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Review Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):669-677.   Published online September 25, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2073
  • 3,646 View
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  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Diabetes is a serious public health concern that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes is 12.5% among individuals aged 19 and older, and 14.8% among individuals aged 30 and older as of 2022. The total number of people with diabetes among those aged 19 and older is estimated to be 5.4 million. The incidence of diabetes decreased from 8.1 per 1,000 persons in 2006 to 6.3 per 1,000 persons in 2014, before rising again to 7.5 per 1,000 persons in 2019. Meanwhile, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased significantly, from 1.1 per 100,000 persons in 1995 to 4.8 per 100,000 persons in 2016, with the prevalence reaching 41.0 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of gestational diabetes saw a substantial rise from 4.1% in 2007 to 22.3% in 2023. These changes have resulted in increases in the total medical costs for diabetes, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention strategies are urgently needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Trends in prescribing sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular‐renal disease in South Korea, 2015–2021
    Kyoung Hwa Ha, Soyoung Shin, EunJi Na, Dae Jung Kim
    Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Brief Report
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Impact of Diabetes on COVID-19 Susceptibility: A Nationwide Propensity Score Matching Study
Han Na Jang, Sun Joon Moon, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):813-818.   Published online August 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2014
  • 797 View
  • 34 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Prior research has highlighted poor clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected patients with diabetes; however, susceptibility to COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes has not been extensively studied. Participants aged ≥30 years who underwent COVID-19 testing from December 2019 to April 2020 were analyzed using the National Health Insurance Service data in South Korea. In a cohort comprising 29,433 1:1 propensity score-matched participants, COVID-19 positivity was significantly higher in participants with diabetes than in those without diabetes (512 [3.5%] vs. 395 [2.7%], P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that diabetes significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 test positivity (odds ratio, 1.307; 95% confidence interval, 1.144 to 1.493; P<0.001). Patients with diabetes exhibited heightened COVID-19 infection rates compared to individuals without diabetes, and diabetes increased the susceptibility to COVID-19, reinforcing the need for heightened preventive measures, particularly considering the poor clinical outcomes in this group.
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Review Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea
Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):678-685.   Published online August 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2056
  • 2,769 View
  • 98 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The prevalence of obesity in Korea has steadily increased over the past decade, reaching 38.4% in 2021. Notably, the rate of class II– III obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher, exceeded 7% in the same year. Since January 2019, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) has provided coverage for bariatric surgery (BS) for eligible patients. Coverage is available for individuals with a BMI of 35 kg/m2 or higher, or those with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher who also have obesity-related comorbidities. Additionally, partial reimbursement is offered for BS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have BMI values between 27.5 and 30 kg/m2. From 2019 to 2022, the NHIS recorded 9,080 BS procedures, with sleeve gastrectomy being the most commonly performed. The average percentage of weight loss 198±99.7 days post-surgery was 17.9%, with 80.0% of patients losing more than 10% of their body weight. This article presents the trends in obesity and BS in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Impact of caloric restriction on diabetes remission in Korean adults with obesity (CREDO‐K study)
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Su‐Jeong Park, Yoon‐Ju Song, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Young-Onset Diabetes in East Asians: From Epidemiology to Precision Medicine
Juliana C.N. Chan, Chun-Kwan O, Andrea O.Y. Luk
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):239-254.   Published online April 16, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1968
  • 4,354 View
  • 204 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Precision diagnosis is the keystone of clinical medicine. In East Asians, classical type 1 diabetes is uncommon in patients with youngonset diabetes diagnosed before age of 40, in whom a family history, obesity, and beta-cell and kidney dysfunction are key features. Young-onset diabetes affects one in five Asian adults with diabetes in clinic settings; however, it is often misclassified, resulting in delayed or non-targeted treatment. Complex aetiologies, long disease duration, aggressive clinical course, and a lack of evidence-based guidelines have contributed to variable care standards and premature death in these young patients. The high burden of comorbidities, notably mental illness, highlights the numerous knowledge gaps related to this silent killer. The majority of adult patients with youngonset diabetes are managed as part of a heterogeneous population of patients with various ages of diagnosis. A multidisciplinary care team led by physicians with special interest in young-onset diabetes will help improve the precision of diagnosis and address their physical, mental, and behavioral health. To this end, payors, planners, and providers need to align and re-design the practice environment to gather data systematically during routine practice to elucidate the multicausality of young-onset diabetes, treat to multiple targets, and improve outcomes in these vulnerable individuals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Type 2 diabetes: a contemporary view from the Asian lens
    Jeyakantha Ratnasingam, Quan Hziung Lim, Siew Pheng Chan
    Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2025; 32(1): 20.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
    Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Genetic Predisposition to Prediabetes in the Kazakh Population
    Gulnara Svyatova, Galina Berezina, Alexandra Murtazaliyeva, Altay Dyussupov, Tatyana Belyayeva, Raida Faizova, Azhar Dyussupova
    Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(10): 10913.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Thyroid
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study
Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):436-444.   Published online July 12, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1684
  • 3,684 View
  • 182 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to investigate the changes of incidence and treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 and explore the treatment-related complications and concomitant comorbidities in South Korea using data from the National Health Insurance Service.
Methods
This is a retrospective observational study. Hyperthyroidism was defined as a case having two or more diagnostic codes of thyrotoxicosis, with antithyroid drug intake for more than 6 months.
Results
The average age-standardized incidence of hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 was 42.23 and 105.13 per 100,000 men and women, respectively. In 2003 to 2004, hyperthyroidism was most often diagnosed in patients in their 50s, but in 2017 to 2018, people were most often diagnosed in their 60s. During the entire period, about 93.7% of hyperthyroidism patients were prescribed with antithyroid drugs, and meanwhile, the annual rates of ablation therapy decrease from 7.68% in 2008 to 4.56% in 2018. Antithyroid drug-related adverse events, mainly agranulocytosis and acute hepatitis, as well as complications of hyperthyroidism such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures, occurred more often in younger patients.
Conclusion
In Korea, hyperthyroidism occurred about 2.5 times more in women than in men, and antithyroid drugs were most preferred as the first-line treatment. Compared to the general population, hyperthyroid patients may have a higher risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures at a younger age.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Long-term Effect of Thyrotropin-binding Inhibitor Immunoglobulin on Atrial Fibrillation in Euthyroid Patients
    Jung-Chi Hsu, Kang-Chih Fan, Ting-Chuan Wang, Shu-Lin Chuang, Ying-Ting Chao, Ting-Tse Lin, Kuan-Chih Huang, Lian-Yu Lin, Lung-Chun Lin
    Endocrine Practice.2024; 30(6): 537.     CrossRef
  • Treatment Patterns and Preferences for Graves’ Disease in Korea: Insights from a Nationwide Cohort Study
    Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Soo Myoung Shin, Jung A Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Sin Gon Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 659.     CrossRef
  • Dynamic Risk Model for the Medical Treatment of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism according to Treatment Duration
    Meihua Jin, Chae A Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Bae Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 579.     CrossRef
  • Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Thyroid Disease in 7 Million Adult and 0.2 Million Adolescent Vaccine Recipients
    Sungho Bea, Hwa Young Ahn, Jieun Woo, Ju-Young Shin, Sun Wook Cho
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Current Status of Hyperthyroidism in Korea
    Hyemi Kwon
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 392.     CrossRef
  • Is Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms? A Population-Based, Nested Case–Control Study from Korea
    Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
    Thyroid®.2023; 33(12): 1483.     CrossRef
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Thyroid
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Recent Changes in the Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Korea between 2005 and 2018: Analysis of Korean National Data
Yun Mi Choi, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):791-799.   Published online October 11, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1533
  • 4,460 View
  • 226 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
In this study, we evaluated the recent changes in the standardized, age-specific, stage-specific incidence rates (IRs) of thyroid cancer in Korea and compared them with the incidence data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.
Methods
The analysis was conducted using the incidence data (2005 to 2018) from the Statistics Korea and Korea Central Cancer Registry.
Results
The age-standardized IR (SIR) of thyroid cancer increased from 24.09 per 100,000 in 2005 to 74.83 in 2012 (annual percent change [APC], 14.5). From 2012 to 2015, the SIR decreased to 42.52 (APC, –17.9) and then remained stable until 2018 (APC, 2.1). This trend was similar in both men and women. Regarding age-specific IRs, the IRs for ages of 30 years and older showed a trend similar to that of the SIR; however, for ages below 30 years, no significant reduction was observed from the vertex of IR in 2015. Regarding stage-specific IRs, the increase was more prominent in those with regional disease (APC, 17.4) than in those with localized disease until 2012; then, the IR decreased until 2015 (APC, –16.1). The average APC from 2005 to 2018 increased in men, those under the age of 30 years, and those with regional disease.
Conclusion
The SIR in Korea peaked in 2012 and decreased until 2015 and then remained stable until 2018. However, in young individuals under the age of 30 years, the IR did not significantly decrease but tended to increase again. In terms of stage-specific IRs, the sharpest increase was seen among those with regional disease.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparison of postoperative pain between transoral and conventional thyroidectomy: a propensity score-matched analysis
    Min Kyu Park, Van Cuong Nguyen, Eugene Kim, Chang Myeon Song, Yong Bae Ji, Jin Hyeok Jeong, Kyung Tae
    Surgical Endoscopy.2024; 38(3): 1512.     CrossRef
  • Contents analysis of thyroid cancer-related information uploaded to YouTube by physicians in Korea: endorsing thyroid cancer screening, potentially leading to overdiagnosis
    EunKyo Kang, HyoRim Ju, Soojeong Kim, Juyoung Choi
    BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic total thyroidectomy without isthmectomy: a case report
    Hyeji Kim, Hyeonuk Hwang, Hyungju Kwon
    The Ewha Medical Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between Consumption of Iodine-Rich Foods and Thyroid Cancer Prevalence: Findings from a Large Population-Based Study
    Yu-Jin Kwon, Hye-Sun Lee, Sang-Wook Kang, Ji-Won Lee
    Nutrients.2024; 16(7): 1041.     CrossRef
  • Cost-Utility Analysis of Early Detection with Ultrasonography of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Study on a Korean Population
    Han-Sang Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Sungju Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Chul-Min Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 310.     CrossRef
  • Thyroid Cancer Incidence Among Korean Individuals: A Comparison of South Korea and the United States
    Dohun Kim, Guan Li, Peter K. Moon, Yifei Ma, Soohyun Sim, Sung Y. Park, Minkyung Oh, Uchechukwu C. Megwalu
    The Laryngoscope.2024; 134(9): 4156.     CrossRef
  • Thyroid cancer-specific mortality during 2005–2018 in Korea, aftermath of the overdiagnosis issue: a nationwide population-based cohort study
    Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim
    International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(9): 5489.     CrossRef
  • Trends in Thyroid Cancer Mortality Rates in Korea: Insights from National Health Database
    Won Gu Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 853.     CrossRef
  • Cancer and Mortality Risks of Graves’ Disease in South Korea Based on National Data from 2010 to 2019
    Young Ju Choi, Kyungdo Han, Won Kyoung Cho, Min Ho Jung, Byung-Kyu Suh
    Clinical Epidemiology.2023; Volume 15: 535.     CrossRef
  • Survival Comparison of Incidentally Found versus Clinically Detected Thyroid Cancers: An Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort Study
    Shinje Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Hoonsung Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 81.     CrossRef
  • Cumulative exposure to metabolic syndrome increases thyroid cancer risk in young adults: a population-based cohort study
    Jinyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(4): 526.     CrossRef
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Active Surveillance Compared to Early Surgery of Small Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Study on a Korean Population
    Han-Sang Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwangsoon Kim, Jaseong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Sungju Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Chulmin Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Changes in the Mortality Rates of Thyroid Cancer in Korea: Analysis of Korean National Data from 1985 to 2020
    Yun Mi Choi, Min-Ju Kim, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 588.     CrossRef
  • Age and Post-Lobectomy Recurrence after Endoscopic or Robotic Thyroid Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 2348 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients
    Jin-Seong Cho, Yong-Min Na, Hee Kyung Kim
    Cancers.2023; 15(23): 5506.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Improvement in Age at Mortality and Changes in Causes of Death in the Population with Diabetes: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018
Eugene Han, Sun Ok Song, Hye Soon Kim, Kang Ju Son, Sun Ha Jee, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):466-474.   Published online June 29, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1440
  • 5,600 View
  • 158 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Diabetes is a leading cause of death that is responsible for 1.6 million annual deaths worldwide. However, the life expectancy and age at death of people with diabetes have been a matter of debate.
Methods
The National Health Insurance Service claims database, merged with death records from the National Statistical Information Service in Korea from 2006 to 2018, was analyzed.
Results
In total, 1,432,567 deaths were collected. The overall age at death increased by 0.44 and 0.26 year/year in the diabetes and control populations, respectively. The disparity in the mean age at death between the diabetes and control populations narrowed from 5.2 years in 2006 to 3.0 years in 2018 (p<0.001). In a subgroup analysis according to the presence of comorbid diseases, the number and proportion of deaths remained steady in the group with diabetes only, but steadily increased in the groups with diabetes combined with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension. Compared to the control population, the increase in the mean death age was higher in the population with diabetes. This trend was more prominent in the groups with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension than in the diabetes only group. Deaths from vascular disease and diabetes decreased, whereas deaths from cancer and pneumonia increased. The decline in the proportion of deaths from vascular disease was greater in the diabetes groups with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia than in the control population.
Conclusion
The age at death in the population with diabetes increased more steeply and reached a comparable level to those without diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Islet transplantation in Korea
    Joonyub Lee, Kun‐Ho Yoon
    Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024; 15(9): 1165.     CrossRef
  • A Retrospective Herb-Drug Interaction Study of Oryeong-san (Wuling-san) Co-administration in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Receiving Hypoglycemic Treatment
    Mee-ryoung Song, Woo-nyoung Jung, Yeon-joo Yoo, Min-seong Lee, Young-min Ahn, Se-young Ahn, Byung-cheol Lee
    The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2024; 45(4): 602.     CrossRef
  • Association between the number of glucose-lowering drugs in use, diet quality, and nutrient intake among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Renata Maksoud Bussuan, Ângela Cristine Bersch-Ferreira, Aline Marcadenti
    Nutrition and Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Cause-of-Death Mortality in Children and Young Adults with Diabetes: A Nationwide 10-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study
    Iee-Ho Choi, Sang-Woo Yeom, Sun-Young Kim, Jihye You, Jong-Seung Kim, Minsun Kim
    Children.2023; 10(2): 358.     CrossRef
  • Age at Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Who Underwent Kidney Transplantation: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018
    Sun Ok Song, Eugene Han, Kang Ju Son, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3160.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525.     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770.     CrossRef
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Thyroid
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Graves’ Disease and the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease: A Korean Population-Based Study
Yoon Young Cho, Bongseong Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Hye Ryoun Jang, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chan-Hee Jung, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Kyungdo Han, Tae Hyuk Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):281-289.   Published online April 6, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1333
  • 6,278 View
  • 143 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Hyperthyroidism is associated with an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the hyperdynamic state, which is reversible after restoring euthyroidism. However, long-term follow-up of renal dysfunction in patients with hyperthyroidism has not been performed.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance database and biannual health checkup data. We included 41,778 Graves’ disease (GD) patients and 41,778 healthy controls, matched by age and sex. The incidences of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were calculated in GD patients and controls. The cumulative dose and duration of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) were calculated for each patient and categorized into the highest, middle, and lowest tertiles.
Results
Among 41,778 GD patients, 55 ESRD cases occurred during 268,552 person-years of follow-up. Relative to the controls, regardless of smoking, drinking, or comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease, GD patients had a 47% lower risk of developing ESRD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.76). In particular, GD patients with a higher baseline GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2; HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.99), longer treatment duration (>33 months; HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.58) or higher cumulative dose (>16,463 mg; HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.57) of ATDs had a significantly reduced risk of ESRD.
Conclusion
This was the first epidemiological study on the effect of GD on ESRD, and we demonstrated that GD population had a reduced risk for developing ESRD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Chronic Kidney Disease and Thyroid Hormones
    Yuan Cheng, Haofei Hu, Wangyang Li, Sheng Nie, Shiyu Zhou, Yuna Chen, Tao Cao, Hong Xu, Bicheng Liu, Chunbo Chen, Huafeng Liu, Qiongqiong Yang, Hua Li, Yaozhong Kong, Guisen Li, Yan Zha, Ying Hu, Gang Xu, Yongjun Shi, Yilun Zhou, Guobin Su, Ying Tang, Men
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Renal function changes in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism: a novel postulated mechanism
    Magdy Mohamed Allam, Hanaa Tarek El-Zawawy, Tarek Hussein El-Zawawy
    Endocrine.2023; 82(1): 78.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Preventing Renal Insufficiency
    Tae Yong Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(2): 220.     CrossRef
  • Effects and Clinical Value of Peritoneal Dialysis on Water and Water Balance, Adverse Reactions, Quality of Life, and Clinical Prognosis in Patients with Decompensated Chronic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Xichao Wang, Miaomiao Zhang, Na Sun, Wenxiu Chang, Gang Chen
    Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
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Adrenal Gland
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Epidemiology and Long-Term Adverse Outcomes in Korean Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Nationwide Study
Jung Hee Kim, Sunkyu Choi, Young Ah Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):138-147.   Published online February 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1328
  • 5,246 View
  • 181 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Previous studies on the epidemiology and complications of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were conducted in Western countries and in children/adolescents. We aimed to explore the epidemiology of CAH, as well as the risk of comorbidities and mortality, in a Korean nationwide case-control study.
Methods
CAH patients (n=2,840) were included between 2002 and 2017 from the National Health Insurance Service database and the Rare Intractable Disease program. CAH patients were compared, at a 1:10 ratio, with age-, sex-, and index year-matched controls (n=28,400).
Results
The point prevalence of CAH patients in Korea was 1 in 18,745 persons in 2017. The annual incidence rate declined between 2003 and 2017 from 3.25 to 0.41 per 100,000 persons. CAH patients were at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 1.9), stroke (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.6 to 3.1), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.2 to 2.6), and psychiatric disorders (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.6). Fracture risk increased in CAH patients aged over 40 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7). CAH patients were at higher risk of mortality than controls (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0).
Conclusion
Our nationwide study showed a recent decline in the incidence of CAH and an elevated risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and psychiatric disorders in CAH patients. Lifelong management for comorbidity risk is a crucial component of treating CAH patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Cardiometabolic Aspects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
    Robert Krysiak, Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten, Nicole Reisch, Philippe Touraine, Henrik Falhammar
    Endocrine Reviews.2025; 46(1): 80.     CrossRef
  • Glucocorticoid therapy in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: traditional and new treatment paradigms
    Irina Bancos, Hyunwoo Kim, Henry K. Cheng, Mariam Rodriguez-Lee, Helen Coope, Samantha Cicero, Hannah Goldsmith, Vivan H. Lin, George S. Jeha
    Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical Manifestations and Challenges in Adolescent and Adult Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
    Hedvig Engberg, Anna Nordenström, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(Supplement): S37.     CrossRef
  • Long‐term health consequences of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    Riccardo Pofi, Xiaochen Ji, Nils P. Krone, Jeremy W. Tomlinson
    Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 101(4): 318.     CrossRef
  • Hyperandrogenism and Cardiometabolic Risk in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women—What Is the Evidence?
    Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(5): 1202.     CrossRef
  • Predictors of Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults With 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
    Suranut Charoensri, Richard J Auchus
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1133.     CrossRef
  • Case report: Development of central precocious puberty in a girl with late-diagnosed simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia complicated with Williams syndrome
    Eun Young Joo, Myung Ji Yoo, Su Jin Kim, Woori Jang, Ji-Eun Lee
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    European Journal of Endocrinology.2024; 191(6): 535.     CrossRef
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    Behzad Sorouri Khorashad, Oumaima Kaabi, Melissa D Gardner, Darios Getahun, Michael Goodman, Timothy L Lash, Peter A Lee, Joshua May, Courtney McCracken, Maria Muzik, Suma Vupputuri, Rami Yacoub, David E Sandberg
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10.     CrossRef
  • Long-term cardiometabolic morbidity in young adults with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    Beatrice Righi, Salma R. Ali, Jillian Bryce, Jeremy W. Tomlinson, Walter Bonfig, Federico Baronio, Eduardo C. Costa, Guilherme Guaragna-Filho, Guy T’Sjoen, Martine Cools, Renata Markosyan, Tania A. S. S. Bachega, Mirela C. Miranda, Violeta Iotova, Henrik
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    Jaeyoon Shim, Chang Ho Ahn, Seung Shin Park, Jongsung Noh, Chaelin Lee, Sang Won Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Man Ho Choi
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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Is Independently Associated with Greater Future Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal Fat
Sun Ok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Han Uk Ryu, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Edward J. Boyko
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):835-844.   Published online August 27, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1130
  • 5,944 View
  • 126 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Both intra-abdominal fat (IAF) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are known to be associated with cardiometabolic health. We evaluated whether the accumulation of computed tomography (CT)-measured IAF over 5 years was related to baseline HDL-C concentration in a prospective cohort study.
Methods
All participants were Japanese-Americans between the ages of 34 and 74 years. Plasma HDL-C concentration and CT measurements of IAF, abdominal subcutaneous fat (SCF), and thigh SCF cross-sectional areas were assessed at baseline and at 5-year follow-up visits.
Results
A total of 397 subjects without diabetes were included. The mean±standard deviation HDL-C concentration was 51.6±13.0 mg/dL in men and 66.0±17.0 mg/dL in women, and the IAF was 91.9±48.4 cm2 in men and 63.1±39.5 cm2 in women. The baseline plasma concentration of HDL-C was inversely associated with the change in IAF over 5 years using multivariable regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, weight change over 5 years, and baseline measurements of body mass index, IAF, abdominal SCF, abdominal circumference, thigh SCF, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate that HDL-C concentration significantly predicts future accumulation of IAF over 5 years independent of age, sex, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in Japanese-American men and women without diabetes.

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  • Visceral Fat Area and Subcutaneous Fat Area Increase in Hyperthyroidism Patients After Treatment—A Single-Group Repeated-Measures Trial
    Mengnan Li, Xifeng Yang, Ru Li, Baofeng Wu, Jinxuan Hao, Yijie Qi, Tao Bai, Luyang Yang, Yi Zhang, Yunfeng Liu
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    Amilia Yuni Damayanti, Fatimah Fatimah, Lulu’ Luthfiya, Afina Deni Kusumadiastuti
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    Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
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Close layer
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Analysis of Prolactinomas and Cushing’s Disease in Korea
Jin Sun Park, Soo Jin Yun, Jung Kuk Lee, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):688-696.   Published online June 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1000
  • 6,175 View
  • 160 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Only a few studies have established the epidemiology of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease in Korea. Furthermore, the incidence of these disease are increasing than before associated with the development of technologies. This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease and their survival analysis according to treatment.
Methods
The nationwide, population-based study evaluated incidence and prevalence of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease using de-identified claims data in The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database between 2013 and 2017. The survival analysis investigated regarding treatment over a period of 6 years. A log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used.
Results
The 6,056 patients with newly diagnosed prolactinoma and 584 patients with Cushing’s disease were recorded between 2013 and 2017. The annual incidence of prolactinoma was 23.5 cases per million, and its prevalence was 82.5 cases per million, and 2.3 cases per million/year and 9.8 cases per million for Cushing’s disease. The survival benefit was insignificant in prolactinoma according to treatment, but treatment of Cushing’s disease ameliorated the survival rate significantly.
Conclusion
Overall, the incidence of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease was similar with those found previously, but the prevalence of two diseases were inconsistent when compared with the early studies. The present study also proposed necessity of treatment in Cushing’s disease for improving the survival rate.

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  • For the Forthcoming Winning Shot in the Battle against Cushing Disease
    Sang Ouk Chin
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    Meng Wang, Xueting Sun, Shiwei Li, Xin Li, Jingqiu Cui
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  • Reframing the Paradigm: A Nuanced Approach to Prolactinoma Management
    Jung Hee Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 850.     CrossRef
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    Min-Ho Lee, Jae Won Hong, Kyungwon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 819.     CrossRef
  • Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10.     CrossRef
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    Martin Reincke, Maria Fleseriu
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  • Clinical Biology of the Pituitary Adenoma
    Shlomo Melmed, Ursula B Kaiser, M Beatriz Lopes, Jerome Bertherat, Luis V Syro, Gerald Raverot, Martin Reincke, Gudmundur Johannsson, Albert Beckers, Maria Fleseriu, Andrea Giustina, John A H Wass, Ken K Y Ho
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Study in Korea
Ji Hong You, Sang Ah Lee, Sung-Youn Chun, Sun Ok Song, Byung-Wan Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Edward J. Boyko
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):901-908.   Published online December 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.787
  • 8,125 View
  • 241 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes in Korea.
Methods
We extracted claims data for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea from January 20, 2020 to March 31, 2020. We followed up this cohort until death from COVID-19 or discharge from hospital.
Results
A total of 5,473 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed, including 495 with type 2 diabetes and 4,978 without diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P<0.0001). The incidence of inhospital mortality was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, insurance status, and comorbidities, odds of ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.49; P=0.0416) and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.21; P=0.0161) among patients with COVID-19 infection were significantly higher in those with type 2 diabetes. However, there was no significant difference between patients with and without type 2 diabetes in ventilator, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antipyretics, and the incidence of pneumonia after adjustment.
Conclusion
COVID-19 positive patients with type 2 diabetes had poorer clinical outcomes with higher risk of ICU admission and in-hospital mortality than those without diabetes. Therefore, medical providers need to consider this more serious clinical course when planning and delivering care to type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 infection.

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    Kai Liu, Shu Liu, Ting-ting Xu, Hong Qiao
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    Jong Han Choi, Kyoung Min Kim, Keeho Song, Gi Hyeon Seo
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    A. V. Alieva, A. A. Djalilov, F. A. Khaydarova, A. V. Alimov, D. Z. Khalilova, V. A. Talenova, N. U. Alimova, M. D. Aripova, A. S. Sadikova
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    Leszek Czupryniak, Dror Dicker, Roger Lehmann, Martin Prázný, Guntram Schernthaner
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea
Hwa Young Ahn, Jae Eun Chae, Hyemi Moon, Junghyun Noh, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):811-819.   Published online November 20, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.709
  • 7,954 View
  • 210 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly common worldwide, but little is known about the epidemiology of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This study investigated the current status of the incidence and treatment of MTC using Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data for the entire Korean population from 2004 to 2016.
Methods
This study included 1,790 MTC patients identified from the NHIS database.
Results
The age-standardized incidence rate showed a slightly decreasing or stationary trend during the period, from 0.25 per 100,000 persons in 2004 to 0.19 in 2016. The average proportion of MTC among all thyroid cancers was 0.5%. For initial surgical treatment, 65.4% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy. After surgery, external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was performed in 10% of patients, a proportion that increased from 6.7% in 2004 to 11.0% in 2016. Reoperations were performed in 2.7% of patients (n=49) at a median of 1.9 years of follow-up (interquartile range, 1.2 to 3.4). Since November 2015, 25 (1.4%) patients with MTC were prescribed vandetanib by December 2016.
Conclusion
The incidence of MTC decreased slightly with time, and the proportion of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy was about 65%. EBRT, reoperation, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy are additional treatments after initial surgery for advanced MTC in Korea.

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  • Digital Phenotyping of Rare Endocrine Diseases Across International Data Networks and the Effect of Granularity of Original Vocabulary
    Seunghyun Lee, Namki Hong, Gyu Seop Kim, Jing Li, Xiaoyu Lin, Sarah Seager, Sungjae Shin, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Seng Chan You, Yumie Rhee, Sin Gon Kim
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    Daniela Vrinceanu, Mihai Dumitru, Andreea Marinescu, Crenguta Serboiu, Gabriela Musat, Mihai Radulescu, Matei Popa-Cherecheanu, Catalina Ciornei, Felicia Manole
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    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
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  • Preoperative identification of low-risk medullary thyroid carcinoma: potential application to reduce total thyroidectomy
    Hyunju Park, Hyun Jin Ryu, Jung Heo, Man Ki Chung, Young Ik Son, Jung-Han Kim, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Young Lyun Oh, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Jee Soo Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim
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    Xin Wu, Binglu Li, Chaoji Zheng
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    Dae-Sung Kyoung, Hun-Sung Kim
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    Daqi Zhang, Carla Colombo, Hui Sun, Hoon Yub Kim, Antonella Pino, Simone De Leo, Giacomo Gazzano, Luca Persani, Gianlorenzo Dionigi, Laura Fugazzola
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Close layer
Clinical Study
The Prevalence and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults with Disabilities in Korea
Inha Jung, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):552-561.   Published online July 22, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.653
  • 9,532 View
  • 207 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
People with disabilities are at risk of secondary conditions such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk of type 2 diabetes in South Korea, especially among people with all types of disabilities.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, with two disabilityfree controls matched for each participant with disabilities by age and sex. Information regarding the type, severity and grade of disabilities was obtained based on the National Disability Registry. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was defined according to the following criteria: presence of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes E11, E12, E13, or E14 and claims for at least one oral anti-diabetic agent or insulin at baseline, or fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL.
Results
We included 1,297,806 participants with disabilities and 2,943,719 control. Out of 4,241,525 participants, 841,990 (19.9%) were diagnosed with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the disability group compared with individuals without disabilities (23.1% vs. 18.4%). The odds of having diabetes was higher in the disability group compared with the control group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 1.34). The results showed higher prevalence of diabetes in the mildly disabled group (23.2%) than in the severely disabled group (22.7%).
Conclusion
The prevalence and risk of diabetes were higher in people with disabilities compared with the general population. Physicians and public health authorities should focus on people with disabilities for proper diabetes management.

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Clinical Study
Apolipoprotein B Levels Predict Future Development of Hypertension Independent of Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity
Seung Jin Han, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Edward J. Boyko
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):351-358.   Published online June 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.351
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
High plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels have been shown to be associated with hypertension, central obesity, and insulin resistance in cross-sectional research. However, it is unclear whether apoB levels predict future hypertension independent of body composition and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we prospectively investigated whether plasma apoB concentrations independently predicted the risk of hypertension in a cohort of Japanese Americans.
Methods
A total of 233 normotensive Japanese Americans (77 men, 156 women; mean age, 46.4±11.0 years) were followed over 10 years to monitor them for the development of hypertension. Fasting plasma concentrations of apoB, glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were measured at baseline using computed tomography. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between apoB concentrations and the odds of incident hypertension.
Results
The 10-year cumulative incidence of hypertension was 21.5%. The baseline apoB level was found to be positively associated with the odds of incident hypertension over 10 years after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, abdominal visceral fat area, abdominal subcutaneous fat area, total plasma cholesterol concentration, diabetes status, and HOMA-IR at baseline (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for a 1-standard deviation increase, 1.89 [1.06 to 3.37]; P=0.030).
Conclusion
Higher apoB concentrations predicted greater risks of future hypertension independent of abdominal visceral fat area and insulin sensitivity in Japanese Americans.

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