Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Emerging Importance of Mitochondria in White Adipocytes: Neither Last nor Least: Juan Cai, Fenfen Wang, Mengle Shao; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):493-503. Published online October 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1813

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The growing recognition of mitochondria’s crucial role in the regulation of white adipose tissue remodeling and energy balance underscores its significance. The marked metabolic diversity of mitochondria provides the molecular and cellular foundation for enabling adipose tissue plasticity in response to various metabolic cues. Effective control of mitochondrial function at the cellular level, not only in thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes but also in energy-storing white adipocytes, exerts a profound influence on adipose homeostasis. Furthermore, mitochondria play a pivotal role in intercellular communication within adipose tissue via production of metabolites with signaling properties. A more comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial regulation within white adipocytes will empower the development of targeted and efficacious strategies to enhance adipose function, leading to advancements in overall metabolic health.

Miscellaneous
Quality Matters as Much as Quantity of Skeletal Muscle: Clinical Implications of Myosteatosis in Cardiometabolic Health: Hong-Kyu Kim, Chul-Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1161-1174. Published online December 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1348

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Although age-related changes in skeletal muscles are closely associated with decreases in muscle strength and functional decline, their associations with cardiometabolic diseases in the literature are inconsistent. Such inconsistency could be explained by the fact that muscle quality—which is closely associated with fatty infiltration of the muscle (i.e., myosteatosis)—is as important as muscle quantity in cardiometabolic health. However, muscle quality has been less explored compared with muscle mass. Moreover, the standard definition of myosteatosis and its assessment methods have not been established yet. Recently, some techniques using single axial computed tomography (CT) images have been introduced and utilized in many studies, as the mass and quality of abdominal muscles could be measured opportunistically on abdominal CT scans obtained during routine clinical care. Yet, the mechanisms by which myosteatosis affect metabolic and cardiovascular health remain largely unknown. In this review, we explore the recent advances in the assessment of myosteatosis and its changes associated with aging. We also review the recent literature on the clinical implication of myosteatosis by focusing on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and unanswered questions that need addressing to set myosteatosis as a therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

Citations

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A CT-based Deep Learning Model for Predicting Subsequent Fracture Risk in Patients with Hip Fracture
Yisak Kim, Young-Gon Kim, Jung-Wee Park, Byung Woo Kim, Youmin Shin, Sung Hye Kong, Jung Hee Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin
Radiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Myosteatosis is associated with poor survival after kidney transplantation: a large retrospective cohort validation
Jie Chen, Yue Li, Chengjie Li, Turun Song
Abdominal Radiology.2024; 49(4): 1210. CrossRef
Fatty infiltration of gastrocnemius–soleus muscle complex: Considerations for myosteatosis rehabilitation
Catherine Hatzantonis, Lalith Satkunam, Karyne N. Rabey, Jennifer C. Hocking, Anne M. R. Agur
Journal of Anatomy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Muscle attenuation, not skeletal muscle index, is an independent prognostic factor for survival in gastric cancer patients with overweight and obesity
Cheng-Le Zhuang, Hao-Fan Wu, Hao-Jie Jiang, Feng-Min Zhang, Han-Ping Shi, Zhen Yu, Xian Shen, Xiao-Lei Chen, Su-Lin Wang
Nutrition.2024; 122: 112391. CrossRef
Myosteatosis is associated with coronary artery calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes
Fu-Peng Liu, Mu-Jie Guo, Qing Yang, Yan-Ying Li, Yan-Gang Wang, Mei Zhang
World Journal of Diabetes.2024; 15(3): 429. CrossRef
Unlocking liver health: Can tackling myosteatosis spark remission in metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease?
Guillaume Henin, Audrey Loumaye, Louise Deldicque, Isabelle A. Leclercq, Nicolas Lanthier
Liver International.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase with myosteatosis assessed by muscle quality mapping using abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Clinical Imaging.2023; 93: 4. CrossRef
Increased visceral fat area to skeletal muscle mass ratio is positively associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in a Chinese natural population: A cross‐sectional study
Shi Zhang, Yaping Huang, Jing Li, Xincheng Wang, Xiaohe Wang, Minying Zhang, Yanju Zhang, Meiyang Du, Jingna Lin, Chunjun Li
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between hypertension and myosteatosis evaluated by abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Hypertension Research.2023; 46(4): 845. CrossRef
Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings
Jaime A. Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón
European Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 123(5): 945. CrossRef
Muscle fat infiltration in chronic kidney disease: a marker related to muscle quality, muscle strength and sarcopenia
Carla Maria Avesani, Aline Miroski de Abreu, Heitor S. Ribeiro, Torkel B. Brismar, Peter Stenvinkel, Alice Sabatino, Bengt Lindholm
Journal of Nephrology.2023; 36(3): 895. CrossRef
IDF2022-1139 Association Between Dyslipidemia And Myosteatosis Using Visual Muscular Quality Map In Computed Tomography
H.S. Kim, H.N. Jung, Y.K. Cho, E.H. Kim, M.J. Lee, W.J. Lee, J.Y. Park, H.K. Kim, C.H. Jung
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 197: 110467. CrossRef
The role of skeletal muscle mass on cardiovascular disease risk: an emerging role on modulating lipid profile
Evangelia Damigou, Matina Kouvari, Demosthenes Panagiotakos
Current Opinion in Cardiology.2023; 38(4): 352. CrossRef
Reference values for low muscle mass and myosteatosis using tomographic muscle measurements in living kidney donors
Lisa B. Westenberg, Marcel Zorgdrager, Tim D. A. Swaab, Marco van Londen, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, Alain R. Viddeleer, Robert A. Pol
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between sarcopenic obesity and poor muscle quality based on muscle quality map and abdominal computed tomography
Yun Kyung Cho, Han Na Jung, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong‐Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong‐Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Obesity.2023; 31(6): 1547. CrossRef
Increase in skeletal muscular adiposity and cognitive decline in a biracial cohort of older men and women
Caterina Rosano, Anne Newman, Adam Santanasto, Xiaonan Zhu, Bret Goodpaster, Iva Miljkovic
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2023; 71(9): 2759. CrossRef
Evaluation of Paraspinal Muscle Degeneration on Pain Relief after Percutaneous Epidural Adhesiolysis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Disease
Misun Kang, Shin Hyung Kim, Minju Jo, Hyun Eom Jung, Jungbin Bae, Hee Jung Kim
Medicina.2023; 59(6): 1118. CrossRef
Sarcopenic obesity and its relation with muscle quality and mortality in patients on chronic hemodialysis
Alice Sabatino, Carla Maria Avesani, Giuseppe Regolisti, Marianna Adinolfi, Giuseppe Benigno, Marco Delsante, Enrico Fiaccadori, Ilaria Gandolfini
Clinical Nutrition.2023; 42(8): 1359. CrossRef
Association between computed tomography‐assessed sarcopenia and mortality in patients with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis
Sung Soo Ahn, Yong‐Beom Park, Sang‐Won Lee
International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases.2023; 26(9): 1704. CrossRef
Association Between Insulin Resistance and Myosteatosis Measured by Abdominal Computed Tomography
Myung Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Han Na Jung, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Hong-Kyu Kim, Woo Je Lee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 108(12): 3100. CrossRef
Association of Visceral Fat Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Myosteatosis with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease without Obesity
Hong-Kyu Kim, Sung-Jin Bae, Min Jung Lee, Eun Hee Kim, Hana Park, Hwi Seung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung, Woo Je Lee, Jaewon Choe
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(4): 987. CrossRef
Different computed tomography parameters for defining myosteatosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Wenyi Zhang, Jing Tang, Huiyu Tang, Lingling Xie, Jing Wang, Jinhui Wu, Ming Yang
Clinical Nutrition.2023; 42(12): 2414. CrossRef
All you need to know about sarcopenia: a short guide for an internal medicine physician in questions and answers
G. R. Bikbavova, M. A. Livzan, D. V. Tikhonravova
Bulletin of Siberian Medicine.2023; 22(3): 88. CrossRef
Muscle Fat Content Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis in Chinese Adults
W. Guo, X. Zhao, D. Cheng, X. Liang, M. Miao, X. Li, J. Lu, N. Xu, Shuang Hu, Qun Zhang
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2023; 27(11): 960. CrossRef
Body Composition Evaluation and Clinical Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Patients with Phenylketonuria
Luis M. Luengo-Pérez, Mercedes Fernández-Bueso, Ana Ambrojo, Marta Guijarro, Ana Cristina Ferreira, Luís Pereira-da-Silva, André Moreira-Rosário, Ana Faria, Conceição Calhau, Anne Daly, Anita MacDonald, Júlio César Rocha
Nutrients.2023; 15(24): 5133. CrossRef
Assessment of Muscle Quantity, Quality and Function
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2022; 31(1): 9. CrossRef
Influence of cross‐sectional area and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles on analgesic efficacy of epidural steroid injection in elderly patients
Hee Jung Kim, Miribi Rho, Kyung Bong Yoon, Minju Jo, Dong Woo Lee, Shin Hyung Kim
Pain Practice.2022; 22(7): 621. CrossRef
Sarcopenia, Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity and Risk of Poor Nutritional Status in Polish Community-Dwelling Older People Aged 60 Years and Over
Marika Murawiak, Roma Krzymińska-Siemaszko, Aleksandra Kaluźniak-Szymanowska, Marta Lewandowicz, Sławomir Tobis, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis, Ewa Deskur-Śmielecka
Nutrients.2022; 14(14): 2889. CrossRef
Metabolic mechanisms for and treatment of NAFLD or NASH occurring after liver transplantation
Amedeo Lonardo, Alessandro Mantovani, Salvatore Petta, Amedeo Carraro, Christopher D. Byrne, Giovanni Targher
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2022; 18(10): 638. CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolism
Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity: Norbert Stefan; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):487-493. Published online August 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.301

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Increased fat mass is an established risk factor for the cardiometabolic diseases type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, also very low fat mass associates with such an increased risk. Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. An important pathomechanism of impaired metabolic health is disproportionate fat distribution. In this article the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality in subjects with metabolically healthy and unhealthy normal weight and obesity is summarized. Furthermore, the change of metabolic health during a longer period of follow-up and its impact on cardiometabolic diseases is being discussed. Finally, the implementation of the concept of metabolic health in daily clinical practice is being highlighted.

Citations

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Phenotyping obesity: A focus on metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight
Rachel Agius, Nikolai P. Pace, Stephen Fava
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Association between Weight Change and Incidence of Dyslipidemia in Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Korean Male Soldiers
Joon-Young Yoon, Won Ju Park, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Cheol-Kyu Park, Wonsuk Choi
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2024; 33(1): 36. CrossRef
Metabolically Healthy Obesity: An Eye-opener
Purushothaman Padmanabhan, Nagendram Dinakaran, Somnath Verma, S Keerthana
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Effect of metabolic health and obesity on all-cause death and CVD incidence in Korean adults: a retrospective cohort study
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Metabolically unhealthy phenotype in adults with normal weight: Is cardiometabolic health worse off when compared to adults with obesity?
Myong-Won Seo, Joon Young Kim
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2023; 17(2): 116. CrossRef
Association between metabolic obesity phenotypes and multiple myeloma hospitalization burden: A national retrospective study
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Metabolically healthy obesity: Misleading phrase or healthy phenotype?
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Prevalence of combined metabolic health and weight status by various diagnosis criteria and association with cardiometabolic disease in Korean adults
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Precision medicine in complex diseases—Molecular subgrouping for improved prediction and treatment stratification
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Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease
Armella Zadoorian, Ximing Du, Hongyuan Yang
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2023; 19(8): 443. CrossRef
Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity
Dariusz Szukiewicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(12): 9818. CrossRef
Insulin Resistance Is the Main Characteristic of Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity (MUO) Associated with NASH in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Sophia M. Schmitz, Sebastian Storms, Alexander Koch, Christine Stier, Andreas Kroh, Karl P. Rheinwalt, Sandra Schipper, Karim Hamesch, Tom F. Ulmer, Ulf P. Neumann, Patrick H. Alizai
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Predictable Representation of Metabolic Synthesis Pathways of Vitamins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Obese Adults
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Pathogenesis, Murine Models, and Clinical Implications of Metabolically Healthy Obesity
Yun Kyung Cho, Yoo La Lee, Chang Hee Jung
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Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung
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Original Articles

Clinical Study
Metabolic Health Is More Important than Obesity in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A 4-Year Retrospective Study: Min-Kyung Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee, Min Chul Kim, Byung Sub Moon, Jeong In Lee, Young Seok Song, Eun Na Han, Hyo Sun Lee, Yoonjeong Son, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):522-530. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.522

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The aim of this study is to compare the risk for future development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) according to different status of metabolic health and obesity.

Methods

A total of 3,045 subjects without NAFLD and diabetes at baseline were followed for 4 years. Subjects were categorized into four groups according to the following baseline metabolic health and obesity statuses: metabolically healthy, non-obese (MHNO); metabolically healthy, obese (MHO); metabolically unhealthy, non-obese (MUHNO); and metabolically unhealthy, obese (MUHO). Being metabolically healthy was defined as having fewer than two of the following five components: high blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose, high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and being in the highest decile of the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index. Obesity was defined as a body mass index >25 kg/m². The presence of NAFLD was assessed by ultrasonography.

Results

The proportions of subjects included in the MHNO, MHO, MUHNO, and MUHO groups were 71.4%, 9.8%, 13.0%, and 5.8%, respectively. The proportions of subjects who developed NAFLD were 10.5%, 31.4%, 23.2%, and 42% in the MHNO, MHO, MUHNO, and MUHO groups, respectively. The risk for developing NAFLD was highest in subjects who were metabolically unhealthy both at baseline and after 4 years compared with subjects who were consistently metabolically healthy during the follow-up period (odds ratio, 2.862). Using the MHNO group as reference, the odds ratios for the MHO, MUHNO, and MUHO groups were 1.731, 1.877, and 2.501, respectively.

Conclusion

The risk for NAFLD was lower in MHO subjects than in MUNO subjects.

Citations

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Obesity and Metabolism
Comparison of Serum Adipocytokine Levels according to Metabolic Health and Obesity Status: Tae Hoon Lee, Won Seon Jeon, Ki Joong Han, Shin Yeoung Lee, Nam Hee Kim, Hyun Beom Chae, Choel Min Jang, Kyung Mo Yoo, Hae Jung Park, Min Kyung Lee, Se Eun Park, Hyung Geun Oh, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):185-194. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.185

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Background

Metabolic health is an emerging concept that is highly correlated with various metabolic complications, and adipocytokines have been causally linked to a wide range of metabolic diseases. Thus, this study compared serum adipocytokine levels according to metabolic health and obesity status.

Methods

Four hundred and fifty-six nondiabetic subjects (mean age, 40.5 years) were categorized into four groups according to metabolic health and obesity status: metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUHNO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO). Being metabolically healthy was defined as the presence of fewer than two of the following five metabolic abnormalities: high blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose, high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and being in the highest decile of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index. Obesity status was assessed using body mass index (BMI), with obesity defined as a BMI higher than 25 kg/m². Levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) were also evaluated.

Results

Of the 456 subjects, 247 (54.2%) were in the MHNO group, 66 (14.5%) were in the MHO group, 66 (14.5%) were in the MUHNO group, and 77 (16.9%) were in the MUHO group. There were no significant differences in IL-6 or MCP-1 levels among the groups, but levels of TNF-α and A-FABP were significantly higher in the MUHNO group compared to the MHNO group.

Conclusion

High TNF-α and A-FABP levels are significantly associated with metabolically unhealthiness in nonobese Korean individuals.

Citations

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