins, José Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho, Cláudia Cristina de Sá, Vanessa Van der Linden, Anna Paula Paranhos Miranda Covaleski
Practical Neurology.2022; 22(3): 213. CrossRef
Triple A (Allgrove) syndrome due to AAAS gene mutation with a rare association of amyotrophy
Satyam Singh Jayant, Rahul Gupta, Kanhaiya Agrawal, Liza Das, Pinaki Dutta, Anil Bhansali
Hormones.2021; 20(1): 197. CrossRef
Triple A syndrome (Allgrove syndrome) – A journey from clinical symptoms to a syndrome
Prakarti Yadav, Deepak Kumar, GopalK Bohra, MahendraK Garg
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Case report of a familial triple: a syndrome and review of the literature
Federica Gaiani, Pierpacifico Gismondi, Roberta Minelli, Giovanni Casadio, Nicola de’Angelis, Fabiola Fornaroli, Gian Luigi de’Angelis, Marco Manfredi
Medicine.2020; 99(22): e20474. CrossRef
Clinical and genetic characterisation of a series of patients with triple A syndrome
Erdal Kurnaz, Paolo Duminuco, Zehra Aycan, Şenay Savaş-Erdeve, Nursel Muratoğlu Şahin, Melişah Keskin, Elvan Bayramoğlu, Marco Bonomi, Semra Çetinkaya
European Journal of Pediatrics.2018; 177(3): 363. CrossRef
Clinical heterogeneity and molecular profile of triple A syndrome: a study of seven cases
Kanika Singh, Ratna Dua Puri, Pratibha Bhai, Archana Dayal Arya, Garima Chawla, Renu Saxena, Ishwar C. Verma
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Clinical and molecular report of c.1331 + 1G > A mutation of the AAAS gene in a Moroccan family with Allgrove syndrome: a case report
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BMC Pediatrics.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Age Is the Strongest Effector for the Relationship between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Coronary Artery Calcification in Apparently Healthy Korean Adults: Hyun Beom Chae, Shin Yeoung Lee, Nam Hee Kim, Ki Joong Han, Tae Hoon Lee, Choel Min Jang, Kyung Mo Yoo, Hae Jung Park, Min Kyung Lee, Won Seon Jeon, Se Eun Park, Heui-Soo Moon, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):312-319. Published online September 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.312

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Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered one of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a potential mechanism that explains the association between renal function and cardiovascular mortality. We aimed to evaluate the association between renal function and CAC in apparently healthy Korean subjects.

Methods

A total of 23,617 participants in a health-screening program at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital were included in the study. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was measured via multidetector computed tomography. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the CKD Staging system with eGFR grade: stage 1, eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m²; stage 2, eGFR 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m²; and stage 3, eGFR 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m².

Results

The mean age of the participants was 41.4 years and the mean eGFR was 103.6±21.7 mL/min/1.73 m². Hypertension and diabetes were noted in 43.7% and 5.5% of the participants, respectively. eGFR showed a weakly negative but significant association with CACS in bivariate correlation analysis (r=-0.076, P<0.01). Mean CACS significantly increased from CKD stage 1 to 3. The proportion of subjects who had CAC significantly increased from CKD stage 1 to 3. Although the odds ratio for CAC significantly increased from stage 1 to 3 after adjustment for confounding factors, this significance was reversed when age was included in the model.

Conclusion

In early CKD, renal function negatively correlated with the degree of CAC in Korean subjects. Age was the strongest effector for this association.

Citations

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Haowen Lin, Xiaoying Dong, Yuhe Yin, Qingqing Gao, Siqi Peng, Zewen Zhao, Sijia Li, Renwei Huang, Yiming Tao, Sichun Wen, Bohou Li, Qiong Wu, Ting Lin, Hao Dai, Feng Wen, Zhuo Li, Lixia Xu, Jianchao Ma, Zhonglin Feng, Shuangxin Liu
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Case Reports

A Case of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.: Jae Ho Choi, Suk Chon, Yu Chul Hwang, Jun Seong Son, Seung Joon Oh, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Jeong Taek Woo, Sung Woon Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Young Seol Kim, In Kyung Jeong; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):253-257. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.253

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The adrenal gland is the most commonly involved endocrine organ in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Adrenal function abnormality is more common in HIV patients than in the general population. It is important to recognize the condition of adrenal insufficiency, as this adrenal disorder may prove fatal if left untreated. Herein, we report a case of primary adrenal insufficiency in a 37-year-old male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The patient complained of fever, general weakness, and fatigue. Impaired adrenal function was noted in the rapid ACTH stimulation test. After steroid supplementation, the patient's symptoms were improved. Therefore, HIV care physicians should ascertain adrenal dysfunction in HIV patients when they complain of fever and general weakness.

Citations

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A Case Report of Adrenal Insufficiency Treated with Korean Medicine
Young-ji Kim, Jung-yeon Kwon, Ho-yeon Go, Kyung-hwan Kong
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2017; 38(5): 583. CrossRef

A Case Report of Bilateral Adrenocortical Carcinoma Complicated by Adrenal Insufficiency.: Min Joo Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Tae Young Kim, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):243-247. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.243

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Abstract PDF

Adrenocortical carcinoma is often functional and presents with signs and symptoms of adrenal steroid hormone excess. Adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral adrenocortical carcinoma is a particularly rare complication. We recently encountered a case of bilateral adrenocortical carcinoma complicated by adrenal insufficiency. A 52-year-old male was transferred to this hospital complaining of general weakness and weight loss. A bilateral adrenal mass was detected on abdomen CT. Plasma cortisol and aldosterone failed to rise during the rapid ACTH stimulation test. The CT-guided adrenal biopsy revealed findings consistent with adrenocortical carcinoma. Left hemiparesis was developed and brain metastasis was detected via brain MRI. Despite the application of gamma knife surgery and chemotherapy, the disease progressed and the patient died.

Citations

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Bilateral Adrenocortical Carcinoma Presenting as Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Anshita Aggarwal, Aprajita Verma, Aparajita Roy, Bindu Kulshreshtha
European Endocrinology.2020; 16(2): 172. CrossRef
A Case of Bilateral ACTH-independent Adrenal Adenomas with Cushing's Syndrome Treated by Ipsilateral Total and Contralateral Partial Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Seung Ah Park, Dong min Jung, Soon young Kim, Nan Young Choi, Tae-jun Kim, Yong kyun Kim, Seong kyun Na, Chul Sik Kim, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm, Jun Goo Kang
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(4): 254. CrossRef

Original Article

No Significance of the Free Cortisol Index Compared to Total Cortisol in Critically Ill Patients.: Kyung Won Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Hee Joung Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Sung Jae Park, Gil Joon Suh, Seong Yeon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(2):120-125. Published online June 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.2.120

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Some patients exhibit an inadequate response of cortisol to stressful conditions; this state is known as critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. These patients have low serum binding protein concentrations, thereby suggesting that total serum cortisol may not be reflective of circulating cortisol activity. As the free cortisol index (FCI = total cortisol/corticosteroid-binding globulin) has been correlated with serum free cortisol, we measured FCI in Korean patients for the first time. In this study, we attempted to determine whether FCI was superior to total cortisol in predicting 30-day mortality. METHODS: We recruited 65 critically ill patients with relatively high Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) scores. Fourteen patients with pituitary disease but normal pituitary function were recruited from outpatient clinics. Total cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin were measured in patients and controls during the short Synacthen test. RESULTS: The basal cortisol level and basal FCI level were higher in patients (n = 65) than in healthy controls (P < 0.001, respectively). We found that total cortisol was strongly correlated with FCI (P < 0.001) in critically ill patients; however, neither total cortisol nor FCI were associated with 30-day mortality among patients. Only severe clinical criteria (such as APACHE-III scores and low albumin) were associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Our results do not suggest that FCI is more accurate than total cortisol in predicting clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.

Citations

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No Significance of the Free Cortisol Index Compared to Total Cortisol in Critically Ill Patients
Doo-Man Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(2): 118. CrossRef

Case Reports

Primary Bilateral Adrenal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Presented with Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Report.: Eun Young Lee, Kyoung Min Kim, Kwang Joon Kim, Songmi Noh, Jin Seok Kim, Woo Ik Yang, Sung Kil Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):101-105. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.101

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Abstract PDF

Primary adrenal lymphoma is a very rare disease and it is known to have a poor prognosis. We report here on a case of primary adrenal insufficiency that was secondary to primary bilateral adrenal lymphoma. A 54-year old man was hospitalized because of easy fatigability, weight loss and consistent malaise for 6 months. The physical examination revealed hyperpigmentation on the anterior chest and hypotension. According these findings and symptoms, we did a rapid ACTH stimulation test with a clinical suspicion of adrenal insufficiency. He showed an inadequate adrenal response and so he was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency. The abdominal CT images showed bilateral huge adrenal masses and increased uptake of the adrenal glands on PET. The pathologic diagnosis by ultrasound-guided gun biopsy of the right adrenal gland was diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The patient was administered combination chemotherapy with the R-CHOP regimen, and after 8-cycles of chemotherapy, he achieved complete remission of tumor according to the image studies and he recovered his adrenal function. Primary adrenal lymphoma, although a rare disease, should be considered in patients with bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands and when the adrenal glands show increased uptake on a PET scan, and especially there is adrenal insufficiency.

Citations

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Systemic vs. intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis in primary adrenal/renal diffuse large b-cell Lymphoma: A multi-institution retrospective analysis and systematic review
John Xie, Albert Jang, Motohide Uemura, Shigeaki Nakazawa, Teresa Calimeri, Andres JM Ferreri, Shuang R. Chen, Janet L. Schmid, Theresa C. Brown, Francisco Socola, Hana Safah, Nakhle S. Saba
Leukemia Research Reports.2021; 16: 100263. CrossRef

A Case of Pituitary Macroadenoma Accompanied with CRH Deficiency.: Yoo Jung Nahm, Jin Soo Kim, Keun Jong Cho, Uk Hyun Kil, Sung Yong Woo, Sung Rae Kim, Soon Jib Yoo, Sung Koo Kang, Ho Young Son; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):153-157. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.153

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Abstract PDF: Pituitary tumor can be accompanied with various pituitary hormone abnormalities. Pituitary tumors can be divided into functioning or nonfunctioning tumors. A functioning pituitary tumor, via the oversecretion of pituitary hormones, causes diverse clinical features. A nonfunctioning pituitary tumor can be accompanied with pituitary dysfunction and this may be due to compression or destruction of normal pituitary tissue, suppression of the pituitary portal system or direct damage to the hypothalamus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) deficiency, which is caused by defects in the synthesis or release of CRH, is a cause of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. The clinical presentations are hypoglycemia, weight loss, anemia, weakness, nausea, vomiting and hyponatremia. Acquired CRH deficiency has also been suggested to occur based on a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but there is a normal ACTH response to exogenous CRH. We experienced a case of a woman with pituitary macroadenoma accompanied with CRH deficiency. We report here on this case with the review of the literature.

A Case of Protein-losing Enteropathy with an Abnormal Cortisol Response to ACTH Stimulation.: Hong Il Kim, Bo Kyeong Koo, You Jin Lee, Eun Jung Lee, Soo Heon Kwak, Sun Wook Cho, Hyung Jin Choi, Young Min Cho, Seong Yeon Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(1):90-95. Published online February 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.1.90

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Abstract PDF: We hereby report a case of a 62-year-old male patient who was misdiagnosed with adrenal insufficiency during the course of protein-losing enteropathy caused by superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis. The patient was suspected to have adrenal insufficiency due to hyponatremia and severe weakness. The cortisol responses to the initial challenge of 250microgram ACTH were inadequate (maximum serum cortisol level after ACTH challenge was 10.9microgram/dL), while the serum albumin concentration was 1.9g/dL. Subsequently, intravenous steroid therapy was given to the patient. However, after bowel resection, the serum albumin level increased to 3.4g/dL and the cortisol response to the follow-up rapid ACTH stimulation was completely normal. Accordingly, we discontinued steroid replacement and discharged the patient without any problem. In conclusion, measuring total serum cortisol in a patient with hypo-pro-teinemia may lead to misdiagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. In such cases, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results in terms of total serum cortisol level or measurement of serum free cortisol levels should be considered.

A Case of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency with Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhagic Infarction due to Ebstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Patient with Asymptomatic Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency.: Sung Chang Chung, Soon Hong Park, Joo Young Lee, Shin Won Lee, Gui Hwa Jeong, Sun Zoo Kim, Han Ik Bae, Hun Kyu Ryeom, Jung Guk Kim, Young Oh Kweon, Sung Woo Ha, Bo Wan Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(2):217-222. Published online April 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: Acute adrenal insufficiency may result from adrenal crisis, hemorrhagic destruction, or the rapid withdrawal of steroids from patient with chronic steroid medication, congenital adrenal hyperplasia or those on other drugs. Acute hemorrhagic destruction of both adrenal glands can occur due to infection, trauma, anticoagulant therapy, antiphospholipid syndrome or a coagulation disorder. However, there have been no reports on acute hemorrhagic adrenal insufficiency due to the Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV). Herein, a case of acute adrenal insufficiency, with bilateral adrenal hemorrhagic infarction, is reported in a patient with asymptomatic chronic adrenal insufficiency. A 42-year-old man presented with general weakness, weight loss and hyperpigmentation of several months duration. He suffered from a sore throat, general myalgia and a headache on admission. The laboratory findings were lymphocytosis, positive EBV IgM antibody, low cortisol level and a high level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Adrenocortical autoantibody and PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis showed negative findings. The serologic findings for CMV and HIV were negative. Fine needle aspiration of the adrenal gland revealed a hemorrhagic infarction and positive staining for the anti-EBV antibody. Acute adrenal insufficiency was then diagnosed with a bilateral adrenal hemorrhagic infarction due to the EBV infection in the patient, also with asymptomatic chronic adrenal insufficiency. This is the first case of acute adrenal insufficiency with bilateral hemorrhagic infarction, due to an EBV infection

Original Articles

Diagnostic Value of 1microgram Rapid ACTH Stimulation Test According to the Timing of Sampling of Serum Cortisol in Patients with Suspected Central Adrenal Insufficiency.: Sang Wan Kim, Young Min Cho, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyung Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(1):33-41. Published online February 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Traditional testing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function has essentially relied upon the insulin tolerance test or the metyrapone test(both tests are not only uncomfortable, but are also dangerous). The standard ACTH stimulation test uses an extremely supra-physiologic amount(250f microgram) of ACTH to evaluate a physiological response, which may result in a false normal response. The 1microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test is more physiological and more sensitive than the standard test, but there exist much controversy about when the serum cortisol should be measured or what the most appropriate cut-off point is for normality or whether the 1microgram ACTH commercial solution is needed. The aims of this study were to investigate 1) whether 1microgram of ACTH is an appropriate amount to stimulate the adrenal gland of patients that have suspected central adrenal insufficiency compared with insulin tolerance test(ITT) and 2) the diagnostic value of the 1microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test according to timing of sampling of serum cortisol. METHODS: In order to evaluate the dose-response relationship between ACTH and cortisol, we performed the ITT in 77 patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency with serial measurements of serum cortisol and plasma ACTH. We drew the blood samples in 10 min intervals between 10 and 60 min after the administration of 1microgram ACTH in 39 patients with central adrenal insufficiency and in 38 pituitary control patients with pituitary. ITT was used to confirm the diseases for the patients of central adrenal insufficiency, but for pituitary control patients, the ITT indicated normality in the patients. Also, all subjects underwent the 250microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test, and we compared the diagnostic value of the 1microgram ACTH stimulation test with the 250microgram test. RESULTS: 1) The plasma ACTH level after the 1microgram ACTH stimulation test, even if it was be assumed as approximately 300pg/mL, was expected to be sufficient enough to stimulate the adrenal cortex normally(serum cortisol levels >18microgram/dL) compared to the plasma ACTH level in the ITT. 2) The sensitivity and specificity of the 1microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test was highest with 92.3% and 84.2%, respectively, when serum cortisol levels were measured at 20, 30, and 40 min after the ACTH injection. The 1microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test was more sensitive than the 250microgram ACTH test(sensitivity: 92.3%, specificity: 71.8%). CONCLUSION: The 1microgram rapid ACTH stimulation test was more sensitive test in patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency, and blood samples for cortisol levels should be drawn at 20, 30, and 40 min after ACTH administration.

Determination of Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy and Adequate Maintenance Dose in Patients with Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency.: Sang Wan Kim, Hye Seung Jung, Seong Hee Kwon, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyung Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(5):456-464. Published online October 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Determination of the adequate dose of glucocorticoid replacement therapy, in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency, is of great importance to avoid the consequences of under or over treatment. The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the value of adrenal cortical function tests in determining whether glucocorticoid replacement should be given, and 2) to investigate the adequate maintenance dose of glucocorticoid in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. METHODS: Forty patients, with secondary adrenal insufficiency, confirmed by the insulin-induced hypoglycemia test (IHT), were studied. All subjects underwent basal serum cortisol measurement, IHT and 250 g rapid ACTH stimulation tests (AST). The clinical usefulness of these tests, for the determination of glucocorticoid replacement therapy, was evaluated in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. 26 of the 40 patients had received prednisolone (Pd) (5 mg per day) replacement due to symptoms from adrenal insufficiency. The dose of Pd was serially changed from 5 to 3.75, and then to 6.25 mg per day, every 3 month. The measured lipid parameters, serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide were measured and the quality of life evaluated by the administration of an Addisonian questionnaire, both before and after the dose changes. RESULTS: 1) For all tests, cut-offs were selected that would provide adequate specificity and sensitivity. When the cut-offs were set to provide 95% specificity, the corresponding sensitivitycut-off values, obtained with basal serum cortisol, peak serum cortisol in IHT and AST were: 88.4% <5 microgram/dL, 80.7% <11 microgram/dL and 76.9% <16 microgram/dL. 2) The urinary type I collagen N-telopeptide, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly increased, and the serum osteocalcin levels significantly decreased when the daily dose of Pd was increased to 6.25 from 3.75 or 5 mg. The LDL-cholesterol levels especially, were significantly increased, even though the change in the Pd from 3.75 to 5 mg per day was subtle. CONCLUSION: The basal cortisol levels, HPA axis tests and the symptoms of patients may be helpful to determine whether prednisolone replacement therapy should be given. It is suggest that an adequate dose of glucocorticoid replacement therapy should be not exceed Pd 5mg per day, so as not to have adverse effects on the bone and lipid metabolisms.

Case Reports

A Case of Polygrandular Automune type II syndrome associated empty sella.: Jin Soo Kim, Mi Duk Lee, Hong Seung Kim, Choon Hee Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(2):295-300. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: The polyglandular autoimmune(PGA) syndrome designate as the dysfimction of endocrine and nonendocrine systems involving two or more organs on the basis of an autoimmune mechanism. There are 3 types of PGA syndrome and their etiology or pathogenesis is still not complete by understood. Type I PGA is present in the patients who have at least two of the triad of Addison's disease, hypopacathyroidism, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Type II PGA is present in the those who have Addisons disease with autoimmune thyroid disease and/or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, but who do not have hypoparathyroidism or candidiasis. Type III PGA is present in the one who have autoimmune thyroid disease, without Addisons disease, but with another autoimmune disease report a case of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II in a seventy-three years old female patient who had primary adrenal insufficiency, primary hypothyroidism, and empty sella, pulmonary tuberculosis.

A Case of Bezafibrate induced Rhabdomyolysis.: Won Yong Shin, Sung Hun Kim, Jae Suk Jeon, Kyong Wan Min, Kyong Ah Han, Eung Jin Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(4-5):634-639. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Bezafibrate, a fibric acid derivative related to clofibrate, is being used increasingly in the treatment of hypertriglycemia. It is relatively well tolerated at usual dosage, and has a low incidence of adverse reactions. But we had recently observed a reversible deterioration of renal function requiring hemodialysis, presumed to be caused by bezafibrate treatment in a patient with diabetic nephropathy. A 55 year old man was admitted with complaints of general weakness and painful lower extremities. He had taken bezafibrate (200 mg every 12 hours) for the previous 4 months because of hypertriglycemia. After admission, the drug was withdrawn, and he was treated conservatively management with hydration and diuretics for bezafibrate induced rhabdomyolysis. Nevertheless, his symptom was not improved, so he was taken even hemodialysis. These findings suggested that bezafibrate should be admistered with great caution to patient with renal insufficiency. When it is admistered, CK, LDH, aldolase, and sGOT levels have to be checked for early detection of potential side effect.

A Case of Isolated ACTH Deficiency Accompanied by hyperprolactinemia.: Young Seung Kim, Gwang Il Kim, Dae Su Kim, Jeon Ok An, Sang Jeong Yoon, Hee Cheol Jang, Kang Seo Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(3):462-467. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Isolated ACTH deficiency is a uncommon disorder causing secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. Less than 200 cases have been reported in the world. The major clinical manifestations are hypoglycemia, weight loss, hypotension, anemia, weakness, nausea, inability to excrete water load, and hyponatremia. A 56-year-old male was admitted because of weakness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. He was pallor and not associated with hyperpigmentation. The basal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 8.30 pg/ml and 0.6 ug/dl. The serum cortisol did not response to rapid ACTH stimulation test. On combined pituitary stimulation test, the cortisol did not response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Other anterior pituitary hormones showed normal responses except elevated prolactin level. Six months after glucocorticoid replacement therapy, the elevated basal prolactin level returned to normal. Brain MRI did not show any anatomic abnormalities of the sellar and suprasella area. We report a case of isolated ACTH deficiency accompanied by hyperprolactineia, which respond to glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

Original Articles

The Diagnostic Value of a Low Dose (1ug) Rapid ACTH Stimulation Test to Assess the Adrenocortical Function.: In Kyung Jung, Jae Seok Jeon, Young Joo Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyoung Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Hee Jin Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(3):433-442. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Insulin induced hypoglycemia has been used to assess the adrenocortical function, but may be hazardous. The standard rapid ACTH stimulation test has been advocated as a substitute but is sometimes insensitive. In this study, low dose (1ug) rapid ACTH stimulation test was compared to insulin induced hypoglycemia and standard dose (250ug) rapid ACTH stimulation. METHODS: 27 patients (14 men and 13 women) with pituitary disease and definite adrenocortical dysfunction (14 patients were confirmed by insulin induced hypoglycemia) and 23 controls (pituitary control: 3 men and 7 women, confirmed by insulin induced hypoglycemia, normal control: 8 men and 5 women) were studied. All subjects underwent rapid ACTH stimulation test with 2 different level of stimulation (1 and 250ug). Serum cortisol levels were measured at 0, 30 and 60 min after each dose of ACTH injection. A normal response was defined as a peak cortisol value of 497nrnol/L (18ug/dL) or above, RESULTS: During rapid ACTH stimulation study in controls, the peak serum cortisol level was significantly lower (690+-25lnmol/L (25.0+-9.1ug/dL) vs. 933+-257nmol/L (33.8+-9.3ug/dL); p< 0.01) and the peak appeared earlier (30min. vs. 60min) after the administration of low dose ACTH than after standard dose. However, the serum cortisol level at 30min was not different. In patient group, each serum cortisol level at 30min and 60min had no difference between low and standard dose (p>0.1). None of these 27 patients showed normal response to low dose stimulation, but 2 of 27 did to standard dose. In controls, 19 of 23 showed normal response to low dose, and all of 23 did to standard dose (sensitivity 100% vs 92.5%, specificity 82.5% vs 100%). The results of low and high dose stimulation test agreed with those of insulin induced hypoglycemia (Kendalls g= 0.50 vs 0.92, p<0.01 vs 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of a low dose (1ug) rapid ACTH stimulation test showed good correlation with those of the standard dose (250ug) rapid ACTH stimulation test and insulin induced hypoglycemia. Thus it may be used in screening for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.

The Role of Low-dose ACTH Stimulation Test in the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency.: Chul Hee Kim, Ghi Su Kim, Hong Kyu Kim, Joong Yeol Park, Young Kee Shong, Ki Up Lee, Il Min Ahn, Sung Kwan Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(2):222-229. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation test using 250ug of ACTH (1-24) has been used as a standard test in the initial assessment of adrenal function. However, it has recently been suggested that a rnaximal cortisol response can be achieved with a much lower ACTH dose, and reducing the dose might further enhance the sensitivity of the test in the detection of mild adrenal insufficiency. This study was performed to evaluate the role of low-dose (lug) ACTH stimulation test in the assessment of adrenal function and the diagnosis of subtle adrenal insufficiency. METHODS: Twenty-two subjects with suspected adrenal insufficiency due to long-term corticosteroid use were included in this study. The correlations between clinical features and the serum cortisol responses to low dose (lug) and high dose (250 ug) ACTH stimulation were evaluated. RESULTS: In high dose test, 10 (67%) out of 15 subjects with clinical features of adrenal insufficiency showed decreased serum cortisol response (peak cortisol level <18 ug/dL), but 5 (33%) subjects showed normal response (peak cortisol level > 18ug/dL). On the other hand, 14 (93%) subjects with clinical features of adrenal insufficiency showed decreased serum cortisol response in low dose test, while only one showed normal response. In 7 subjects without clinical features of adrenal insufficiency, 5 subject (71%) showed normal response, and 2 subjects (29%) showed decreased response in both low and high dose tests. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the 1-ug low dose ACTH stimulation test might be more sensitive than conventional 250-ug test in the detection of mild adrenal insufficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of ACTH and the criteria for normal response to ACTH stimulation.

Usefullness of Urinary Free Cortisol Measurement in Diagnosis of Iatrogenic Cushing Syndrome.: Yong Hyun Kim, Sang Jin Kim, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(2):162-169. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Although insulin induced hypoglycemia test is a standard diagnostic method in assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, rapid ACTH stimulation test using 250microgram has been used as a first line diagnostic test especially in secondary adrenal insufficiency due to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome because it is easy and safe. However, it was suggested that a maximal cortisol response can be achieved with a much lower ACTH dose and 1microgram ACTH enhances the sensitivity without decreasing specificity of test. Also recently, there was a report that midnight to morning urine cortisol increment is more accurate, noninvasive method can be used for measurement of hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we compared the 1microgram ACTH stimulation test with midnight to morning urinary free cortisol increment in secondary adrenal insufficiency due to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome to study the agreement of two test and accuracy of increment of urinary free cortisol in diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. METHODS: Double voided urine sample were collected at midnight and 8 A.M. in 12 patients who have Cushing-like feature and history of taking glucocorticoids and in 12 normal controls. Urinary free cortisol was measured and cortisol increment was defined as the morning urine free cortisol minus the midnight urine free cortisol. The 1microgram ACTH stimulation test was performed in 12 iatrogenic Cushing syndrome patients at the same day and compard with the result of cortisol increment. RESULTS: Using the results of 12 controls, normal urine free cortisol increment was defined as greater than 165.5nmol/L(6.0microgram/dL). Subnormal cortisol response in 1microgram ACTH stimulation test was noted in 8 out of 12 patients group and urinary free cortisol increment was not observed in 7 out of 8 subnormal response group. Normal cortisol response in 1microgram ACTH stimulation test was noted in 4 out of 12 patients group and urinary free cortisol increment was observed in 3 out of 4 normal response group. So 83% of concordance rate between 1microgram ACTH stimulation test and urine free cortisol increment was recorded. CONCLUSION: Urinary free cortisol increment has high concordance rate with 1microgram ACTH stimulation test and simple, easy test in diagnosing secondary adrenal insufficiency due to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Further study including more patients will be helpful to know the adequacy and reliability of test in evaluation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Case Report

Two Cases of Malignant Lymphoma Involving Bilateral Adrenal Glands as Huge Masses.: Seung Hyeok Han, Jin Seok Kim, Myung Soo Kim, Hye Won Chung, Jae Ho Jung, Young Suck Goo, Chul Woo Ahn, Jae Hyun Nam, Sang Soo Jung, Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Jee Sook Hahn; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(1):121-127. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Adrenal gland is a common site of metastatic tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. When adrenal mass is found incidentally, adenoma is the most common among single adrenal masses. But in the case of bilateral adrenal masses, infection, bilateral metastases and hemorrhage are common. Secondary involvement of the adrenal gland is found in 25% of autopsy cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, adrenal insufficiency is rare because it becomes apparent only when approximately 90% of adrenal cortex is destructed. We exprienced two cases of malignant lymphoma which involved the adrenal glands bilaterally. One case in which adrenal insufficiency was suspicious, was accompanied by hypovolemic shock and sepsis at the initial presentation. He died of sepsis combined with DIC even though hydrocortisone, intravenous saline infusion, and antibiotics therapy were started immediately. The other one was found incidentally, in which adrenal infiltraion was confirmed by CT scan. Hormonal level was normal and adrenal masses disappeared after chemotherapy.

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