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Review Articles
Thyroid
The Initial Risk Stratification System for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Key Updates in the 2024 Korean Thyroid Association Guideline
Shinje Moon, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Eun Kyung Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Chan Kwon Jung, Young Joo Park, on Behalf of the Korean Thyroid Association Clinical Guideline Committee
Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(3):357-384.   Published online June 24, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2465
  • 8,359 View
  • 249 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
In 2024, the Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) introduced a revised Risk Stratification System (K-RSS) for differentiated thyroid cancer, building upon the modified RSS (M-RSS) proposed by the American Thyroid Association in 2015. The K-RSS emphasizes the cumulative impact of coexisting clinical and pathological features, acknowledging that multiple intermediate-risk factors collectively indicate a higher recurrence risk. Histologic classification follows the 2022 World Health Organization classification, consolidating encapsulated follicular-patterned thyroid carcinomas, including invasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid gland, and stratifying them by the extent of capsular and vascular invasion. High-grade thyroid carcinoma is newly included. Updated criteria for tumor size and extrathyroidal extension (ETE) represent another significant change. BRAFV600E-mutated papillary thyroid carcinomas measuring 1 to 2 cm are now considered lower risk than previously classified in the M-RSS, while encapsulated follicular-patterned tumors larger than 4 cm are considered higher risk. Both minimal ETE and gross ETE confined to the strap muscles have been downgraded to low and intermediate risk, respectively. These changes are accompanied by updates regarding molecular profiling and surgical margin status. Collectively, these updates aim to minimize overtreatment in low-risk patients, while ensuring intensified management for those at higher risk.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Development and validation of a machine learning model for predicting high-risk distant metastatic recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer
    Fei Yang, Jie Zhang, Tengfei Liu, Zhijun Zhao
    Frontiers in Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of Tumor Bilaterality and Multifocality in Predicting Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Eunji Kim, Jun Hyun Park, Ji-Young Park, Jin Hyang Jung, Sang-Woo Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(2): 288.     CrossRef
  • Positive prognostic implications of SPHK1 expression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing radioactive iodine therapy
    Kyung Won Park, Ja Seong Bae, Dong-Jun Lim, Chan Kwon Jung
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Thyroid Cancer and Precision Mitigation Strategies—An Integrated Analysis Based on Evidence-Based Medicine and Risk Stratification Models
    云菲 李
    Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(04): 4980.     CrossRef
  • Clinicopathological profile of high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinoma in an Indonesian tertiary hospital
    Novita, Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Maria Francisca Ham, Alfianto Widiono, Chan Kwon Jung
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2026; 60(3): 338.     CrossRef
  • Who Really Needs RAI Ablation Therapy for Low-to-Intermediate Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer? Insights from the IoN Trial
    Young Joo Park
    Clinical Thyroidology®.2025; 37(9): 323.     CrossRef
  • From Classification to Personalization: Advances in Thyroid Cancer Risk Stratification Systems
    Mijin Kim, Bo Hyun Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(5): 689.     CrossRef
  • Thyroglobulin Cutoffs after Total Thyroidectomy Without Radioiodine in Low- to Intermediate-Risk Thyroid Cancer: A Multicenter Cohort Study
    Mijin Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyeong Jin Kim, Soo Myoung Shin, Jinsun Jang, Je Yoon Shin, Meihua Jin, Ja Seong Bae, Kwangsoon Kim, Won Gu Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Seung Heon Kang, Hee Kyung Kim, Jee Hee Yoon, Yea Eun Kang, Hwa Young Ahn, Young Joo Park, Bo Hyun Kim
    Thyroid®.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic Challenges, Prognostic Assessment, and Treatment Strategies in High-Grade Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
    Chan Kwon Jung, Agnes Stephanie Harahap
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(6): 830.     CrossRef
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Thyroid
2025 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Hyperthyroidism
Kyeong Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Eu Jeong Ku, Hyun Woo Kwon, Jee Hee Yoon, Eun Kyung Lee, Won Woo Lee, Young Joo Park, Dong-Jun Lim, Sun Wook Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Yong Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Jee Soo Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(3):342-356.   Published online June 24, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2464
  • 13,323 View
  • 454 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Hyperthyroidism is a condition marked by excessive thyroid hormone production, most commonly due to Graves’ disease. Treatment options include antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, and thyroidectomy. To develop standardized clinical recommendations for RAI therapy with a focus on safety, efficacy, and monitoring, the Korean Thyroid Association formed a task force to create evidence-based guidelines. Six key clinical questions were identified through expert consensus, and a systematic literature review from 2013 to 2022 was conducted. Clinical indications for RAI therapy were categorized into three groups: strongly recommended, may be considered, and not recommended. A fixed dose of 10 to 15 mCi is recommended. Although a strict low-iodine diet is unnecessary, iodine-rich foods should be avoided for at least 1 week before treatment. ATD should be stopped 3 to 7 days before RAI and may be resumed in select cases. Prophylactic glucocorticoids are recommended for patients with mildly active thyroid eye disease and may be considered for others at risk. Thyroid function should be monitored at 4–6 weeks post-treatment, every 2–3 months until stabilized, and then every 6–12 months. These guidelines highlight recent advances and underscore the importance of individualized treatment based on clinical features, comorbidities, and patient preferences in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Outcome of MRI-Guided Single-Dose Iodine-131 for Graves’ Hyperthyroidism with Large Goiter
    Shangcheng Yan, Xiansheng Chen, Bing Yan, Xin Li, Zhen Cao, Pan Zhang, Yajun Wang, Wenmei Guo, Ziwen Liu
    Annals of Nuclear Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Thyroid
2025 Korean Thyroid Association Clinical Management Guideline on Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Eun Kyung Lee, Min Joo Kim, Seung Heon Kang, Bon Seok Koo, Kyungsik Kim, Mijin Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Ji-hoon Kim, Shinje Moon, Kyorim Back, Young Shin Song, Jong-hyuk Ahn, Hwa Young Ahn, Ho-Ryun Won, Won Sang Yoo, Min Kyoung Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Ji Ye Lee, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chan Kwon Jung, Yoon Young Cho, Dong-Jun Lim, Sun Wook Kim, Young Joo Park, Dong Gyu Na, Jee Soo Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(3):307-341.   Published online June 24, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2461
  • 12,659 View
  • 541 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The increasing detection of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has raised concerns regarding overtreatment. For low-risk PTMC, either immediate surgery or active surveillance (AS) can be considered. To facilitate the implementation of AS, the Korean Thyroid Association convened a multidisciplinary panel and developed the first Korean guideline. AS is recommended for adults with pathologically confirmed Bethesda V–VI PTMC who have no clinical evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis, gross extrathyroidal extension, invasion of the trachea or recurrent laryngeal nerve, or aggressive histology. A baseline assessment requires high-resolution neck ultrasound performed by experienced operators to exclude extrathyroidal extension, tracheal or recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion, and lymph node metastasis; contrast-enhanced neck computed tomography is optional. Patient characteristics, including age, comorbidities, and the capacity for long-term follow-up, should be thoroughly assessed. Shared decision-making should carefully weigh the benefits and risks of surgery versus AS, considering expected oncologic outcomes, potential complications, quality of life, anxiety, medical costs, and patient preference. Follow-up involves neck ultrasound and thyroid function tests every 6 months for 2 years and annually thereafter. Disease progression, defined as significant tumor growth or newly detected nodal or distant metastasis, warrants surgery. Despite remaining uncertainties, this guideline provides a structured framework to ensure oncologic safety and supports patient-centered AS.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Feasibility and Safety of Active Surveillance in Subcapsular Thyroid Nodules with High Suspicion for Malignancy
    Yan Hu, Wei Zhou, Lu Zhang, Weiwei Zhan
    Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.2026; 52(4): 816.     CrossRef
  • Combined Ultrasound and MRI Assessment in Patients Undergoing Reoperation for Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Oncological Outcomes and Surgical Safety
    Zimei Tang, Jie Liu, Rong Wang, Gang Tian, Anwen Ren, Jiexiao Li, Yiran Wang, Wen Yang, Peng Sun, Tao Huang, Ximeng Zhang, Jie Ming
    Current Oncology.2026; 33(2): 98.     CrossRef
  • Multidisciplinary team diagnosis and treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma: current landscape and future prospects
    Yuanyuan Li, Peijie Wang, Jiaxin Cao, Haiyan Liu
    The Oncologist.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Controlled minimally invasive surgical interventions for the treatment of patients with thyroid carcinoma
    David D. Dolidze, Zurab A. Bagatelia, Suren G. Laboyan, Arshak V. Vardanyan, Konstantin S. Titov, Ivan N. Lebedinsky, Georgi Genadi Melkonyan, Dmitriy V. Matveev, Nodar N. Gogitidze, Andrei Y. Lukin, Armen R. Oganyan, David G. Gogolashvili, Anastasia V. B
    Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery.2026; 19(1): 45.     CrossRef
  • Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Thyroid Cancer and Precision Mitigation Strategies—An Integrated Analysis Based on Evidence-Based Medicine and Risk Stratification Models
    云菲 李
    Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(04): 4980.     CrossRef
  • Active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: Integrating guidelines, emerging evidence, and directions
    Zijing Wu, Kaiang Zhang, Huixian Zhou, Leyi Wan, Jingyuan Zhong, Chunhua Li, Lianggeng Gong, Yun Peng
    iScience.2026; 29(6): 115832.     CrossRef
  • Optimal cutoff value of fine-needle aspiration thyroglobulin of metastatic lymph node in thyroid cancer patients
    Yang Yang, Xianfeng Jiang
    European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 51(11): 110428.     CrossRef
  • Low-risk thyroid cancer: surgery or active surveillance—an application of shared decision-making: a narrative review
    Min Joo Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Yoo Hyung Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Eun-Jae Chung, Jungirl Seok, Yul Hwangbo, Young Ki Lee, Jinsun Jang, Junsun Ryu, Yuh-Seog Jung, Chang Hwan Ryu, Jae Hoon Moon, June Young Choi, Hyeong Won Yu, K
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(9): 573.     CrossRef
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Brief Report
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Characteristics of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Its Risk for Hepatic Fibrosis in 476,124 Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Da Yeon Lee, Ji-Hee Ko, Han-Na Jang, Sun Joon Moon, Hye-Mi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(4):648-652.   Published online March 27, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2281
  • 3,172 View
  • 93 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
As the new terminology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and MASLD with increased alcohol intake (MetALD) has emerged, the clinical significance of MASLD is increasing. This cross-sectional study analyzed 476,124 health checkup participants (2002–2022) to compare hepatic fibrosis risks across MASLD, MetALD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Steatotic liver was identified via ultrasonography, and fibrosis risk was assessed using aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index and NAFLD fibrosis score. The prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD, MASLD, and MetALD was 30.1%, 32.3%, 29.8%, and 3.0%, respectively, with a 27.9% overlap among three conditions. Participants with steatotic liver were predominantly male, with higher glucose, lipids, liver enzymes, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels. Three disease definitions largely overlapped, with MASLD and NAFLD being very similar, while participants with MAFLD and MetALD showed increased fibrosis risk (clinical trial registration number: 2024-11-050).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Associations between steatotic liver disease subtypes and incident diabetes in young Korean adults: A nationwide cohort study
    Goh Eun Chung, Su Jong Yu, Jeayeon Park, Yoon Jun Kim, Jung‐Hwan Yoon, Kyungdo Han, Eun Ju Cho
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(3): 1947.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology and characteristics of obesity in Koreans based on the 2024 Obesity Fact Sheet
    Eun-Jung Rhee
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2026; 69(1): 4.     CrossRef
  • Using an integrative multi-omics and in vitro approach to investigate the role of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate in promoting hepatic steatosis
    Gang Zhou, Xihan Gu, Xinyao Zhou, Shuai Chen, Hanyang Liu, Jing Wang
    BMJ Open Gastroenterology.2026; 13(1): e002123.     CrossRef
  • Distinct Laboratory and Clinical Features of Metabolic and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (MetALD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Maria Tampaki, Vasileios Lekakis, Christos Chologkitas, Stergios Α. Polyzos, Evangelos Cholongitas
    Current Obesity Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Genetic Landscape and Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 in a Korean Cohort: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis
Boram Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Chang Ho Ahn, Han Na Jang, Sung Im Cho, Jee-Soo Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Su-Jin Kim, Tae-Yon Sung, Kyu Eun Lee, Woochang Lee, Jung-Min Koh, Moon-Woo Seong, Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):956-964.   Published online November 18, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2008
  • 5,017 View
  • 106 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by tumors in multiple endocrine organs, caused by variants in the MEN1 gene. This study analyzed the clinical and genetic features of MEN1 in a Korean cohort, identifying prevalent manifestations and genetic variants, including novel variants.
Methods
This multicenter retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 117 MEN1 patients treated at three tertiary centers in Korea between January 2012 and September 2022. Patient demographics, tumor manifestations, outcomes, and MEN1 genetic testing results were collected. Variants were classified using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and French Oncogenetics Network of Neuroendocrine Tumors propositions (TENGEN) guidelines.
Results
A total of 117 patients were enrolled, including 55 familial cases, with a mean age at diagnosis of 37.4±15.3 years. Primary hyperparathyroidism was identified as the most common presentation (84.6%). The prevalence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) was 77.8% (n=91) and 56.4% (n=66), respectively. Genetic testing revealed 61 distinct MEN1 variants in 101 patients, with 18 being novel. Four variants were reclassified according to the TENGEN guidelines. Patients with truncating variants (n=72) exhibited a higher prevalence of PitNETs compared to those with non-truncating variants (n=25) (59.7% vs. 36.0%, P=0.040).
Conclusion
The association between truncating variants and an increased prevalence of PitNETs in MEN1 underscores the importance of genetic characterization in guiding the clinical management of this disease. Our study sheds light on the clinical and genetic characteristics of MEN1 among the Korean population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Risk Factors for Pituitary Adenoma Development in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: A Nationwide Study of 240 Cases
    Nuria Valdés, Ana R Romero-Lluch, Estrella Diego, María Calatayud, Cristina Lamas, Marta Araujo-Castro, Rosa Martínez, Josep Oriola, Cristina Álvarez-Escolá, Ángel Díaz Pérez, Victoria Alcázar, Julia Sastre, María Isabel del Olmo, Evangelina Boix, Almuden
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2026; 111(3): e811.     CrossRef
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Thyroid
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Rising Incidence and Comorbidities of Endogenous Hypothyroidism in Republic of Korea from 2004 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study
Chae Won Chung, Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Ka Hee Yi
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):891-898.   Published online September 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1996
  • 5,275 View
  • 91 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Hypothyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder, results from insufficient thyroid hormone production or release, affecting metabolism. However, disparities in comorbidities and treatment trajectories may exist between endogenous and exogenous hypothyroidism.
Methods
Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2004 to 2018. Endogenous hypothyroidism was defined as cases with two or more diagnostic codes for hypothyroidism coupled with a history of thyroid hormone intake exceeding 60 days. To eliminate iatrogenic hypothyroidism, individuals with diagnosis codes for thyroid cancer, treatment codes for thyroid surgery, or radiotherapy were excluded. Hypothyroidism-related comorbidities were defined as new occurrences of the corresponding diagnosis code after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism during the entire study period.
Results
The age-standardized incidence of endogenous hypothyroidism among men was 0.2 per 1,000 person-years in 2004, increasing to 0.8 in 2018. Among women, the incidence increased from 1.6 per 1,000 person-years in 2004 to 3.7 in 2018. When comparing age groups of 20s–50s and 60s–90s, both sexes in the 60s–90s demonstrated a more rapid increase in incidence than those in the 20s–50s age range. Patients with endogenous hypothyroidism demonstrated a higher incidence of mood disorders across all age groups and cerebrovascular disease in individuals ≥60 years old, regardless of sex.
Conclusion
In Republic of Korea, endogenous hypothyroidism incidence has been increased in recent years. The incidence of endogenous hypothyroidism is increasing more rapidly in men than in women, especially in the elderly. Patients with endogenous hypothyroidism seem to have a heightened risk for cerebrovascular disease and mood disorders.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86.     CrossRef
  • Comorbidities of hypothyroidism
    Gabriela Brenta, Ulrike Gottwald-Hostalek
    Current Medical Research and Opinion.2025; 41(3): 421.     CrossRef
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Review Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea
Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):678-685.   Published online August 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2056
  • 12,454 View
  • 166 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The prevalence of obesity in Korea has steadily increased over the past decade, reaching 38.4% in 2021. Notably, the rate of class II– III obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher, exceeded 7% in the same year. Since January 2019, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) has provided coverage for bariatric surgery (BS) for eligible patients. Coverage is available for individuals with a BMI of 35 kg/m2 or higher, or those with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher who also have obesity-related comorbidities. Additionally, partial reimbursement is offered for BS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have BMI values between 27.5 and 30 kg/m2. From 2019 to 2022, the NHIS recorded 9,080 BS procedures, with sleeve gastrectomy being the most commonly performed. The average percentage of weight loss 198±99.7 days post-surgery was 17.9%, with 80.0% of patients losing more than 10% of their body weight. This article presents the trends in obesity and BS in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant mixture and metabolic obesity phenotypes: Results from a nationwide Korean study (2007–2019)
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology.2026; 36(1): 175.     CrossRef
  • A Contemporary Perspective on Long-Term Complications of Bariatric Surgery
    Vladislav Skossyrskiy, Daniil Stepochkin, Ekaterina Zaharova, Rasim Mamedov, Sergey Muraviev, Regina Pakhomova, Elizaveta German, Andrey Nikolaev, Zelimkhan Berikkhanov, Ivan Markov, Andrey Fabrika, Vadim Razumovsky
    Obesity Surgery.2026; 36(2): 758.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Evolution Over the Past Decades (2009–2024): Insights from the Iranian National Obesity Surgery Database (INOSD)
    Shahab Shahabi Shahmiri, Abdolreza Pazouki, Seyed Amin Setarehdan, Kimia Vakili, Kimia Jazi, Erfan Sheikhbahaei, Fahime Yarigholi, Somayeh Mokhber, Alireza Khalaj, Amir Hossein Davarpanah Jazi, Mohammad Kermansaravi
    Obesity Surgery.2026; 36(2): 608.     CrossRef
  • Real-World Weight Loss Outcomes by Obesity Management Approaches in Japan: Descriptive Findings from the J-ORBIT Database Linked to Electronic Medical Records (J-ORBIT2)
    Yushi Hirota, Seiji Nishikage, Satoshi Osaga, Ambrish Singh, Tomotaka Shingaki, Taisuke Kojima, Masamichi Ishii, Kengo Miyo, Wataru Ogawa
    Diabetes Therapy.2026; 17(3): 391.     CrossRef
  • Evolving dietary strategies in the management of obesity: a narrative review
    Mee Kyoung Kim
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2026; 69(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Sleeve Gastrectomy With Proximal Jejunal Bypass: Balancing Simplicity and Efficacy in Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
    Sang-Yong Son, Yeo-Jin Boo, Jeong Ho Song, Hoon Hur, Sang-Uk Han
    Journal of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.2026; 15(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Safety, Efficacy, and Quality of Life Outcomes of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery in Korea: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study
    Sung Il Choi, Yoonseok Heo, Seung Wan Ryu, Sungsoo Park, Yeongkeun Kwon, Tae Kyung Ha, Yeon-Ji Lee, Sangjun Lee, Kyung won Seo, Sang Hyun Kim, Ji Yeon Park, Jong-Han Kim
    Obesity Surgery.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of caloric restriction on diabetes remission in Korean adults with obesity (CREDO‐K study)
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Su‐Jeong Park, Yoon‐Ju Song, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(3): 1609.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Progression and Its Impact on Kidney Cancer Risk: Insights From a Longitudinal Korean Cohort Study
    Jin Yu, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 111(1): e125.     CrossRef
  • Early experience with bariatric surgery by an experienced gastric cancer surgeon in a tertiary center
    Jawon Hwang, Shanwen Charleen Yeo, Minah Cho, Yoo Min Kim
    Foregut Surgery.2025; 5(2): 63.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Reference Standards for C-Peptide in Korean Population: A Korean Endocrine Hormone Reference Standard Data Center Study
Jooyoung Cho, Ho-Chan Cho, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Chang Geun Kim, Young Ran Yun, Choon Hee Chung, on Behalf of the Task Force Team for Korean Hormone Reference Standards
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):489-499.   Published online May 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1888
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The Korean Endocrine Hormone Reference Standard Data Center (KEHRS DC) has created reference standards (RSs) for endocrine hormones since 2020. This study is the first of its kind, wherein the KEHRS DC established RSs for serum Cpeptide levels in a healthy Korean population.
Methods
Healthy Korean adults were recruited from May 2021 to September 2023. After excluding participants according to our criteria, serum samples were collected; each participant could then choose between fasting glucose only or fasting glucose plus an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). If their sample showed high glucose (≥100 mg/dL) or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (≥5.70%), their C-peptide levels were excluded from analyzing the RSs.
Results
A total of 1,532 participants were recruited; however, only the data of 1,050 participants were analyzed after excluding those whose samples showed hyperglycemia or high HbA1c. Post-30-minute OGTT data from 342 subjects and post-120-minute OGTT data from 351 subjects were used. The means±2 standard deviations and expanded uncertainties of fasting, post-30-minute and 120-minute OGTT C-peptide levels were 1.26±0.82 and 0.34–3.18, 4.74±3.57 and 1.14–8.33, and 4.85±3.58 and 1.25–8.34 ng/mL, respectively. Serum C-peptide levels correlated with obesity, serum glucose levels, and HbA1c levels.
Conclusion
The RSs for serum C-peptide levels established in this study are expected to be useful in both clinical and related fields.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Call for Standardization of C-Peptide Measurement
    Erwin Schleicher, Kuanysh Kabytaev, Matthias Nauck, Dirk Müller-Wieland, Andreas Peter, Randie R. Little, Lutz Heinemann
    Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Miscellaneous
Prediction of Cardiovascular Complication in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Using an XGBoost/GRU-ODE-Bayes-Based Machine-Learning Algorithm
Joonyub Lee, Yera Choi, Taehoon Ko, Kanghyuck Lee, Juyoung Shin, Hun-Sung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):176-185.   Published online November 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1739
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Cardiovascular disease is life-threatening yet preventable for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Because each patient with T2DM has a different risk of developing cardiovascular complications, the accurate stratification of cardiovascular risk is critical. In this study, we proposed cardiovascular risk engines based on machine-learning algorithms for newly diagnosed T2DM patients in Korea.
Methods
To develop the machine-learning-based cardiovascular disease engines, we retrospectively analyzed 26,166 newly diagnosed T2DM patients who visited Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital between July 2009 and April 2019. To accurately measure diabetes-related cardiovascular events, we designed a buffer (1 year), an observation (1 year), and an outcome period (5 years). The entire dataset was split into training and testing sets in an 8:2 ratio, and this procedure was repeated 100 times. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated by 10-fold cross-validation on the training dataset.
Results
The machine-learning-based risk engines (AUROC XGBoost=0.781±0.014 and AUROC gated recurrent unit [GRU]-ordinary differential equation [ODE]-Bayes=0.812±0.016) outperformed the conventional regression-based model (AUROC=0.723± 0.036).
Conclusion
GRU-ODE-Bayes-based cardiovascular risk engine is highly accurate, easily applicable, and can provide valuable information for the individualized treatment of Korean patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.

Citations

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  • Artificial intelligence-powered prediction of diabetic complications: from clinical data to molecular omics
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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Familial Correlation and Heritability of Hand Grip Strength in Korean Adults (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014 to 2019)
Seong Hee Ahn, Eun Byeol Park, Seongha Seo, Yongin Cho, Da Hea Seo, So Hun Kim, Young Ju Suh, Seongbin Hong
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):709-719.   Published online November 7, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1740
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The onset and progression of sarcopenia are highly variable among individuals owing to genetic and environmental factors. However, there are a limited number of studies measuring the heritability of muscle strength in large numbers of parent-adult offspring pairs. We aimed to investigate the familial correlation and heritability of hand grip strength (HGS) among Korean adults.
Methods
This family-based cohort study on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014 to 2019) included 5,004 Koreans aged ≥19 years from 1,527 families. HGS was measured using a digital grip strength dynamometer. Familial correlations of HGS were calculated in different pairs of relatives. Variance component methods were used to estimate heritability.
Results
The heritability estimate of HGS among Korean adults was 0.154 (standard error, 0.066). Correlation coefficient estimates for HGS between parent-offspring, sibling, and spouse pairs were significant at 0.07, 0.10, and 0.23 (P<0.001, P=0.041, and P<0.001, respectively). The total variance in the HGS phenotype was explained by additive genetic (15.4%), shared environmental (11.0%), and unique environmental (73.6%) influences. The odds of weak HGS significantly increased in the offspring of parents with weak HGS (odds ratio [OR], 1.69–3.10; P=0.027–0.038), especially in daughters (OR, 2.04–4.64; P=0.029–0.034).
Conclusion
HGS exhibits a familial correlation and significant heritable tendency in Korean adults. Therefore, Asian adults, especially women, who have parents with weak HGS, need to pay special attention to their muscle health with the help of healthy environmental stimuli.

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  • Association of Handgrip Strength with Diabetes, Hypertension, and Comorbidities in a Korean Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study
    Bum Ju Lee
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(8): 2801.     CrossRef
  • Malnutrition and Handgrip Strength are Correlated in Community Dwelling Elderly
    Mehmet Göl, Ayse Elkoca, İbrahim Halil Türkbeyler, Melek Tarakçıoğlu, Alican Çelik, Kazım Ersin Altınsoy
    STED / Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):690-700.   Published online October 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1782
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Acromegaly leads to various skeletal complications, and fragility fractures are emerging as a new concern in patients with acromegaly. Therefore, this study investigated the risk of fractures in Korean patients with acromegaly.
Methods
We used the Korean nationwide claims database from 2009 to 2019. A total of 931 patients with acromegaly who had never used an osteoporosis drug before and were treated with surgery alone were selected as study participants, and a 1:29 ratio of 26,999 age- and sex-matched osteoporosis drug-naïve controls without acromegaly were randomly selected from the database.
Results
The mean age was 46.2 years, and 50.0% were male. During a median follow-up of 54.1 months, there was no difference in the risks of all, vertebral, and non-vertebral fractures between the acromegaly and control groups. However, hip fracture risk was significantly higher (hazard ratio [HR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 5.65), and non-hip and non-vertebral fractures risk was significantly lower (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.98) in patients with acromegaly than in controls; these results remained robust even after adjustment for socioeconomic status and baseline comorbidities. Age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, fracture history, recent use of acid-suppressant medication, psychotropic medication, and opioids were risk factors for all fractures in patients with acromegaly (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Compared with controls, patients surgically treated for acromegaly had a higher risk of hip fractures. The risk factors for fracture in patients with acromegaly were consistent with widely accepted risk factors in the general population.

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  • Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86.     CrossRef
  • Impact of splenectomy on fracture risk via the bone-immune axis: A nationwide Korean cohort study
    Seonghyun Kang, Nak-Jun Choi, Kyungdo Han, Yebin Park, Changsin Lee, Sejong Jin, Ga Eun Nam, Jae-Woo Cho
    Osteoporosis International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Consensus on acromegaly complications: an update
    Andrea Giustina, Luigi di Filippo, Maria Fleseriu, Rosario Pivonello, Stephan Petersenn, John Wass, Susan L. Samson, Alberto M. Pereira, Raúl M. Luque, Betina Biagetti, Maria Chiara Zatelli, Ken K Y Ho, Cesar L. Boguszewski, Aart Jan van der Lely, Mark Gu
    Pituitary.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Prognosis and Systemic Impact of Acromegaly: Analyses Utilizing Korean National Health Insurance Data
    Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 1.     CrossRef
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    Christian Rosendal, Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg, Eigil Husted Nielsen, Claus Larsen Feltoft, Åse Krogh Rasmussen, Marianne Skovsager Andersen, Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, Jakob Dal
    European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 192(3): 308.     CrossRef
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    Kevin C.J. Yuen
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    Maria Francesca Birtolo, Simona Jaafar, Giacomo Cristofolini, Gherardo Mazziotti, Andrea G. Lania
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Thyroid
Long-Term Changes in the Mortality Rates of Thyroid Cancer in Korea: Analysis of Korean National Data from 1985 to 2020
Yun Mi Choi, Min-Ju Kim, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):588-595.   Published online September 8, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1723
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Thyroid cancer mortality has been largely overlooked as relatively stable given the large gap between thyroid cancer incidence and mortality. This study evaluated long-term trends in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) throughout Korea and compared them with mortality data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER).
Methods
Cancer-specific mortality data from 1985 to 2020 were obtained from Statistics Korea. ASMRs from thyroid cancer were calculated based on the Korean mid-year resident registration population of 2005. We assessed SEER*Explorer and downloaded the mortality data.
Results
The ASMR increased from 0.19 to 0.77/100,000 between 1985 and 2002 but decreased continuously to 0.36/100,000 in 2020. The annual percent change (APC) in the ASMR between 1985 and 2003 and between 2003 and 2020 was 6.204 and −4.218, respectively, with similar patterns observed in both men and women. The ASMR of the SEER showed a modest increase from 1988 to 2016 and then stabilized. In subgroup analysis, the ASMR of the old age group (≥55 years) increased significantly from 0.82 in 1985 to 3.92/100,000 in 2002 (APC 6.917) but then decreased again to 1.86/100,000 in 2020 (APC −4.136). ASMRs according to the age group in the SEER showed a relatively stable trend even in the elderly group.
Conclusion
The ASMR of thyroid cancer in Korea had increased from 1985 to 2002 but has since been steadily decreasing. This trend was mainly attributed to elderly people aged 55 or over. The absolute APC value of Korea was much higher than that of the SEER.

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    云菲 李
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    Kyeong Jin Kim
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    Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim
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    Won Gu Kim
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    Islam Mansy, Abdelfatah M Elsenosy, Eslam M Hassan, Mujtaba Zakria
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Review Article
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):10-24.   Published online February 9, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.102
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The Korean National Health Information Database (NHID) contains big data combining information obtained from the National Health Insurance Service and health examinations. Data are provided in the form of a cohort, and the NHID can be used to conduct longitudinal studies and research on rare diseases. Moreover, data on the cause and date of death are provided by Statistics Korea. Research and publications based on the NHID have increased explosively in the field of endocrine disorders. However, because the data were not collected for research purposes, studies using the NHID have limitations, particularly the need for the operational definition of diseases. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the Korean NHID, operational definitions of endocrine diseases used for research, and an overview of recent studies in endocrinology using the Korean NHID.

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    Eun-Jung Rhee
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Close layer
Original Articles
Thyroid
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Recent Changes in the Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Korea between 2005 and 2018: Analysis of Korean National Data
Yun Mi Choi, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):791-799.   Published online October 11, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1533
  • 9,308 View
  • 247 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
In this study, we evaluated the recent changes in the standardized, age-specific, stage-specific incidence rates (IRs) of thyroid cancer in Korea and compared them with the incidence data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.
Methods
The analysis was conducted using the incidence data (2005 to 2018) from the Statistics Korea and Korea Central Cancer Registry.
Results
The age-standardized IR (SIR) of thyroid cancer increased from 24.09 per 100,000 in 2005 to 74.83 in 2012 (annual percent change [APC], 14.5). From 2012 to 2015, the SIR decreased to 42.52 (APC, –17.9) and then remained stable until 2018 (APC, 2.1). This trend was similar in both men and women. Regarding age-specific IRs, the IRs for ages of 30 years and older showed a trend similar to that of the SIR; however, for ages below 30 years, no significant reduction was observed from the vertex of IR in 2015. Regarding stage-specific IRs, the increase was more prominent in those with regional disease (APC, 17.4) than in those with localized disease until 2012; then, the IR decreased until 2015 (APC, –16.1). The average APC from 2005 to 2018 increased in men, those under the age of 30 years, and those with regional disease.
Conclusion
The SIR in Korea peaked in 2012 and decreased until 2015 and then remained stable until 2018. However, in young individuals under the age of 30 years, the IR did not significantly decrease but tended to increase again. In terms of stage-specific IRs, the sharpest increase was seen among those with regional disease.

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Close layer
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Denosumab in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Prospective, Observational Study in South Korea
Yumie Rhee, Dong-Gune Chang, Jeonghoon Ha, Sooa Kim, Yusun Lee, Euna Jo, Jung-Min Koh
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):497-505.   Published online June 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1427
  • 13,531 View
  • 393 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
The efficacy and safety of denosumab have been established in a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This postmarketing surveillance study was aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of denosumab in Korean real-world clinical practice.
Methods
Patients with osteoporosis who had received denosumab per the Korean approved indications in the postmarketing setting between September 2014 and September 2019 were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The secondary endpoint was the percent change from baseline in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck.
Results
Of the 3,221 patients enrolled, 3,185 were included in the safety analysis set; 2,973 (93.3%) were female, and the mean± standard deviation (SD) age was 68.9±9.9 years. The mean±SD study period was 350.0±71.4 days. AEs, fatal AEs, and ADRs occurred in 19.3%, 0.8%, and 1.6%, respectively. The most frequent AEs, occurring in >0.5% of patients, were dizziness (0.7%), arthralgia (0.7%), back pain (0.6%), and myalgia (0.6%). Hypocalcemia occurred in 0.3% of patients. There were no cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture. Mean±SD percent change from baseline in BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck was 7.3%±23.6%, 3.6%±31.4%, and 3.2%±10.7%, respectively.
Conclusion
The safety and effectiveness of denosumab in Korean patients with osteoporosis in this study were comparable with those in the Korean randomized controlled trial, with no new safety findings.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Associations of Phthalate Metabolites and Bisphenol A Levels with Obesity in Children: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015 to 2017
Moon Young Seo, Shinje Moon, Shin-Hye Kim, Mi Jung Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):249-260.   Published online April 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1235
  • 13,241 View
  • 204 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are synthetic chemicals widely used in daily life. This study investigated urinary phthalate and BPA levels in Korean children and their associations with obesity. Methods: A total of 2,351 children aged 3 to 17 years who participated in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2015 to 2017 were included. Urinary dilution was corrected using covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS). We examined the geometric mean (GM) concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites, including di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (mono [2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl] phthalate, mono [2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl] phthalate, and mono [2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl] phthalate [MECPP]), mono-benzyl-phthalate (MBzP), mono (carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono (carboxy-isononyl) phthalate (MCNP), mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, and mono-n-butyl-phthalate (MnBP), and BPA. We also analyzed the odds ratio (OR) for obesity according to the quartiles of each analyte. Results: The urinary GM levels of DEHP metabolites and MnBP were notably higher among Korean children than among American, Canadian, and German children. The CAS-applied GM concentrations of most analytes, except for MBzP, MCOP, and MCNP, were higher in children aged 3 to 5 years than in those aged 6 to 17 years. The OR for obesity in the highest quartile of MECPP was significantly higher than in the lowest quartile after adjusting for covariates. However, the other phthalate metabolites and BPA were not significantly associated with obesity. Conclusion: The concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites and MnBP were higher in Korean children than in children in Western countries. Urinary MECPP exposure, but not other phthalates or BPA, showed a positive association with obesity in Korean children. Further studies are required to elucidate the causal relationships.

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
The Clinical Characteristics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A National Health Information Database Study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):628-636.   Published online May 26, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.948
  • 12,262 View
  • 249 Download
  • 33 Web of Science
  • 35 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
To investigate the clinical characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea, using a nationwide database.
Methods
We analyzed 417,139 women who gave birth between 2011 and 2015 using the Korean National Health Information Database. They underwent the Korean National Health Screening Program within one year before pregnancy and were not prescribed drugs for diabetes nor diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before 280 days antepartum. Patients with GDM were defined as those who visited the outpatient clinic more than twice with GDM codes.
Results
The prevalence of GDM was 12.70% and increased with increasing maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (P for trend <0.05). As compared with those aged <25 years, the odds ratio for women with GDM aged ≥40 years were 4.804 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.436 to 5.203) after adjustment for covariates. Women with prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were at 1.898 times (95% CI, 1.736 to 2.075) greater risk for GDM than those with prepregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m2. Women with WC of ≥95 cm were at 1.158 times (95% CI, 1.029 to 1.191) greater risk for GDM than women with WC of less than 65 cm. High FPG, high income, smoking, and drinking were associated with an elevated risk of GDM.
Conclusion
The prevalence of GDM in Korean women increased up to 12.70% during 2011 to 2015. These data suggest the importance of GDM screening and prevention in high-risk groups in Korea.

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Close layer
Clinical Study
Romosozumab in Postmenopausal Korean Women with Osteoporosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Safety Study
Ki-Hyun Baek, Yoon-Sok Chung, Jung-Min Koh, In Joo Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Yong-Ki Min, Ki Deok Park, Rajani Dinavahi, Judy Maddox, Wenjing Yang, Sooa Kim, Sang Jin Lee, Hyungjin Cho, Sung-Kil Lim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):60-69.   Published online February 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.848
  • 13,133 View
  • 483 Download
  • 23 Web of Science
  • 25 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 6-month treatment with romosozumab in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Methods
Sixty-seven postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD] T-scores ≤–2.5 at the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck) were randomized (1:1) to receive monthly subcutaneous injections of romosozumab (210 mg; n=34) or placebo (n=33) for 6 months.
Results
At month 6, the difference in the least square (LS) mean percent change from baseline in lumbar spine BMD (primary efficacy endpoint) between the romosozumab (9.5%) and placebo (–0.1%) groups was significant (9.6%; 95% confidence interval, 7.6 to 11.5; P<0.001). The difference in the LS mean percent change from baseline was also significant for total hip and femoral neck BMD (secondary efficacy endpoints). After treatment with romosozumab, the percent change from baseline in procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide transiently increased at months 1 and 3, while that in C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen showed a sustained decrease. No events of cancer, hypocalcemia, injection site reaction, positively adjudicated atypical femoral fracture or osteonecrosis of the jaw, or positively adjudicated serious cardiovascular adverse events were observed. At month 9, 17.6% and 2.9% of patients in the romosozumab group developed binding and neutralizing antibodies, respectively.
Conclusion
Treatment with romosozumab for 6 months was well tolerated and significantly increased lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD compared with placebo in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02791516).

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Close layer
Brief Report
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Reference Ranges of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3: Results from a Multicenter Study in Healthy Korean Adults
In-Kyung Jeong, Jong Kyu Byun, Junghyun Noh, Sang Wan Kim, Yoon-Sok Chung, Tae Sun Park, Sung-Woon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):954-959.   Published online December 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.785
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  • 175 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) excess or deficiency. The GH study group of the Korean Endocrine Society aims to establish the Korean reference ranges of serum IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and assess the relationship between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and clinical parameters. Fasting serum was collected from healthy Korean adults at health promotion centers of five hospitals nationwide. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured via an immunoradiometric assay using a DSL kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories). Serum samples from 354 subjects (180 male, 174 female) were analyzed based on sex at 10-year intervals from 21 to 70 years. IGF-I levels were inversely correlated with age. After adjustment of age, the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio was significantly negatively associated with blood pressure and free thyroxine and positively associated with weight, hemoglobin, creatinine, alanine transferase, fasting glucose, and thyroid stimulating hormone. Therefore, age- and sex-specific reference ranges of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 can be efficient in evaluating GH excess or deficiency in Korean population.

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Close layer
Original Article
Clinical Study
Achievement of LDL-C Targets Defined by ESC/EAS (2011) Guidelines in Risk-Stratified Korean Patients with Dyslipidemia Receiving Lipid-Modifying Treatments
Ye Seul Yang, Seo Young Lee, Jung-Sun Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Kang Wook Lee, Sang-Chol Lee, Jung Rae Cho, Seung-Jin Oh, Ji-Hyun Kim, Sung Hee Choi
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):367-376.   Published online June 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.367
  • 12,524 View
  • 182 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study assessed the proportion of risk-stratified Korean patients with dyslipidemia achieving their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets as defined by the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) (2011) guidelines while receiving lipid-modifying treatments (LMTs).
Methods
In this multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study, we evaluated data from Korean patients aged ≥19 years who were receiving LMTs for ≥3 months and had an LDL-C value within the previous 12 months on the same LMT. Data were collected for demographics, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, medical history, and healthcare consumption. Patients were risk-stratified according to the ESC Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) chart and LDL-C target achievement rate was assessed.
Results
Guideline-based risk-stratification of the 1,034 patients showed the majority (72.2%) to be in the very high-risk category. Investigators’ assessment of risk was underestimated in 71.6% compared to ESC/EAS guidelines. Overall LDL-C target achievement rate was 44.3%; target achievement was the highest (66.0%) in moderate-risk patients and the lowest (39.0%) in very high-risk patients. Overall 97.1% patients were receiving statin therapy, mostly as a single-agent (89.2%). High-intensity statins and the highest permissible dose of high-intensity statins had been prescribed to only 9.1% and 7.3% patients in the very high-risk group, respectively. Physician satisfaction with patients’ LDL-C levels was the primary reason for non-intensification of statin therapy.
Conclusion
Achievement of target LDL-C level is suboptimal in Korean patients with dyslipidemia, especially in those at very high-risk of CV events. Current practices in LMTs need to be improved based on precise CV risk evaluation posed by dyslipidemia.

Citations

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Close layer
Review Articles
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas
Sang Ouk Chin
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):237-242.   Published online June 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237
  • 16,921 View
  • 354 Download
  • 23 Web of Science
  • 24 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as benign monoclonal tumors in the pituitary gland that cause symptoms due to either hormonal hypersecretion or a space-occupying effect, and are classified as functioning or non-functioning. Because of their rarity and slow-growing with symptomless nature in most cases, it has been challenging to investigate the epidemiology of PAs. Considering their public health impact and association with increased morbidity and mortality, however, it is essential to understand the prevalence and incidence of PAs in order to improve patient outcomes and to minimize the resultant burden on the health care system. Fortunately, developments in imaging modalities and easier access to large-scale population data have enabled investigators to analyze the epidemiology of PAs more accurately. This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries.

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    Kleoniki I. Athanasiadou, Christothea A. Tsiridis, Ioanna A. Paschou, Stavroula A. Paschou, Nikolaos Papanas
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Thyroid
Update on Thyroid Hormone Levels and Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population Based on Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013 to 2015)
Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):7-13.   Published online March 19, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.7
  • 11,837 View
  • 192 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

In 2017, the first Korean nationwide data on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, serum free thyroxine (fT4) levels, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) were published based on a population of 7,061 Koreans who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI. The mean TSH level was 2.16 mIU/L, with a reference interval of 0.59 to 7.03 mIU/L (men 2.09 mIU/L, women 2.24 mIU/L, P<0.001). A U-shaped association was found between serum TSH levels and age. The mean fT4 level was 1.25 ng/dL, and its reference interval was 0.92 to 1.60 ng/dL (men 1.29 ng/dL, women 1.20 ng/dL, P<0.0001). Serum fT4 levels decreased with age (P for trend <0.0001). Serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) was detected in 7.30% of participants (men 4.33%, women 10.62%). TPOAb titers tended to increase with age, and were higher in women than in men. The median UIC was 294 µg/L, and UIC showed a U-shaped relationship with age. According to the World Health Organization recommendations, only 23% of participants were in the adequate range of iodine intake, while 65% were in the above requirements or excessive, and 12% in insufficient. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in Koreans was 0.34% to 0.54% and 0.73% to 1.43%, respectively.

Citations

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  • Lifetime Atopic Dermatitis is Associated With Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Evidence From a Nationwide Study
    Taehun Kim, Haeun Kim, Wonjin Lee, Jinhee Kim, Hyungryul Lim, Seri Hong, Young-Min Ye
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    Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung
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Original Articles
Clinical Study
Association between Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Using Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Mi Young Lee, Dae Sung Hyon, Ji Hye Huh, Hae Kyung Kim, Sul Ki Han, Jang Young Kim, Sang Baek Koh
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):390-397.   Published online December 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.390
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  • 17 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a positive correlation between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and whether GGT can be used as an easily checkable metabolic index using data from the large-scale Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).

Methods

We obtained data of 211,725 participants of the KoGES. The collected data included age, sex, height, weight, waist circumference, and various biochemical characteristics, including serum GGT levels. The data of study participants who ingested more than 40 g/day of alcohol and who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome at baseline was excluded. We analyzed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to GGT quartiles in both genders.

Results

The GGT level was significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to normal subjects (37.92±48.20 mg/dL vs. 25.62±33.56 mg/dL). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome showed a stepwise increase with GGT quartiles in both male and female subjects. Compared to the lowest GGT quartile, the odds ratio was 1.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.432 to 1.643), 1.939 (95% CI, 1.811 to 2.076), and 2.754 (95% CI, 2.572 to 2.948) in men and 1.155 (95% CI, 1.094 to 1.218), 1.528 (95% CI, 1.451 to 1.609), and 2.022 (95% CI, 1.921 to 2.218) in women with increasing GGT quartile. The cutoff value of GGT predicting risk of metabolic syndrome was 27 IU/L in men and 17 IU/L in women.

Conclusion

We suggested that GGT could be an easily checkable marker for the prediction of metabolic syndrome.

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Clinical Features of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I in Koreans.
Chul Hee Kim, Ghi Su Kim, Hong Kyu Kim, Joong Yeol Park, Young Kee Shong, Ki Up Lee
J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(2):163-174.   Published online November 7, 2019
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  • 25 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I(MEN I) is a rare, eomplex, and potentially lethal disease. In Korean, only five anecdotal cases were reported as yet. The authors rescently experienced four cases of MEN I, and analysed the clinieal characteristics of MEN I in Koreans. Methods: The authors evaluated nine cases of MEN I, retrospectively. Four cases were analysed by clinical records in patients admitted to Asan Medical Center and five cases were reviewed by previously reported Korean literature from 1986 to 1995. Results: The average age was 39 years(ranged from 33 to 59 years). Eight of the nine patients had hyperparathyroidism documented by elevated serum calcium and PTH level with or without evidence of parathyroid mass. Initial presenting manifestations were symptomatic urinary stone, hypoglycernia due to insulinoma, hypogonadism, acromegaly, or peptic ulcer. Eight of nine patients had pancreatic islet cell tumors, and three of them were be malignant by radiologic and/or pathologic findings. The pancreatic tumors produced various hormones, such as gastrin, insulin, glucagon, or combination of them. Six of the nine cases had pituitary lesion. The most cornmon pituitary tumor was prolactinoma and the remaining was GH or GH and TSH producing tumor. In addition to the major components of MEN I, four had adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenoma and two had carcinoid tumor. There was only one familial case. Conclusion: The clinical charateristics of MEN I in Korean are mostly not different from the previous reports except older age at diagnosis, more comrnon adrenal involvement(44%) and gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor(22%). Although only one case was familial, more cases could be found if careful screening were done for the family members of the MBN I patients. In addition, screening and close follow up for endocrine pancreatic tumors are required for MEN I patients without detectable pancreatic lesion becau~se the malignant potential of pancreatic tumors has beeome an increasing concem for the prognosis of MEN I.
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Miscellaneous
The Status and Distinct Characteristics of Endocrine Diseases in North Korean Articles Published between 2006 and 2015
Kyeong Jin Kim, Shin Ha, Yo Han Lee, Jung Hyun Noh, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):268-272.   Published online June 21, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.268
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Past decades of division have led to substantial differences in medical environments between South and North Korea. However, little is known about North Korea's medical status and research field, especially regarding endocrinology. In this study, we report the characteristics of North Korea's articles regarding endocrine-related diseases.

Methods

Among the nine medical journals, articles published in Internal Medicine between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed. A total of 2,092 articles were included; among them, 96 articles were associated with endocrinology. We analyzed these articles according to the disease categories they focused on and evaluated their features.

Results

Articles related to diabetes mellitus accounted for 55.2% (n=53) and those to thyroid disease accounted for 28.1% (n=27). Other disease categories, including adrenal gland (n=1), pituitary gland (n=1), and osteoporosis (n=3), comprised minor portions. Regarding diabetes mellitus, more than half the articles (n=33) focused on treatment and complications. Experimental studies were conducted with old hypoglycemic drugs or natural substances for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Regarding thyroid disease, articles related to hyperthyroidism were the most common (51.9%, n=14), followed by thyroid nodule/cancer (18.5%, n=5). Unique article features were short length, no figures, and less than five references.

Conclusion

North Korea's endocrinology articles mainly focused on diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease. Persistent studies have been carried out in North Korea with dedication despite the poor medical environment. We hope that this study will be the beginning of mutual medical exchange and collaboration between North and South Korea.

Citations

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  • Surgical Diseases in North Korea: An Overview of North Korean Medical Journals
    Sejin Choi, Taehoon Kim, Soyoung Choi, Hee Young Shin
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(24): 9346.     CrossRef
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    Won-Young Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(2): 138.     CrossRef
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Review Article
Thyroid
Evaluation of Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Iodine Concentrations in Koreans Based on the Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013 to 2015)
Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):160-163.   Published online May 4, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.160
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

No nationwide data have been published about thyroid hormone levels and urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) in Korea. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korean Thyroid Association established a project to evaluate the nationwide thyroid hormone profile and UICs in healthy Koreans as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013 to 2015), a nationwide, cross-sectional survey of the Korean population that enrolled 7,061 individuals who were weighted to represent the entire Korean population. Based on the KNHANES VI, the geometric mean value of serum thyroid stimulating hormone was 2.16 mIU/L, and its reference interval was 0.59 to 7.03 mIU/L. The mean value of serum free thyroxine was 1.25 ng/dL, and its reference interval was 0.92 to 1.60 ng/dL. The median UIC in the Korean population was reported to be 294 μg/L, corresponding to ‘above requirements’ iodine intake according to the World Health Organization recommendations. A U-shaped relationship of UIC with age was found. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism in the Korean population based on the KNHANES VI was 0.54% and 0.73%, respectively.

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    Kiseok Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Hyun Kyo Lee, Gwangin Baek, Sang Hyeon Kim, Eun-Chul Jang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Close layer
Original Article
Clinical Study
Excessive Iodine Status among School-Age Children in Korea: A First Report
Young Sik Choi, Soyoung Ock, Sukyoung Kwon, Sang Bong Jung, Kwang-Hyuk Seok, Young Jin Kim, Bu Kyung Kim, Jee-Yeong Jeong
Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):370-374.   Published online September 18, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.370
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Korea is considered an iodine sufficient country, and several studies have been conducted regarding iodine status in healthy Korean adults, pregnant women, and preschool children. However, data on iodine status in Korean school-age children are lacking. Therefore, the iodine nutrition status of Korean school-age children was investigated by measuring urine iodine concentration (UIC).

Methods

This cross-sectional study conducted between April and September 2016 comprised 373 school-age children. UIC was determined using a modified microplate method employing ammonium persulfate digestion followed by Sandell-Kolthoff reaction.

Results

The median UIC was 458.2 µg/L. Excessive iodine intake (>300 µg/L) was found in 286 children (76.7%), with extremely high values exceeding 1,000 µg/L in 19.6% of subjects. Insufficient iodine intake (<100 µg/L) was observed in eight children (2.1%). UIC values were not significantly different between sexes.

Conclusion

Korean school-age children showed excessive iodine intake. Therefore, education regarding adequate iodine intake in school-age children is needed.

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    Jonghwa Ahn, Jang Ho Lee, Jiwoo Lee, Ji Yeon Baek, Eyun Song, Hye-Seon Oh, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
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    Young Ah Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Ho Kyung Sung, Kyungsik Kim, Young Shin Song, Sin Je Moon, Jung Won Oh, Dal Lae Ju, Sooyeon Choi, Sang Hoon Song, Gi Jeong Cheon, Young Joo Park, Choong Ho Shin, Sue K. Park, Jong Kwan Jun, June-Key Chung
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(3): 395.     CrossRef
Close layer
Review Article
Obesity and Metabolism
Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):510-518.   Published online November 3, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.510
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide and is increasing not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. This increase may lead to an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases throughout the lifespan. In Korean children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity increased from 6.8% in 1998 to 10.0% in 2013. Obesity is a state that more commonly influences children and adolescents of lower socioeconomic status (SES) than those with a higher SES. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents decreased from 1998 to 2012. According to the Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children aged 18 years or younger was 153.5 per 100,000 in 2006 and 205.0 per 100,000 in 2013. Obesity is a complex disease influenced by many interacting factors, such as adipocytokines, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, adenovirus 36 infection, birth weight, lifestyle, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Obesity in youth can adversely impact practically every organ system and lead to serious consequences, such as metabolic, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychosocial complications. Therefore, coordinated efforts by governments, organizations, communities, and individuals are needed to prevent and treat childhood obesity. In particular, a long-term policy to improve the social environment will also be necessary.

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Close layer
Original Articles
Clinical Study
Trends in Diabetes Incidence in the Last Decade Based on Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data
Sun Ok Song, Yong-ho Lee, Dong Wook Kim, Young Duk Song, Joo Young Nam, Kyoung Hye Park, Dae Jung Kim, Seok Won Park, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):292-299.   Published online June 10, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.292
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Epidemiological data is useful to estimate the necessary manpower and resources used for disease control and prevention of prevalent chronic diseases. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of diabetes and identify its trends based on the claims data from the National Health Insurance Service database over the last decade.

Methods

We extracted claims data on diabetes as the principal and first additional diagnoses of National Health Insurance from January 2003 to December 2012. We investigated the number of newly claimed subjects with diabetes codes, the number of claims and the demographic characteristics of this population.

Results

Total numbers of claimed cases and populations with diabetes continuously increased from 1,377,319 in 2003 to 2,571,067 by 2012. However, the annual number of newly claimed diabetic subjects decreased in the last decade. The total number of new claim patients with diabetes codes decreased as 30.9% over 2005 to 2009. Since 2009, the incidence of new diabetes claim patients has not experienced significant change. The 9-year average incidence rate was 0.98% and 1.01% in men and women, respectively. The data showed an increasing proportion of new diabetic subjects of younger age (<60 years) combined with a sharply decreasing proportion of subjects of older age (≥60 years).

Conclusion

There were increasing numbers of newly claimed subjects with diabetes codes of younger age over the last 10 years. This increasing number of diabetic patients will require management throughout their life courses because Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society.

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Close layer
Clinical Study
Characteristics of Body Composition and Muscle Strength of North Korean Refugees during South Korean Stay
Sun Wook Cho, So Hee Lee, Eun Sil Koh, Si Eun Kim, Seok Joong Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):551-556.   Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.551
  • 7,144 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of body composition and muscle strength of North Korean refugees (NKRs) according to their duration of stay in South Korea.

Methods

NKRs who volunteered and were living in South Korea, aged 20 to 75 years were recruited. Body compositions were analyzed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength was measured with the hand grip test. Demographic and migration information was obtained with a questionnaire.

Results

A total of 158 volunteers were recruited at a mean age of 48.3±11.4 years. The mean time from when they escaped from North Korea and arrived in South Korea was 5.8±4.3 years. Height, weight, and body surface area were significantly smaller in all NKRs compared to South Korean controls, except for women aged over 50 years. In females of younger ages (<50 years), NKRs with more than a 4-year stay in South Korea had a higher weight and fat mass than that of those who had a shorter stay (less than 4 years) in South Korea. All NKRs had a weaker grip strength than that of the age-matched controls from South Korea.

Conclusion

The NKRs showed relatively smaller physiques and weaker muscle strength than that of the South Korean controls. In younger female NKRs, shorter South Korean stay group showed small body weight and fat mass than that of longer South Korean stay group. Specific health support programs might be needed.

Citations

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Close layer
Review Article
Obesity and Metabolism
Trends in the Diabetes Epidemic in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):142-146.   Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.142
  • 10,976 View
  • 51 Download
  • 71 Web of Science
  • 83 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of mortality and increased disability-adjusted life years worldwide. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes increased from 8.6% to 11.0% in 2001 to 2013 and the prevalence of adult obesity, which is the most important risk factor of diabetes, increased from 29.2% to 31.8% during the same period. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of obese Koreans with diabetes in recent decades and the prevalence of diabetes in people aged 40 years and older also increased in 2001 to 2013. Nevertheless, the mean age at the first diagnosis of diabetes was very similar for men in 2005 and 2013, while the mean age for women decreased slightly. There is an inverse linear relationship between body mass index and age at the diagnosis of diabetes among those who are newly diagnosed. Accordingly, the prevalence of diabetes is increasingly shifting to younger individuals and those who are obese. Therefore, public efforts should focus on healthy lifestyle changes, primary prevention measures, screening for the early detection of diabetes, and long-term management.

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Close layer
Original Article
Thyroid
Incidence and Prevalence of Overt Hypothyroidism and Causative Diseases in Korea as Determined Using Claims Data Provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
Gi Hyeon Seo, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):288-296.   Published online January 5, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.288
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The incidence and prevalence of overt hypothyroidism have been reported to be 2 to 4/1,000 population/year and 8 to 13/1,000 population, respectively, in foreign countries. As there has been no nationwide survey to obtain data in Korea, the present study investigated the incidence and prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in Korea using claims data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The proportions of causative diseases for hypothyroidism were also analyzed.

Methods

This study was retrospectively performed with 541,969 Korean patients (92,832 men and 449,137 women), with overt hypothyroidism, treated with thyroid hormone between 2008 and 2012.

Results

The incidence of overt hypothyroidism in Korea was 2.26/1,000 population/year (0.78 in men and 3.72 in women), and the prevalence was 14.28/1,000 population (4.40 in men and 24.03 in women). When patients with thyroid cancer were excluded, the incidence was 1.56/1,000 population/year (0.54 in men and 2.57 in women). The incidence increased with age, with peaks in and after the late 60s in men and in the early 50s in women. The prevalence peaked in the early 70s in men and in the late 50s in women.

Conclusion

This is a report of the first nationwide investigation of the incidence and prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in Korea, although it is limited to patients treated with thyroid hormone.

Citations

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Close layer
Review Article
Obesity and Metabolism
2014 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea
Mee Kyoung Kim, Won-Young Lee, Jae-Heon Kang, Jee-Hyun Kang, Bom Taeck Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Eun Mi Kim, Sang-Hoon Suh, Hye Jung Shin, Kyu Rae Lee, Ki Young Lee, Sang Yeoup Lee, Seon Yeong Lee, Seong-Kyu Lee, Chang Beom Lee, Sochung Chung, In Kyung Jeong, Kyung Yul Hur, Sung Soo Kim, Jeong-taek Woo
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):405-409.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.405
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  • 249 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and its accompanying comorbidities are major health concerns in Korea. Obesity is defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 in Korea. Current estimates are that 32.8% of adults are obese: 36.1% of men and 29.7% of women. The prevalence of being overweight and obese in national surveys is increasing steadily. Early detection and the proper management of obesity are urgently needed. Weight loss of 5% to 10% is the standard goal. In obese patients, control of cardiovascular risk factors deserves the same emphasis as weight-loss therapy. Since obesity is multifactorial, proper care of obesity requires a coordinated multidisciplinary treatment team, as a single intervention is unlikely to modify the incidence or natural history of obesity.

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Close layer
Original Articles
Genetic and Epigenetic Analysis in Korean Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Yoon Jung Chung, Sena Hwang, Jong Ju Jeong, Sun Yong Song, Se Hoon Kim, Yumie Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):270-279.   Published online September 25, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.270
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a familial syndrome characterized by the parathyroid, pancreas and pituitary tumors. Parathyroid tumors are the most common clinical manifestations, occurring in more than 90% of MEN1 patients. Heterozygous germline mutations of the MENIN gene underlie the tumorigenesis in MEN1 and epigenetic alterations along with germline mutations may contribute to tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the associations between genotype and phenotype in Korean MEN1 patients.

Methods

We analyzed medical records from 14 unrelated MEN1 patients who had newly confirmed MENIN germline mutations, together with 14 previous reports in Korea. Aberrant DNA methylations were also examined in MEN1-related parathyroid tumors using the Infinium HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip.

Results

Total 28 germline mutations of MENIN were relatively highly concentrated in exons 7 and 8 compared to previous reports from Western countries. Six mutations (c.111dupT/p.S38Ffs*79, c.225_226insT/p.T76Yfs*41, c.383_398del16/p.S128Tfs*52, c.746dupT/p.H250Afs*20, c.1150G>T/p.E384*, and c.1508G>A/p.G503N) were newly found in the present study. Of interest, four patients (15%) showed unusual initial presentations and three patients were diagnosed incidentally at the general medical checkup. We also found three distinct sites in exon 2 of MENIN were significantly hypomethylated in the MEN1 parathyroid tumors, comparing correspondent blood samples.

Conclusion

We also have found a lack of genotype/phenotype correlation in Korean MEN1 patients. There were not a few unusual initial manifestations in MEN1 patients, thus, genetic testing for the MENIN germline mutations can provide important information for the better prognosis. Further studies are warranted to investigate altered DNA methylations in the MENIN gene involved in tumorigenesis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Genotype-based prognosis prediction for MEN1-Related pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in Korean patients a single-center retrospective study
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Close layer
Obesity and Metabolism
Adiposity in the Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Level and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Elderly Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008
Ji Hyun Kang, Sang Soo Kim, Seung Su Moon, Won Jin Kim, Min Jung Bae, Bo Gwang Choi, Yun Kyung Jeon, Bo Hyun Kim, Yong Ki Kim, In Joo Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(2):96-102.   Published online June 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.96
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The role of adiposity in the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and insulin resistance has not yet been fully studied. This aim of this study is to clarify the role of adiposity in the relationship between serum vitamin D level and insulin resistance among middle-aged and elderly Korean adults.

Methods

We used data from 2,710 individuals aged ≥50 years based on national data from a representative sample of the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-2 in 2008.

Results

After adjustment for potential confounders, body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with 25(OH) vitamin D (P=0.008). However, waist circumference was not significantly associated with 25(OH) vitamin D. In the stratified analyses, 25(OH) vitamin D was found to be negatively associated with fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in participants with BMIs ≥25 kg/m2 (P=0.003 for both insulin and HOMR-IR) but was not found to be associated in those with BMIs <23 kg/m2. However, we observed a significant inverse in the association of 25(OH) vitamin D with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in both the normal (P=0.001 and P<0.001 and the abdominally obese group (P=0.010 and P=0.009) in the stratified analyses according to abdominal obesity.

Conclusion

Our results support that the idea that endogenously-produced vitamin D might be stored in subcutaneous fat deposits. In addition, the association of vitamin D with insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly Korean adults was stronger when it was stratified by BMI than when abdominal obesity status.

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Close layer
Review Articles
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in South Korea
Young-Kyun Lee, Byung-Ho Yoon, Kyung-Hoi Koo
Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(2):90-93.   Published online June 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.90
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  • 72 Download
  • 55 Web of Science
  • 60 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Several epidemiologic studies suggested that osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are not uncommon in South Korea. However, these previous cohort studies had limitations that may have influenced their results and the generalizability of the study conclusions, including small sample sizes, inclusion of only women, enrollment of participants from specific areas, and nonrandom selection of participants. Recently, epidemiologic studies using a nationwide claim register have been performed to overcome these limitations through collaboration between the Korean Society of Bone and Mineral Research and Health Insurance Review Assessments. Our review of the Korean Nationwide-database Osteoporosis Study could be helpful to obtain accurate incidence and prevalence estimations of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures in Korea.

Citations

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Close layer
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Vitamin D Status in Korea
Han Seok Choi
Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(1):12-16.   Published online March 25, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.1.12
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The majority of the vitamin D in our body is produced by cutaneous synthesis in response to sunlight. As more and more people live in cities and spend the bulk of their time indoors, it can be difficult to get sufficient sun exposure for adequate cutaneous production of vitamin D. Therefore, vitamin D insufficiency has become a very common health problem worldwide. The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV 2008 showed that the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level below 50 nmol/L, was 47.3% in males and 64.5% in females. Only 13.2% of males and 6.7% of females had a serum 25(OH)D level of greater than 75 nmol/L. In Korea, vitamin D insufficiency was more prevalent in young adults than in elderly people, likely due to the indoor lifestyle of younger people. Compared with the United States and Canada, Korea has a lower mean 25(OH)D level and a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency. To improve the vitamin D status of the Korean population, more aggressive policies on food fortification and vitamin D supplementation are needed.

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    Kiyoung Kim, Kye Hee Cho, Sang Hee Im, Jaewoo Choi, Junghoon Yu, MinYoung Kim
    Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2017; 41(6): 944.     CrossRef
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    Hyun Sun Cho, Sung Won Lee, Juyoung Shin, Sung Dae Moon, Je Ho Han, Bong Yun Cha, Eun Sook Kim
    Medicine.2016; 95(24): e3899.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between vitamin D status and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Chan-Hee Jung, Kyu-Jin Kim, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chul-Hee Kim, Sung Koo Kang, Ji-Oh Mok
    Nutrition Research.2016; 36(2): 117.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 B.O.N intramuscular injection in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency
    Han Seok Choi, Yoon-Sok Chung, Yong Jun Choi, Da Hea Seo, Sung-Kil Lim
    Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2016; 2(4): 228.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Status According to Age, Gender, and Seasonal Variation
    Hui‐Jin Yu, Min‐Jung Kwon, Hee‐Yeon Woo, Hyosoon Park
    Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2016; 30(6): 905.     CrossRef
  • Associations Between Serum Vitamin D Level and Skeletal Complications in Multiple Myeloma Patients
    Min Sung Lee, Se Hyung Kim, Jina Yun, Chan Kyu Kim, Seong Kyu Park, Dae Sik Hong
    Soonchunhyang Medical Science.2016; 22(2): 102.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of a Once-Monthly Pill Containing Ibandronate and Cholecalciferol on the Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
    In-Jin Cho, Ho-Yeon Chung, Sung-Woon Kim, Jae-Won Lee, Tae-Won Lee, Hye-Soon Kim, Sin-Gon Kim, Han Seok Choi, Sung-Hee Choi, Chan Soo Shin, Ki-Won Oh, Yong-Ki Min, Jung-Min Koh, Yumie Rhee, Dong-Won Byun, Yoon-Sok Chung, Jeong Hyun Park, Dong Jin Chung, M
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(3): 272.     CrossRef
  • Relationship of vitamin D status with lung function and exercise capacity in COPD
    Ji Ye Jung, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Ha Yan Kim, Yeon Mok Oh, Sang Min Lee, Joon Beom Seo, Sang‐Do Lee
    Respirology.2015; 20(5): 782.     CrossRef
  • Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Korean Young Adults
    Hee-Kyung Joh, Chun Soo Lim, BeLong Cho
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(8): 1110.     CrossRef
  • Vitamin D Deficiency Is Highly Concomitant but Not Strong Risk Factor for Mortality in Patients Aged 50 Year and Older with Hip Fracture
    Gyeong-Hak Lee, Jung-Won Lim, Yong-Gum Park, Yong-Chan Ha
    Journal of Bone Metabolism.2015; 22(4): 205.     CrossRef
  • Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementations: 2015 Position Statement of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research
    Kyoung Min Kim, Han Seok Choi, Mi-Ja Choi, Ho Yeon Chung
    Journal of Bone Metabolism.2015; 22(4): 143.     CrossRef
  • Vitamin D level is not a predictor of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy
    Guk Haeng Lee, Yun Hyi Ku, Hong Il Kim, Myung-Chul Lee, Min Joo Kim
    Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2015; 400(5): 617.     CrossRef
  • Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density and proximal femur geometry in Koreans: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2009
    S. Hwang, H. S. Choi, K. M. Kim, Y. Rhee, S. K. Lim
    Osteoporosis International.2015; 26(1): 163.     CrossRef
  • Association between serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean population
    Ju Young Shin, Min Ji Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Eun Young Mo, Sung Dae Moon, Je Ho Han, Bong Yeon Cha
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2015; 30(4): 733.     CrossRef
  • The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Cancer Survivors in a Nationwide Survey of the Korean Population
    Myueng Guen Oh, Mi Ah Han, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu, Seong-Woo Choi, Andrzej T Slominski
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(6): e0129901.     CrossRef
  • The relationship between vitamin D status and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Chan-Hee Jung, Sang-Hee Jung, Kyu-Jin Kim, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chul-Hee Kim, Sung-Koo Kang, Ji-Oh Mok
    Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.2015; 12(5): 342.     CrossRef
  • Brief Review of Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2013
    Won-Young Lee
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  • Low Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated with Poor Clinicopathologic Characteristics in Female Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
    Ji Ryang Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Sang Mi Kim, Min Young Oh, Won Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Byung Joo Lee, Yong Ki Kim, In Ju Kim
    Thyroid.2014; 24(11): 1618.     CrossRef
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    Harin Jeong, Sujin Hong, Yunjeong Heo, Hosun Chun, Daeseong Kim, Jongtae Park, Mo-yeol Kang
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes and Vitamin D
    Jin Hee Park, Mee Kyoung Kim
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2013; 14(4): 190.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Thyroid Dysfunction of North Korean Women Living in South Korea, Focusing on Subclinical Hypothyroidism.
Joo Hyung Kim, Sol Ah Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hee Ahn, Yoon Jung Kim, Myongjin Cho, Yoon Jung Lee, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):200-207.   Published online September 19, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.200
  • 5,170 View
  • 32 Download
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Thyroid function depends on ethnic and environmental factors. North Korean refugees have the same genetic background as South Koreans, but they have been exposed to different environments. This study examines the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders in North Korean women living in South Korea, focusing on subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). METHODS: The intended sample was a total of 327 North Korean women residing in Seoul. Health questionnaires and medical examinations, including serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH), free thyroxine, and thyroid autoantibodies, were conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of SCH was 9.4%. In logistic regression analysis, smoking, menopause, length of stay in South Korea, body mass index, history of thyroid disease, and metabolic syndrome were not associated with the risk of SCH. Whereas, the positivity of autoantibodies were associated with a high risk for SCH (odds ratio [OR], 4.840; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-13.017; P = 0.002), and age was associated with a low risk for SCH (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.888-0.994; P = 0.031). The serum TSH levels also decreased with increasing age, and in particular, there was significant difference between 30-39 years, and over 60 years (2.33 +/- 1.51 microIU/mL vs. 1.54 +/- 0.73 microIU/mL, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In North Korean women, the positivity of autoantibodies was associated with a high risk for SCH. But interestingly, a younger age was associated with a high risk for SCH. Considering that they suffered from severe famine at the period of growth, and this led to malnutrition, their thyroid dysfunction might be associated with the peculiar environment that they experienced.

Citations

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  • Systematic review of evidence on public health in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
    John J Park, Ah-Young Lim, Hyung-Soon Ahn, Andrew I Kim, Soyoung Choi, David HW Oh, Owen Lee-Park, Sharon Y Kim, Sun Jae Jung, Jesse B Bump, Rifat Atun, Hee Young Shin, Kee B Park
    BMJ Global Health.2019; 4(2): e001133.     CrossRef
  • Environmental Factors and Thyroid Dysfunction
    Hyun-Kyung Chung
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2012; 27(3): 191.     CrossRef
Close layer
Characteristics and Natural Course of Pituitary Incidentaloma in Korea.
You Jin Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee, Seong Yeon Kim
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(2):111-116.   Published online April 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.2.111
  • 3,096 View
  • 24 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
A pituitary incidentaloma is a pituitary mass discovered incidentally by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI) of the brain performed for evaluation of an unrelated disease, and when the patient did not show neurological or endocrine signs and symptoms. Despite of increasing incidence, only a few studies have reported on characteristics, natural history, treatment, or follow-up strategy. Moreover no epidemiologic data exist on pituitary incidentaloma in Korean. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled subjects diagnosed as pituitary incidentaloma in Seoul National University Hospital from January 1992 to August 2006. We reviewed baseline demographic findings and the results of basal hormone tests, visual field test, and MRI (or CT) at baseline and during follow-up. RESULTS: Among 1310 patients with pituitary adenoma, 161 subjects were diagnosed with incidentaloma. The subject age at diagnosis was 49.7 +/- 15.5 years, with 84 males. Macroadenoma was more frequent (n = 110, 68.3%). with microadenomas and Rathke's cleft cysts found in 21 and 30 cases, respectively. The mean diameter of the tumor was 1.75 cm. Functional incidentalomas such as prolactinoma or acromegaly were found in 31 cases (19.3%) although there were no symptoms or visual field defects. Of 61 incidentaloma patients who did not undergo surgery or other treatment over one year, only 3 patient showed an increase in tumor size during the mean 38.0 +/- 24.9 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pituitary incidentaloma generally showed a benign course despite the high prevalence of macroadenoma (68.3%). However, as about 20% of the patients had functioning tumors, pituitary hormonal evaluation at diagnosis is mandatory. Furthermore, as we experienced 3 cases with increased tumor size during follow up, including a case of pituitary microadenoma, long-term careful follow-up of pituitary incidentaloma seems necessary. A long-term, prospective study with more patients would reveal the characteristics and the natural history of pituitary incidentalomas in Korea.

Citations

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  • Sellar Masses: An Epidemiological Study
    Khaled Al-Dahmani, Syed Mohammad, Fatima Imran, Chris Theriault, Steve Doucette, Deborah Zwicker, Churn-Ern Yip, David B. Clarke, Syed Ali Imran
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.2016; 43(2): 291.     CrossRef
  • Optimal Surgical Approaches for Rathke Cleft Cyst With Consideration of Endocrine Function
    Jeong Kyung Park, Eun Jig Lee, Sun Ho Kim
    Operative Neurosurgery.2012; 70: ons250.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Characteristics of 16 Patients with Pituitary Tumor Incidentally Detected by18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT (18F-FDG PET-CT)
    Hyung Jin Kim, Gi Jeong Cheon, A Ra Cho, Chang Hoon Lee, Sang Min Youn, Se jin Ahn, Sang Eon Jang, Jung Min Kim, Yun Yong Lee, Ka Hee Yi
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2010; 25(4): 321.     CrossRef
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Case Report
A Novel Mutation of the Vasopressin-Neurophysin II Gene in a Familial Neurohypophyseal Diabetes Insipidus.
Mi Jung Kim, Byung Wan Lee, In Kyung Jeong, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Eun Gyung Hong, Hyeon Kyu Kim, Doo Man Kim, Jae Myung Yoo, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(2):118-124.   Published online April 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.2.118
  • 3,071 View
  • 23 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (adFNDI) is a rare form of central diabetes insipidus (DI), and this malady is clinically characterized by polydipsia and polyuria, and it is caused by mutation in the vasopressin-neurophysin II. We identified a Korean family that suffered with adFNDI and we found a novel mutation in the NP II molecule. The index subject's DI symptoms dated to childhood, and his familial history was consistent with autosomal transmission. The diagnosis of central DI was done by performing a water deprivation test and a vasopressin challenge test. For molecular analysis, the genomic DNA was extracted and the AVP-NP II gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from four clinically-affected members and seven clinically-nonaffected members. Genetic analysis of AVP-NP II revealed new a heterozygous missense mutation in exon 2 of the AVP-NP II gene (+1692C > A) and this amino acid substitution (Cys105Stop) was predicted to have occurred in four clinically-affected subjects. In summary, in the present study we have described a novel mutation of the AVP-NPII gene in a Korean family suffering with adFNDI.
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Original Articles
The Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in College Students from Seoul.
Eun Kyung Byun, Hyo Jeong Kim, Jee Young Oh, Young Sun Hong, Yeon Ah Sung
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(2):120-126.   Published online April 1, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.2.120
  • 4,288 View
  • 55 Download
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is characterized by the presence of chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, The prevalence of PCOS in premenopausal women of about 5~ 10%. There may be significant ethnic and racial variations in the prevalence and clinical presentation of PCOS. The current study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of PCOS and to identify the clinical characteristics of PCOS in Korea. METHODS: From March 2003 to March 2004, medical students from Ewha Womans University were investigated for the prevalence of PCOS. The evaluation included a history and physical examination, a modified Ferriman-Gallwey hirsutism score and screening for hyperandrogenemia. PCOS was diagnosed by the presence of the following: 1) oligomenorrhea, 2) hyperandrogenemia and/or hirsutism(a modified Ferriman-Gallwey score> or =6), and 3) the exclusion of related disorders. Hyperandrogenemia was defined as a free testosterone level above the 95th percentile of that for normal cycling nonhirsute women. RESULTS: Out of 492 students, 386 replied to the questionnaire and 203 students(19~31 yr of age) participated in the physical examination and blood sampling. Eumenorrhea without hirsutism was present in 133 students(65.5%), oligomenorrhea was present in 39 students(19.2%), hyperandrogenism was present in 21 students(10.3%) and hirsutism was present in 3(1.5%) of the 203 women. The prevalence of PCOS was 4.9%(10 of 203 students), and only 2 of 10 women with PCOS were hirsute. The mean body mass index of students with PCOS was 22.7+/- 4.3kg/m2, and two women was obese. The plasma insulin levels during the 75g oral glucose tolerance test in women with PCOS was significantly higher when compared to the age and body mass index of the controls. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PCOS was 4.9% in college students from Seoul. This rate is similar to those rates reported by other investigators in Greece(6.7%) and United States(4%). Obesity and hirsutism are not common in Korean women with PCOS. We are planning to survey a more diverse age groups to determine the prevalence of PCOS

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    Mina Amiri, Sana Hatoum, Richard P Buyalos, Ali Sheidaei, Ricardo Azziz
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    Sana Hatoum, Mina Amiri, Dawnkimberly Hopkins, Richard P Buyalos, Fernando Bril, Ricardo Azziz
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(6): e1759.     CrossRef
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    Mina Amiri, Sana Hatoum, Dawnkimberly Hopkins, Richard P Buyalos, Uche Ezeh, Lauren A Pace, Fernando Bril, Ali Sheidaei, Ricardo Azziz
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(10): 2640.     CrossRef
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    D. Shah, S. Rasool
    Climacteric.2023; 26(1): 15.     CrossRef
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    Deulle Min, In Sun Jang, Seungmi Park
    Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ju Hee Kim, Min Hyung Jung, Se Hwa Hong, Nalae Moon, Dae Ryong Kang
    Yonsei Medical Journal.2022; 63(8): 794.     CrossRef
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    Min-jeong Park, Eunjoo Kim, Ji-Myung Ok, Ka-Hye Choi, Young-Woo Lim
    Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2022; 22(2): 136.     CrossRef
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    Bo Kyung Koo, Joon Ho Lee, Jimin Kim, Eun Jin Jang, Chang-Hoon Lee, Noel Christopher Barengo
    PLOS ONE.2016; 11(4): e0153107.     CrossRef
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    Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology.2016; 37: 46.     CrossRef
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    Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2015; 20(3): 136.     CrossRef
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    Hyejin Lee, Yeon-Ah Sung
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2015; 16(3): 189.     CrossRef
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    Seung Hyun Kim, Hyesook Kim, Seung Hee Park, Ji Yun Hwang, Hey Won Chung, Namsoo Chang
    Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(3): 229.     CrossRef
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    Yeon-Ah Sung
    Hanyang Medical Reviews.2012; 32(4): 197.     CrossRef
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    Ya Li, Fei Liu, Shan Luo, Han Hu, Xiao-Hong Li, Shang-Wei Li
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    Yeon-Ah Sung
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    Fertility and Sterility.2008; 90(6): 2318.     CrossRef
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    Hyejin Lee, Yeon-ah Sung
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The Effects of Alendronate in Bone Metabolism of Primary Osteoporosis.
Hyo Jeong Kim, Jee Won Park, Soo Jin Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim, Yoon Sok Chung
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):56-62.   Published online February 1, 2003
  • 1,833 View
  • 22 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
To evaluate the effects of alendronate in preventing bone loss at the spine and hip in Korean cases of primary osteoporosis, we treated 138 patients with 10 mg of alendronate daily. Of the 138 patients treated, 50 were treated for one complete year, and at their final visit, measurements were taken to assess the completed outcome of the reatment, and the results from this small group were compared with those of the rest. The way this has been written causes ambiguity concerning exactly who was being studied. Check that my rewrite of this section conveys correctly the group that was studied, and how. METHODS: The serum levels of calcium(Ca) and phosphorous(P), total alkaline phosphatase(ALP), the urine calcium creatinine ratio(Uca/cr) and urine deoxypyridinoline(DPD) were measured before, during, and after the 1 year treatment period. The bone mineral densities(BMDs) at the spine and hip were also measured before and after the treatment period. New clinical fractures and side effects, were evaluated during the treatment period. RESULTS: The total serum ALP and urine DPD were decreased significantly, after the treatment period, by 38.3 and 40.5% respectively. The bone mineral density at the spine and hip were significantly increased after 1 year, by 6.7 and 2.0%, respectively. Of the 50 subjects who had completed a full year of treatment, only 4(8%) had developed new clinical fractures. Of the 138 patients who had been treated, 8(5.8%) discontinued the medication due to side effects. Of these, 7 had gastrointestinal symptoms, and 1 had skin eruption. CONCLUSION: Alendronate significantly decreased the total serum ALP and urine DPD and significantly increased spine and hip bone mineral density. Alendronate 10mg was effective in preventing bone loss in Korean cases of primary osteoporosis.
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Metabolic Abnormalities according to Severity of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults.
H J Kim, D J Kim, S K Kim, S H Kim, Y M Rhee, C W Ahn, B S Cha, Y D Song, S K Lim, K R Kim, H C Lee, K B Huh
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(4):514-525.   Published online August 1, 2002
  • 1,767 View
  • 21 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
We evaluated the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and the associations between the metabolic abnormalities and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults using ultrasonography. METHODS: We examined 1074 Korean adults above the age of 30 years, comprising of 502 men and 572 women, participating in medical check-ups at the Health Promotion Center. Hepatitis B and C serologies were negative, and the average weekly alcohol intake was < or = 2 standard drinks. A standard interview, physical exam and biochemical study, were conducted, and an experienced operator carried out ultrasound liver studies. RESULTS: 522 of the subjects had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the remaining 552 did not. The frequency in the men was higher than that in the women (57 vs 42%, p<0.05). The frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the subjects without diabetes, obesity or dyslipidemia was 20%. We classified subjects into 4 groups: the controls (n=552) and those with mild (n=218), moderate (n=273) or severe fatty liver disease (n=31), according to their ultrasonographic findings. BMI, waist circumference, body fat, systolic blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, the total- to HDL-cholesterol ratio, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension and insulin resistance, were all significantly increased with the increased severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (p<0.05). Following the multiple regression analyses, waist, alanine aminotransferase, HOMAIR, the total- to HDL-cholesterol ratio, aspartate aminotransferase and systolic blood pressure, were all associated with the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Odd ratios of insulin resistance in the mild, moderate and severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were 14.7 (CI: 6.8~32.0), 6.9 (CI: 4.6~10.3) and 5.7 (CI3.6~8.8), respectively. The percentages of subjects with insulin resistance in each group were 7.6, 32.0, 36.0 and 55.0% (p<0.05), respectively. The percentages of subjects with risk of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in each groups were 5.0, 21.6, 27.8 and 58.1% (p<0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION: The frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was relatively high in Korean adults. Proportional differences in metabolic abnormalities, relation to the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, were found by ultrasonography.
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Case Report
A Case of Partial Hypopituitarism after Recovery from Korean Hemorrhagic Fever.
Yeo Joo Kim, Mi Rim Kim, Moon Seok Nam, Yong Sung Kim, Sung Ki Kim, Sung Kwon Bae
J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(4):584-588.   Published online January 1, 2001
  • 1,559 View
  • 16 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Heorrhage and infarct-like necrosis of anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is one of the characteristic pathologic findings of the autopsied cases of Korean Hemorrhagic Fever (KHF) patients, but there has been rare reports of hypopituitarism in patients with KHF. Recently we have experienced a patient with hyponatremia who had recovered from KHF. He was admitted to our hospital due to nausea, vomiting, and epigastric discornfort. To determine the function of the anterior pituitary gland, hormonal levels of target galnds and pituitary gland were measured, and combined pituitary stimulation test was performed. ACTH, GH, and prolactin deficiency were confirmed by combined pituitary stimulation test in this patient. There was no evidence of hypothalamic or other pituitary diseases by brain MRI. Our experience shows that KHF can be a cause of hypopituitarism and these findings should alert physicians the possibility of hypopituitarisrn in patients who had recovered from KHF.
Close layer
Original Article
Piruitray Thyrotropin-Secreting Tumors in Korean.
Chul Hee Kim, Ghi Su Kim, Hong Kyu Kim, Joong Yeol Park, Young Kee Shong, Sang Bum Hong, Jung Min Ko, Chang Jin Kim
J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(2):165-175.   Published online January 1, 2001
  • 1,727 View
  • 16 Download
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BACKGROUND
Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma is an uncommon disease and about 150 cases has been reported in the world literature. In Korea, only seven cases were reported as yet. The authors recently experienced four cases of TSH secreting pituitary tumor and analyzed the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of TSH-secreting tumors in Korean. METHODS: We analyzed clinical records of the four cases who had been recently treated at Asan Medical Center and the Korean literature which deals with the previously reported seven cases of TSH-secreting pituitary tumor. RESULTS: The average age at diagnosis was 37 years (ranging from 11 to 55 years). Four were men and seven were women. After the detection of hyperthyroidism, TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma was diagnosed 3.6 years later on the average. Ten patients presented with hyperthyroidism, but one had primary hypothyroidism. Typical features of acromegaly were observed in two patients. Visual disturbance was present in three cases, and galactorrhea was present in one case. Serum TSH concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 42.5uIU/mL showing mildly elevated or unsup-pressed TSH levels despite of elevated serum thyroid hormone concentrations. Among six cases in whom a-subunit level was measured, five showed elevated a-subunit level and a-subunit/TSH molar ratio. Two of 11 cases had microadenoma and the remainder had macroadeno#ma. Immunohisto-cheical studies were done in eight cases and revealed that three were positive for TSH only and five patients were positive for multiple hormones. Eight patients underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery and seven (88%) of them were cured. External irradiation or octreotide was used as adjunctive treatment in three cases. After treatment, TSH levels decreased in all six patients studied, hyperthyroidism was eliminated in all eight patients studied and visual disturbance was improved in two patients. CONCLUSION: Clinical characteristics of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma in Koreans were similar with world literature, but were more common in women, had less visual disturbance and better surgical results. Diagnosis was commonly delayed for several years. TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma may be diagnosed more frequently and earlier with widespread use of sensitive TSH assay and early and proper diagnosis would lead proper treatments with improved outcome.
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Endocrinol Metab : Endocrinology and Metabolism
© Korean Endocrine Society.
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