Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Mineral, bone & muscle
Beyond Weight Loss: Skeletal Considerations in Obesity Treatment: Myung Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(2):210-221. Published online April 8, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2026.2986

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The rapid evolution of obesity therapeutics, led by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and metabolic surgery, has achieved unprecedented weight loss. However, the skeletal consequences of such substantial weight reduction are of increasing clinical concern. This review explores the relationship between obesity, weight-loss modalities, and bone health. While obesity was historically viewed as bone-protective due to mechanical loading, recent evidence highlights qualitative bone deterioration and sitespecific fracture risks. Intentional weight loss through caloric restriction or bariatric surgery consistently accelerates bone turnover and reduces bone mineral density (BMD), with surgical interventions showing the most significant impact. Emerging data on GLP-1RAs suggest modest BMD declines, largely proportional to weight loss and likely driven by mechanical unloading. Conversely, preclinical studies indicate that GLP-1 signaling may exert direct osteoanabolic and anti-resorptive effects. To preserve skeletal integrity, obesity management must shift toward a holistic body composition framework. Integrating structured resistance exercise, optimizing nutrition (calcium, vitamin D, and protein), and implementing skeletal monitoring in high-risk individuals are essential. Future obesity care should prioritize the maintenance of bone quality and lean mass alongside fat reduction to ensure long-term skeletal resilience and prevent fragility fractures.

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Association Between Lifestyle Factors and the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Adults Across Different Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study
Somia A. Nassar
Diseases.2026; 14(5): 163. CrossRef

Mineral, bone & muscle
Sarcopenia and Muscle Aging: Updated Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Translational Therapeutics: Thanh T. Nguyen, Tam Dao, Ha Thu Nguyen, Jun-Hyeon Park, Seung-Jun Jeong, Sei Kim, Yunju Jo, Nhung T.H. Thieu, Jiangqi Zhao, Fuan Ding, Ying Yu, Vu Chi Dung, Karim Gariani, Beom-Jun Kim, Dongryeol Ryu; Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(1):57-85. Published online February 12, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2656

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Sarcopenia is a progressive, age-related condition characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, which increases the risk of falls, frailty, and loss of independence. Despite growing recognition and its incorporation into geriatric assessments, there is still no approved pharmacological treatment. This review provides an updated overview of sarcopenia, encompassing diagnostic criteria, biological mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Key molecular features include mitochondrial dysfunction, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) decline, fiber-type alterations, and dysregulation of myokines. Recent singlecell and multi-omics studies have revealed the heterogeneity of muscle tissue and distinct cell-type-specific aging patterns. Therapeutic efforts are evolving beyond lifestyle interventions toward targeted approaches, including myostatin inhibitors, NAD⁺ boosters, senolytics, and microbiome modulators. However, clinical translation remains constrained by heterogeneity in trial design and the absence of standardized outcome measures. Future sarcopenia care will likely involve precision medicine guided by biomarkers and supported by digital monitoring tools. Progressing from molecular discovery to clinical application will be essential for preserving muscle health and function in aging populations.

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Molecular Mechanisms and Nutritional Modulation in Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review
Hui San Chin, Ling Liu, Pei-Ju Liao, Alexandra L. R. M. Wee, Xiu-Yi Kwek, Bin Tean Teh, Frederick H. Koh
Nutrients.2026; 18(7): 1161. CrossRef
Elevated Circulating Ceramides 18:0 and 24:1 as a Risk Factor for Sarcopenia: In Vitro, Animal, and Clinical Evidence
So Jeong Park, Ji Yeon Baek, Shibo Wei, Jin Young Lee, Yuna Lee, Sang‐Hoon Lee, Il‐Young Jang, Hyuk Sakong, Hyun Ju Yoo, Hee‐Won Jung, Eunju Lee, Su Jung Kim, Yunju Jo, Kyunggon Kim, Dongryeol Ryu, Beom‐Jun Kim
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Dysregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in aging skeletal muscle
Gunju Song, Boo-Yong Lee, Kwang-Hyun Baek
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2026; 199: 119504. CrossRef
Trends in Low Muscle Mass and Sarcopenia Prevalence in Korea Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2024 and 2008–2011: The KSBMR-KSOS KNHANES DXA Joint Task Force Report
Namki Hong, Jun-Il Yoo, Jeonghoon Ha, Seong Hee Ahn, Young-Kyun Lee, Hyun Sik Gong, Ki-Hyun Baek, Yumie Rhee, Yong-Chan Ha
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2026; 33(2): 197. CrossRef
Differential Effects of Stroke Stage and Age on Sarcopenia in Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Guan-Bo Chen, I-Hsiu Liou, Shu-Fen Sun, Chien-Hui Li, Sheng-Hui Tuan
Life.2026; 16(7): 1073. CrossRef
From organ age gaps to precision geromedicine: Multi-omic and imaging frameworks for heterogeneous biological aging
Qian-Man Li, Xiao-Xuan Ge, Tian-Jiao Wen, Li-Wen Zhang, Hao-Yu Liu, Xiu-Wen Shi, Lu Liu, Ting-Ting Gong, Qi-Jun Wu, Shan-Yan Gao
Ageing Research Reviews.2026; 121: 103238. CrossRef
Effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on early oxidative stress and muscle atrophy in SAMP8 mice through modulation of the DAO/SRR and Nrf2/Keap1 pathways
Xiangli Tong, Jinkun Xue, Zixuan Chen, Rongsiqing Luo, Zihan Huang, Fengxuan Chen, Ying Liu, Jingran Xiao, Jia Jiang, Zhiyuan Wang, Wenfeng Liu
Cellular Signalling.2026; 147: 112760. CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
New Insights into Calorie Restriction Induced Bone Loss: Linyi Liu, Clifford J. Rosen; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):203-213. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1673

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Caloric restriction (CR) is now a popular lifestyle choice due to its ability in experimental animals to improve lifespan, reduce body weight, and lessen oxidative stress. However, more and more emerging evidence suggests this treatment requires careful consideration because of its detrimental effects on the skeletal system. Experimental and clinical studies show that CR can suppress bone growth and raise the risk of fracture, but the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Reduced mechanical loading has long been thought to be the primary cause of weight loss-induced bone loss from calorie restriction. Despite fat loss in peripheral depots with calorie restriction, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) increases, and this may play a significant role in this pathological process. Here, we update recent advances in our understanding of the effects of CR on the skeleton, the possible pathogenic role of BMAT in CR-induced bone loss, and some strategies to mitigate any potential side effects on the skeletal system.

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20% Caloric Restriction did not Impact Bone Health nor Exercise-Induced Elevations in Bone Mass in Young Female Rats
Ken D. Sumida, Brady Slater, Haley Folta, Kassandra Lee, Sarina Karwande, Quinton Wong, S. Victoria Jaque, Frank Frisch
Calcified Tissue International.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Skeletal effect of semaglutide and tirzepatide in patients with increased risk of fractures
Yi Liu, Dalia Walzer, Sarah Schmitz, Alpana P Shukla, Xiaoyue Ma, Dawn Chirko, Ilissa Pipia, Swetha Sathi, Uthman Shukairy, Michael Greenberg, Sangeeta R Kashyap, Emily M Stein
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2026; 111(7): 1959. CrossRef
D, L-Buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine recapitulates the anti-obesity effects of sulfur amino acid restriction without the associated deleterious effects on bone in male mice
Naidu B. Ommi, Dwight A. L. Mattocks, Mark C. Horowitz, Sailendra N. Nichenametla
Aging.2026; 18(1): 82. CrossRef
Fueling failure or fostering fusion? A critical review of the potential effect of ketogenic, intermittent fasting, and low-carbohydrate diets on dental implant osseointegration
Faris A. Alshahrani, Noha Taymour
The Saudi Dental Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Diet-mediated bioenergetic flux: a double-edged sword for health and diseases
Mohammad Nasb, Anbang Luo, Lamis Dayoub, Minghui Wang, Ning Chen
Food Science and Human Wellness.2026; 15(4): 9250724. CrossRef
Bone as an endocrine regulator of lipid and energy metabolism
Hanghang Liu, Junyu Zhao, Linyi Liu, Wangyang Ying, Shibo Liu, En Luo, Clifford J. Rosen
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Adolescent dietary restriction improves cognition and frailty in aged female Wistar rats
Valentina Simeunovic, Aleksandra Mladenovic, Milica Prvulovic, Milena Jovic, Smilja Pracer, Srdjan Sokanovic, Susan Howlett
The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Weight Loss‐Dependent Changes in Body Composition and Bone Health in People With Obesity and Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Liraglutide, Semaglutide, or Tirzepatide
Ebaa Al Ozairi, Mohammad Irshad, Jumana Alkandri, Anant Mashankar, Stuart R. Gray, Carel W. le Roux
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, W. Scott Butsch, Sandra M. Christensen, Osama Hamdy, Zhaoping Li, Carla M. Prado, Steven B. Heymsfield
Obesity Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Calorie restriction induces mandible bone loss by regulating mitochondrial function
Linyi Liu, Phuong T. Le, Victoria E. DeMambro, Tiange Feng, Hanghang Liu, Wangyang Ying, Roland Baron, Clifford J. Rosen
Bone.2025; 190: 117326. CrossRef
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Extracted from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity In Vivo in C57BL/6J Mice
Kyu-Shik Lee, Min-Gu Lee, Kyuho Jeong, Eun-Young Yun, Tae-Won Goo
Animals.2025; 15(10): 1384. CrossRef
Novel strategies for medical management of obesity: mechanisms, clinical implications, and societal impacts—a report from the 25th Annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium
Gitanjali Srivastava, Sophia L Campbell, Conner R Hill, Takara L Stanley, Elizabeth A Lawson, Caroline M Apovian, Jaime P Almandoz, Lorenzo Leggio, Darius N Lakdawalla, Mohammad Dar, Carmela Socolovsky, Fatima Cody Stanford, Sarah Armstrong, Steven K Grin
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2025; 122(3): 866. CrossRef
Calorie Restriction and Bone Health: Lessons from Bariatric Metabolic Surgery
Bukyung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(3): 388. CrossRef
Addressing osteoblast senescence: Molecular pathways and the frontier of anti‐ageing treatments
Zhengdong Zhang, Pan Liu, Yu Song, Liang Ma, Yan Xu, Jie Lei, Bide Tong, Dingchao Zhu, Huaizhen Liang, Hongchuan Wang, Xingyu Zhou, Zixuan Ou, Junyu Wei, Hanpeng Xu, Di Wu, Shuchang Peng, Yifan Du, Zhi Du, Bingjin Wang, Zhiwei Liao, Wencan Ke, Kangcheng Z
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Energy, Macronutrients, and Fiber Intakes with Bone Health in Adolescent Athletes
Clair Costa Miranda, André de Araújo Pinto, Tiago Rodrigues de Lima, Mateus Augusto Bim, Romulo Araujo Fernandes, Andreia Pelegrini
Calcified Tissue International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Recovery from immobilisation-associated osteoporosis with anti-resorptive and anabolic therapy
Maryell Urroz Lopez, Gregory Kline
BMJ Case Reports.2025; 18(9): e267469. CrossRef
Effects of weight-loss interventions on bone health in people living with obesity
Julien Paccou, Claudia Gagnon, Elaine W Yu, Clifford J Rosen
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2025; 40(12): 1319. CrossRef
Weight loss induced bone loss: mechanism of action and clinical implications
Hanghang Liu, Bolun Li, Linyi Liu, Wangyang Ying, Clifford J. Rosen
Bone Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Dietary Patterns on Skeletal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Fracture, Bone Turnover Markers, and Nutritional Status
Adhithya Mullath Ullas, Joseph Boamah, Amir Hussain, Ioanna Myrtziou, Ioannis Kanakis
Nutrients.2025; 17(24): 3845. CrossRef
Obesity, diabetes and risk of bone fragility: How BMAT behavior is affected by metabolic disturbances and its influence on bone health
Gregório Corrêa Guimarães, João Bosco Costa Coelho, João Gabriel Oliveira Silva, Ana Carolina Chalfun de Sant’Ana, Cássia Alves Carrilho de Sá, Júlia Marques Moreno, Lívia Marçal Reis, Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães
Osteoporosis International.2024; 35(4): 575. CrossRef
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Is Not Required for Reconstitution of the Immune System Following Irradiation in Male Mice
Jessica A. Keune, Carmen P. Wong, Adam J. Branscum, Scott A. Menn, Urszula T. Iwaniec, Russell T. Turner
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(4): 1980. CrossRef
Dietary restriction plus exercise change gene expression of Cxcl12 abundant reticular cells in female mice
Aoi Ikedo, Yuuki Imai
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2024; 42(3): 271. CrossRef
Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: a randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial
Morten S. Hansen, Eva M. Wölfel, Shakespeare Jeromdesella, Jens-Jakob K. Møller, Charlotte Ejersted, Niklas R. Jørgensen, Richard Eastell, Stinus G. Hansen, Morten Frost
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 72: 102624. CrossRef
Calorie restriction in mice impairs cortical but not trabecular peak bone mass by suppressing bone remodeling
Linyi Liu, Phuong T Le, J Patrizia Stohn, Hanghang Liu, Wangyang Ying, Roland Baron, Clifford J Rosen
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Connecting bone metastasis, adipose tissue and adipokines: How does physical activity fit?
Paola Maroni, Marta Gomarasca, Michela Signo, Giovanni Lombardi
Advanced Exercise and Health Science.2024; 1(3): 149. CrossRef

Original Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Association among Current Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Regular Exercise, and Lower Extremity Amputation in Patients with Diabetic Foot: Nationwide Population-Based Study: Yoon Jae Lee, Kyung-Do Han, Jun Hyeok Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):770-780. Published online October 12, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1519

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Background
The present study investigates whether modifiable behavioral factors of current cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and regular exercise are associated with risk of lower extremity amputation (LEA) in diabetic patients.
Methods
A total of 2,644,440 diabetic patients (aged ≥20 years) was analyzed using the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the behavioral factors with risk of LEA under adjustment for potential confounders.
Results
The risk of LEA was significantly increased by current cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption (HR, 1.436; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.367 to 1.508 and HR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.011 to 1.158) but significantly decreased with regular exercise (HR, 0.745; 95% CI, 0.706 to 0.786) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, low income, hypertension, dyslipidemia, body mass index, using insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs, and diabetic duration. A synergistically increased risk of LEA was observed with larger number of risky behaviors.
Conclusion
Modification of behaviors of current smoking, heavy alcohol intake, and exercise prevents LEA and can improve physical, emotional, and social quality of life in diabetic patients.

Citations

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Association Between Diabetic Foot Lesions and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Moe Murai, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Haruka Utsuyama, Takashi Ogasawara, Akifumi Shiota, Nozomi Yoshioka, Yusuke Hamazawa, Michiaki Fukui
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Fatores associados à amputação de membros inferiores em pacientes diabéticos: uma abordagem epidemiológica
Edimar Chaves Junior, Ana Clara Paulino Queiroz, Arthur Felipe Vieira Bastos, Isadora Borges Toledo, Jessica Coelho Costa, Julien Barbosa, Lilian Nunes de Assis Lacerda, Marcos Bruno Couto Garcia, Maria Eduarda Avelina Bontempo, Maria Eduarda Mendes Reis,
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Are There Sex Differences in the Association of Alcohol Consumption With the Risk of Soft Tissue Sarcoma? A Nationwide Population-based Study in Korea
Min Wook Joo, Kyungdo Han, Yoon Joo Cho, Nicholas Matthew Bernthal, Ye Bin Park
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Liangxiao Xie, Changshun Wei, Liqun Chen, Huaqiang Zheng, Jiajia Dong, Jinzhi Wu
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Diabetes‐Associated Major Limb Amputation in Solomon Islands: A National, 5‐Year Retrospective Study
Dylan M. Bush, Adrian Garcia Hernandez, Anita Pickard, Thomas H. Fitzpatrick, Rooney Jagilly, Micky Olangi, Michael Buin, Johanna Roth, Hendrick Kaniki, Jones Ghabu, Tony Quity, Alexandra L. Martiniuk
World Journal of Surgery.2025; 49(8): 2266. CrossRef
The Severity of Diabetes and the Risk of Diabetic Foot Amputation: A National Cohort Study
Jin Yu, Ji-Hyun Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
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Adjuvant effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A case series
Rita de Cassia Ferreira, Rebeca Boltes Cecatto, Silvana Torres Perez, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita‐Ferrari, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Cinthya Cosme Duran, Anna Carolina Tempestini Horliana, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
Journal of Biophotonics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors associated with diabetic foot ulcers and lower limb amputations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes supported by real‐world data from the German/Austrian DPV registry
Alexander J. Eckert, Stefan Zimny, Marcus Altmeier, Ana Dugic, Anton Gillessen, Latife Bozkurt, Gabriele Götz, Wolfram Karges, Frank J. Wosch, Stephan Kress, Reinhard W. Holl
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Vahide Semerci Çakmak, Serap Çetinkaya Özdemir
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A randomized controlled trial of an app-based intervention on physical activity and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes
Gyuri Kim, Seohyun Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim
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Influence of quitting smoking on diabetes-related complications: A scoping review with a systematic search strategy
Magdalena Walicka, Arkadiusz Krysiński, Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa, Ang Sun, Davide Campagna, Agostino Di Ciaula, Tabinda Dugal, Andre Kengne, Phuong Le Dinh, Anoop Misra, Riccardo Polosa, Syed Abbas Raza, Cristina Russo, Roberta Sammut, Noel Somasundaram
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Visceral Adiposity as an Independent Risk Factor for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study
Rui-Ling Wu, Niyao Chen, Yanni Chen, Xiaohong Wu, Chih-Yuan Ko, Xiao-Yu Chen, Takayuki Masaki
Journal of Diabetes Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal of Diabetes Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigating Diabetic Foot Pathophysiology and Amputation Prevention Strategies through Behavioral Modification
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Review Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Exercise/Resistance Training and Muscle Stem Cells: So-ichiro Fukada, Ayasa Nakamura; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):737-744. Published online August 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.401

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Skeletal muscle has attracted attention as endocrine organ, because exercise-dependent cytokines called myokines/exerkines are released from skeletal muscle and are involved in systemic functions. While, local mechanical loading to skeletal muscle by exercise or resistance training alters myofiber type and size and myonuclear number. Skeletal muscle-resident stem cells, known as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), are responsible for the increased number of myonuclei. Under steady conditions, MuSCs are maintained in a mitotically quiescent state but exit from that state and start to proliferate in response to high physical activity. Alterations in MuSC behavior occur when myofibers are damaged, but the lethal damage to myofibers does not seem to evoke mechanical loading-dependent MuSC activation and proliferation. Given that MuSCs proliferate without damage, it is unclear how the different behaviors of MuSCs are controlled by different physical activities. Recent studies demonstrated that myonuclear number reflects the size of myofibers; hence, it is crucial to know the properties of MuSCs and the mechanism of myonuclear accretion by MuSCs. In addition, the elucidation of mechanical load-dependent changes in muscle resident cells, including MuSCs, will be necessary for the discovery of new myokines/exerkines and understating skeletal muscle diseases.

Citations

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Non-regenerative myogenesis in adult skeletal muscles: myofiber death-independent muscle satellite cell expansion
So-ichiro Fukada, Atsushi Kubo, Takashi Yamada, Takayuki Akimoto
Skeletal Muscle.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Lingyan Zhu, Yiping Su, Zhanguo Su
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Jie Fu, Chengrui Liu, Yulin Shu, Yuxin Jiang, Ping Li, Kai Yao
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Suwol Yang, Hye-Won Sang, Seoyeon Kim, Eun-Jeong Cho, Youngju Choi, Dong Woo Kang, Young C. Jang, Dong-Ho Park, Hyo-Bum Kwak, Jang Soo Yook
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Biomolecules.2026; 16(6): 850. CrossRef
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Anthropometric, muscle and serum myokine levels effects of physical exercise with an online platform in female patients with obesity
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Miscellaneous
Sarcopenia and Muscle Aging: A Brief Overview: Tam Dao, Alexander E. Green, Yun A Kim, Sung-Jin Bae, Ki-Tae Ha, Karim Gariani, Mi-ra Lee, Keir J. Menzies, Dongryeol Ryu; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):716-732. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.405; [Original]

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The world is facing the new challenges of an aging population, and understanding the process of aging has therefore become one of the most important global concerns. Sarcopenia is a condition which is defined by the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. In research and clinical practice, sarcopenia is recognized as a component of geriatric disease and is a current target for drug development. In this review we define this condition and provide an overview of current therapeutic approaches. We further highlight recent findings that describe key pathophysiological phenotypes of this condition, including alterations in muscle fiber types, mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolism, myokines, and gut microbiota, in aged muscle compared to young muscle or healthy aged muscle. The last part of this review examines new therapeutic avenues for promising treatment targets. There is still no accepted therapy for sarcopenia in humans. Here we provide a brief review of the current state of research derived from various mouse models or human samples that provide novel routes for the development of effective therapeutics to maintain muscle health during aging.

Citations

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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Effects of Resistance Exercise on Bone Health: A Ram Hong, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):435-444. Published online November 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.435

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The prevalence of chronic diseases including osteoporosis and sarcopenia increases as the population ages. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are commonly associated with genetics, mechanical factors, and hormonal factors and primarily associated with aging. Many older populations, particularly those with frailty, are likely to have concurrent osteoporosis and sarcopenia, further increasing their risk of disease-related complications. Because bones and muscles are closely interconnected by anatomy, metabolic profile, and chemical components, a diagnosis should be considered for both sarcopenia and osteoporosis, which may be treated with optimal therapeutic interventions eliciting pleiotropic effects on both bones and muscles. Exercise training has been recommended as a promising therapeutic strategy to encounter the loss of bone and muscle mass due to osteosarcopenia. To stimulate the osteogenic effects for bone mass accretion, bone tissues must be exposed to mechanical load exceeding those experienced during daily living activities. Of the several exercise training programs, resistance exercise (RE) is known to be highly beneficial for the preservation of bone and muscle mass. This review summarizes the mechanisms of RE for the preservation of bone and muscle mass and supports the clinical evidences for the use of RE as a therapeutic option in osteosarcopenia.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Connecting Myokines and Metabolism: Rexford S. Ahima, Hyeong-Kyu Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):235-245. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.235

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle mediate communications between muscle and liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs. Myokines affect muscle mass and myofiber switching, and have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus contributing to energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biology of myokines and provide an assessment of their potential as therapeutic targets.

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Original Articles

Physiological Parameters in the Blood of a Murine Stress-Induced Depression Model before and after Repeated Passive Exercise: Tae-Kyung Kim, Jin-Young Park, Pyung-Lim Han; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):371-380. Published online January 5, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.371

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Background

Animal models are necessary to study the mechanism underlying the effects of exercise on depression but an effective procedure for exercise treatment and exercise effects on physiological parameters in a specific depression model need to be characterized.

Methods

Physiological parameters including lactate, partial pressue of O₂ (pO₂) and CO₂ (pCO₂) saturated O₂ (sO₂), pH, HCO₃, total CO₂ (TCO₂), and base excess extracellular fluid (BEecf) levels in the blood were measured after treatment with passive exercise in normal mice and a stress-induced depression model.

Results

Normal mice or mice that were subjected to daily 2-hour restraint for 14 days (2 hours×14 days of restraint) were placed on a running wheel that was rotating at a speed of 9 m/min for 1 hour per day for 1 to 21 days. After repeated exercise in mice that were previously subjected to 2 hours×14 days restraint, plasma lactate levels decreased, the levels of pO₂, sO₂, and pH tended to increase, and the levels of pCO₂ decreased in the absence of significant changes in HCO₃, TCO₂, and BEecf. However, none of these changes were additive to the stress effects or were much more severe than those induced after repeated passive exercise in normal mice.

Conclusion

These results suggest that passive exercise for 1 hour daily for 14 to 21 consecutive days on a running wheel rotating at a speed of 9 m/min may be used as an exercise protocol without inducing severe additive effects on physiological burdens.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

VTA-projecting cerebellar neurons mediate stress-dependent depression-like behaviors
Soo Ji Baek, Jin Sung Park, Jinhyun Kim, Yukio Yamamoto, Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
eLife.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Blood and affective markers of stress in Elite Airmen during a preparatory training course: A pilot study
S.T. Jenz, C.D. Goodyear, P.R. TSgt Graves, S. Goldstein, M.R. Shia, E.E. Redei
Neurobiology of Stress.2021; 14: 100323. CrossRef
Aggravated mucosal and immune damage in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis with stress
Yanxia Gong, Wei Niu, Yanping Tang, Qingyu Zhang, Simiao Liu, Xi Liu, Xiao Wang, Yang Xu
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
G9a-Mediated Regulation of OXT and AVP Expression in the Basolateral Amygdala Mediates Stress-Induced Lasting Behavioral Depression and Its Reversal by Exercise
Tae-Kyung Kim, Jung-Eun Lee, Ji-Eun Kim, Jin-Young Park, Juli Choi, Hannah Kim, Eun-Hwa Lee, Pyung-Lim Han
Molecular Neurobiology.2016; 53(5): 2843. CrossRef
Can Exercise Make You Smarter, Happier, and Have More Neurons? A Hormetic Perspective
Simona Gradari, Anna Pallé, Kerry R. McGreevy, Ángela Fontán-Lozano, José L. Trejo
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronic stress and moderate physical exercise prompt widespread common activation and limited differential activation in specific brain regions
Tae-Kyung Kim, Pyung-Lim Han
Neurochemistry International.2016; 99: 252. CrossRef
Exercise and Depression
Jang Won Son
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(3): 270. CrossRef
Antidepressant effects of exercise are produced via suppression of hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone in the basolateral amygdala
Tae-Kyung Kim, Ji-Eun Kim, Jin-Young Park, Jung-Eun Lee, Juli Choi, Hannah Kim, Eun-Hwa Lee, Seung-Woo Kim, Ja-Kyeong Lee, Hyun-Sik Kang, Pyung-Lim Han
Neurobiology of Disease.2015; 79: 59. CrossRef

The Effect of Fenofibrate and Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome and Hepatic Steatosis in OLETF Rats.: Kyung II Lee, Ji Min Kim, Ja Young Park, Ja Won Kim, Ji Young Mok, Mi Kyoung Park, Hye Jeong Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Wenjun Li, Duk Kyu Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):192-202. Published online June 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.192

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to verify the effects of fenofibrate monotherapy and fenofibrate combined with exercise for improving metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis. METHODS: Thirty-four weeks old OLETF rats (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats, n = 20) were divided four groups: the regular diet group (n = 5, DD group), the exercise group (n = 5, DE group), the fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) treated group (n = 5, DF group) and the combination treatment group {fenofibrate and exercise (n = 5, EF group)}. After 5 weeks of treatment, blood was drawn for measuring the blood glucose, insulin, lipid and leptin levels. All the subjects were sacrificed for assessment of their body adiposity and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS: The total amount of food intake, body weight and total body weight of the rat were significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD group. The plasma triglyceride and glucose levels were significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD group. The HOMA-IR of EF, DF and DE groups were significantly decreased compared with that of the DD group. The plasma leptin levels of the EF and DF groups were significantly decreased compared with those of the DD and DE groups. The hepatic steatosis index was significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD and DE groups. CONCLUSION: Fenofibrate monotherapy was effective to control three major components (obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia) of metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis in OLETF rats. Exercise combined with fenofibrate treatment showed an additional effect compared to that of fenofibrate monotherapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of Fenofibrate and Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome and Hepatic Steatosis
Bong Soo Cha, Jae Hyuk Lee
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(3): 188. CrossRef

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