Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Trends in Prevalence of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Nationwide Survey in Korea: Junhyun Kwon, Hanbit Shin, Dae Ho Lee, Eunji Kim; Received July 24, 2025 Accepted October 15, 2025 Published online December 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2578 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Background
The global burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which is associated with higher risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and extrahepatic cancer, is increasing. This study aimed to examine the temporal trends in MASLD prevalence among Korean adults, with a focus on age-stratified patterns and related health conditions.
Methods
This secondary analysis of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data included data of 90,912 adults aged ≥19 years from 2007 to 2023. MASLD was defined as having the presence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor and no heavy alcohol consumption. Temporal trends in MASLD prevalence and associated cardiometabolic risk factors were examined across age groups using weighted prevalence estimates and log-linear regression models.
Results
The overall prevalence of MASLD increased from 25.0% in 2007–2009 to 31.0% in 2022–2023 (annual percent change [APC], 1.36%). The most substantial increase was observed in young adults aged 19–44 years (22.3% to 30.5%; APC=2.09%), particularly among men. Middle-aged (45–64 years) and older (≥65 years) adults showed relatively stable or modest increases over time. Among young adults with MASLD, chronic kidney disease prevalence increased from 2.1% to 5.7%.
Conclusion
This nationwide study revealed a significant and continuous increase in MASLD prevalence among Korean adults, particularly in younger age groups. The disproportionate burden in these populations, along with high rates of metabolic comorbidities, underscores an emerging public health concern that may place considerable strain on future healthcare systems.

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures: Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):669-677. Published online September 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2073

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Diabetes is a serious public health concern that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes is 12.5% among individuals aged 19 and older, and 14.8% among individuals aged 30 and older as of 2022. The total number of people with diabetes among those aged 19 and older is estimated to be 5.4 million. The incidence of diabetes decreased from 8.1 per 1,000 persons in 2006 to 6.3 per 1,000 persons in 2014, before rising again to 7.5 per 1,000 persons in 2019. Meanwhile, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased significantly, from 1.1 per 100,000 persons in 1995 to 4.8 per 100,000 persons in 2016, with the prevalence reaching 41.0 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of gestational diabetes saw a substantial rise from 4.1% in 2007 to 22.3% in 2023. These changes have resulted in increases in the total medical costs for diabetes, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention strategies are urgently needed.

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Brief Report

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Impact of Diabetes on COVID-19 Susceptibility: A Nationwide Propensity Score Matching Study: Han Na Jang, Sun Joon Moon, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):813-818. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2014

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Prior research has highlighted poor clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected patients with diabetes; however, susceptibility to COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes has not been extensively studied. Participants aged ≥30 years who underwent COVID-19 testing from December 2019 to April 2020 were analyzed using the National Health Insurance Service data in South Korea. In a cohort comprising 29,433 1:1 propensity score-matched participants, COVID-19 positivity was significantly higher in participants with diabetes than in those without diabetes (512 [3.5%] vs. 395 [2.7%], P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that diabetes significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 test positivity (odds ratio, 1.307; 95% confidence interval, 1.144 to 1.493; P<0.001). Patients with diabetes exhibited heightened COVID-19 infection rates compared to individuals without diabetes, and diabetes increased the susceptibility to COVID-19, reinforcing the need for heightened preventive measures, particularly considering the poor clinical outcomes in this group.

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea: Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):678-685. Published online August 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2056

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The prevalence of obesity in Korea has steadily increased over the past decade, reaching 38.4% in 2021. Notably, the rate of class II– III obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher, exceeded 7% in the same year. Since January 2019, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) has provided coverage for bariatric surgery (BS) for eligible patients. Coverage is available for individuals with a BMI of 35 kg/m² or higher, or those with a BMI of 30 kg/m² or higher who also have obesity-related comorbidities. Additionally, partial reimbursement is offered for BS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have BMI values between 27.5 and 30 kg/m². From 2019 to 2022, the NHIS recorded 9,080 BS procedures, with sleeve gastrectomy being the most commonly performed. The average percentage of weight loss 198±99.7 days post-surgery was 17.9%, with 80.0% of patients losing more than 10% of their body weight. This article presents the trends in obesity and BS in Korea.

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Obesity Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Young-Onset Diabetes in East Asians: From Epidemiology to Precision Medicine: Juliana C.N. Chan, Chun-Kwan O, Andrea O.Y. Luk; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):239-254. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1968

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Precision diagnosis is the keystone of clinical medicine. In East Asians, classical type 1 diabetes is uncommon in patients with youngonset diabetes diagnosed before age of 40, in whom a family history, obesity, and beta-cell and kidney dysfunction are key features. Young-onset diabetes affects one in five Asian adults with diabetes in clinic settings; however, it is often misclassified, resulting in delayed or non-targeted treatment. Complex aetiologies, long disease duration, aggressive clinical course, and a lack of evidence-based guidelines have contributed to variable care standards and premature death in these young patients. The high burden of comorbidities, notably mental illness, highlights the numerous knowledge gaps related to this silent killer. The majority of adult patients with youngonset diabetes are managed as part of a heterogeneous population of patients with various ages of diagnosis. A multidisciplinary care team led by physicians with special interest in young-onset diabetes will help improve the precision of diagnosis and address their physical, mental, and behavioral health. To this end, payors, planners, and providers need to align and re-design the practice environment to gather data systematically during routine practice to elucidate the multicausality of young-onset diabetes, treat to multiple targets, and improve outcomes in these vulnerable individuals.

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Original Articles

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study: Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):436-444. Published online July 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1684

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Background
This study aimed to investigate the changes of incidence and treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 and explore the treatment-related complications and concomitant comorbidities in South Korea using data from the National Health Insurance Service.
Methods
This is a retrospective observational study. Hyperthyroidism was defined as a case having two or more diagnostic codes of thyrotoxicosis, with antithyroid drug intake for more than 6 months.
Results
The average age-standardized incidence of hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 was 42.23 and 105.13 per 100,000 men and women, respectively. In 2003 to 2004, hyperthyroidism was most often diagnosed in patients in their 50s, but in 2017 to 2018, people were most often diagnosed in their 60s. During the entire period, about 93.7% of hyperthyroidism patients were prescribed with antithyroid drugs, and meanwhile, the annual rates of ablation therapy decrease from 7.68% in 2008 to 4.56% in 2018. Antithyroid drug-related adverse events, mainly agranulocytosis and acute hepatitis, as well as complications of hyperthyroidism such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures, occurred more often in younger patients.
Conclusion
In Korea, hyperthyroidism occurred about 2.5 times more in women than in men, and antithyroid drugs were most preferred as the first-line treatment. Compared to the general population, hyperthyroid patients may have a higher risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures at a younger age.

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Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Soo Myoung Shin, Jung A Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 659. CrossRef
Dynamic Risk Model for the Medical Treatment of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism according to Treatment Duration
Meihua Jin, Chae A Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Bae Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim
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The Current Status of Hyperthyroidism in Korea
Hyemi Kwon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 392. CrossRef
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Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
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Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Recent Changes in the Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Korea between 2005 and 2018: Analysis of Korean National Data: Yun Mi Choi, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):791-799. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1533

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Background
In this study, we evaluated the recent changes in the standardized, age-specific, stage-specific incidence rates (IRs) of thyroid cancer in Korea and compared them with the incidence data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.
Methods
The analysis was conducted using the incidence data (2005 to 2018) from the Statistics Korea and Korea Central Cancer Registry.
Results
The age-standardized IR (SIR) of thyroid cancer increased from 24.09 per 100,000 in 2005 to 74.83 in 2012 (annual percent change [APC], 14.5). From 2012 to 2015, the SIR decreased to 42.52 (APC, –17.9) and then remained stable until 2018 (APC, 2.1). This trend was similar in both men and women. Regarding age-specific IRs, the IRs for ages of 30 years and older showed a trend similar to that of the SIR; however, for ages below 30 years, no significant reduction was observed from the vertex of IR in 2015. Regarding stage-specific IRs, the increase was more prominent in those with regional disease (APC, 17.4) than in those with localized disease until 2012; then, the IR decreased until 2015 (APC, –16.1). The average APC from 2005 to 2018 increased in men, those under the age of 30 years, and those with regional disease.
Conclusion
The SIR in Korea peaked in 2012 and decreased until 2015 and then remained stable until 2018. However, in young individuals under the age of 30 years, the IR did not significantly decrease but tended to increase again. In terms of stage-specific IRs, the sharpest increase was seen among those with regional disease.

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Cancers.2023; 15(23): 5506. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Improvement in Age at Mortality and Changes in Causes of Death in the Population with Diabetes: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018: Eugene Han, Sun Ok Song, Hye Soon Kim, Kang Ju Son, Sun Ha Jee, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):466-474. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1440

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Background
Diabetes is a leading cause of death that is responsible for 1.6 million annual deaths worldwide. However, the life expectancy and age at death of people with diabetes have been a matter of debate.
Methods
The National Health Insurance Service claims database, merged with death records from the National Statistical Information Service in Korea from 2006 to 2018, was analyzed.
Results
In total, 1,432,567 deaths were collected. The overall age at death increased by 0.44 and 0.26 year/year in the diabetes and control populations, respectively. The disparity in the mean age at death between the diabetes and control populations narrowed from 5.2 years in 2006 to 3.0 years in 2018 (p<0.001). In a subgroup analysis according to the presence of comorbid diseases, the number and proportion of deaths remained steady in the group with diabetes only, but steadily increased in the groups with diabetes combined with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension. Compared to the control population, the increase in the mean death age was higher in the population with diabetes. This trend was more prominent in the groups with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension than in the diabetes only group. Deaths from vascular disease and diabetes decreased, whereas deaths from cancer and pneumonia increased. The decline in the proportion of deaths from vascular disease was greater in the diabetes groups with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia than in the control population.
Conclusion
The age at death in the population with diabetes increased more steeply and reached a comparable level to those without diabetes.

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Association between the number of glucose-lowering drugs in use, diet quality, and nutrient intake among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Renata Maksoud Bussuan, Ângela Cristine Bersch-Ferreira, Aline Marcadenti
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Effects of Pancreatitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Development of Pancreatic Cancer: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study
Young-eun Kim, Min Heui Yu, Chung Mo Nam, Eun Seok Kang
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Imeglimin Inhibits Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-Deficient Mice
Ji Yeon Lee, Yup Kang, Ja Young Jeon, Seung Jin Han
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Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Age at Death in the Hemodialysis Population: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018
Ji Hong You, Kang Ju Son, Kyoung Sook Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Sun Ok Song
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Islet transplantation in Korea
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The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2024; 45(4): 602. CrossRef
Analysis of Cause-of-Death Mortality in Children and Young Adults with Diabetes: A Nationwide 10-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study
Iee-Ho Choi, Sang-Woo Yeom, Sun-Young Kim, Jihye You, Jong-Seung Kim, Minsun Kim
Children.2023; 10(2): 358. CrossRef
Age at Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Who Underwent Kidney Transplantation: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018
Sun Ok Song, Eugene Han, Kang Ju Son, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3160. CrossRef
Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770. CrossRef

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Graves’ Disease and the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease: A Korean Population-Based Study: Yoon Young Cho, Bongseong Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Hye Ryoun Jang, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chan-Hee Jung, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Kyungdo Han, Tae Hyuk Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):281-289. Published online April 6, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1333

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Background
Hyperthyroidism is associated with an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the hyperdynamic state, which is reversible after restoring euthyroidism. However, long-term follow-up of renal dysfunction in patients with hyperthyroidism has not been performed.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance database and biannual health checkup data. We included 41,778 Graves’ disease (GD) patients and 41,778 healthy controls, matched by age and sex. The incidences of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were calculated in GD patients and controls. The cumulative dose and duration of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) were calculated for each patient and categorized into the highest, middle, and lowest tertiles.
Results
Among 41,778 GD patients, 55 ESRD cases occurred during 268,552 person-years of follow-up. Relative to the controls, regardless of smoking, drinking, or comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease, GD patients had a 47% lower risk of developing ESRD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.76). In particular, GD patients with a higher baseline GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2; HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.99), longer treatment duration (>33 months; HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.58) or higher cumulative dose (>16,463 mg; HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.57) of ATDs had a significantly reduced risk of ESRD.
Conclusion
This was the first epidemiological study on the effect of GD on ESRD, and we demonstrated that GD population had a reduced risk for developing ESRD.

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Chronic Kidney Disease and Thyroid Hormones
Yuan Cheng, Haofei Hu, Wangyang Li, Sheng Nie, Shiyu Zhou, Yuna Chen, Tao Cao, Hong Xu, Bicheng Liu, Chunbo Chen, Huafeng Liu, Qiongqiong Yang, Hua Li, Yaozhong Kong, Guisen Li, Yan Zha, Ying Hu, Gang Xu, Yongjun Shi, Yilun Zhou, Guobin Su, Ying Tang, Men
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(8): e2446. CrossRef
Significance of pathological changes and chemokine expression in various organs in a Graves’ disease animal model
Yang Yang, Chen Hui
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Kidney diseases and the thyroid: interactions and consequences
Gabriela Brenta
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Renal function changes in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism: a novel postulated mechanism
Magdy Mohamed Allam, Hanaa Tarek El-Zawawy, Tarek Hussein El-Zawawy
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Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Preventing Renal Insufficiency
Tae Yong Kim
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Effects and Clinical Value of Peritoneal Dialysis on Water and Water Balance, Adverse Reactions, Quality of Life, and Clinical Prognosis in Patients with Decompensated Chronic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xichao Wang, Miaomiao Zhang, Na Sun, Wenxiu Chang, Gang Chen
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef

Adrenal Gland Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Epidemiology and Long-Term Adverse Outcomes in Korean Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Nationwide Study: Jung Hee Kim, Sunkyu Choi, Young Ah Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):138-147. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1328

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Background
Previous studies on the epidemiology and complications of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were conducted in Western countries and in children/adolescents. We aimed to explore the epidemiology of CAH, as well as the risk of comorbidities and mortality, in a Korean nationwide case-control study.
Methods
CAH patients (n=2,840) were included between 2002 and 2017 from the National Health Insurance Service database and the Rare Intractable Disease program. CAH patients were compared, at a 1:10 ratio, with age-, sex-, and index year-matched controls (n=28,400).
Results
The point prevalence of CAH patients in Korea was 1 in 18,745 persons in 2017. The annual incidence rate declined between 2003 and 2017 from 3.25 to 0.41 per 100,000 persons. CAH patients were at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 1.9), stroke (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.6 to 3.1), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.2 to 2.6), and psychiatric disorders (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.6). Fracture risk increased in CAH patients aged over 40 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7). CAH patients were at higher risk of mortality than controls (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0).
Conclusion
Our nationwide study showed a recent decline in the incidence of CAH and an elevated risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and psychiatric disorders in CAH patients. Lifelong management for comorbidity risk is a crucial component of treating CAH patients.

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Cardiometabolic Aspects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Robert Krysiak, Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten, Nicole Reisch, Philippe Touraine, Henrik Falhammar
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Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Behzad Sorouri Khorashad, Oumaima Kaabi, Melissa D Gardner, Darios Getahun, Michael Goodman, Timothy L Lash, Peter A Lee, Joshua May, Courtney McCracken, Maria Muzik, Suma Vupputuri, Rami Yacoub, David E Sandberg
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(8): e2562. CrossRef
Glucocorticoid therapy in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: traditional and new treatment paradigms
Irina Bancos, Hyunwoo Kim, Henry K. Cheng, Mariam Rodriguez-Lee, Helen Coope, Samantha Cicero, Hannah Goldsmith, Vivian H. Lin, George S. Jeha
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 20(1): 33. CrossRef
Clinical Manifestations and Challenges in Adolescent and Adult Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Hedvig Engberg, Anna Nordenström, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(Supplement): S37. CrossRef
Metabolic Syndrome Spectrum in Children with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—A Comprehensive Review
Sanja Panic Zaric, Tatjana Milenkovic, Sladjana Todorovic, Katarina Mitrovic, Dimitrije Cvetkovic, Maja Cehic, Jelena Vekic, Katja Dumic, Rade Vukovic
Metabolites.2025; 15(2): 89. CrossRef
Long-term outcomes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a retrospective study from a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia
Haneen Aldalaan, Afaf Alsagheir, Nujud Alghamdi, Raghad Alhuthil, Maha Almslam, Mohamed H. Al-Hamed
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The epidemiology of disorders of sex development
Agnethe Berglund, Simon Chang, Marie Lind-Holst, Kirstine Stochholm, Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 39(4): 102002. CrossRef
Causal associations between congenital adrenal hyperplasia and neuropsychiatric conditions- a Mendelian Randomization Study
Yang Liu, Xiaokun Gang, Yuan Gao, Guixia Wang
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Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia: current insights into clinical implications, diagnosis and treatment
Paola Loli, Sara Menotti, Luigi di Filippo, Andrea Giustina
Endocrine.2025; 90(1): 1. CrossRef
Increased mortality in primary adrenal insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Konstantinos Dalakas, Francesca Allosso, Christian Basile, Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir, Dimitrios Chantzichristos, Eva Hessman, Bright I Nwaru, Emanuele Bobbio, Daniela Pasquali, Gudmundur Johannsson, Daniela Esposito
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(4): S53. CrossRef
Exploration of the potential of genomic editing in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Lara E. Graves, Sharntie Christina, Kathryn L. Mullany, Ian E. Alexander, Henrik Falhammar
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Long‐term health consequences of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Riccardo Pofi, Xiaochen Ji, Nils P. Krone, Jeremy W. Tomlinson
Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 101(4): 318. CrossRef
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Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(5): 1202. CrossRef
Predictors of Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults With 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Suranut Charoensri, Richard J Auchus
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1133. CrossRef
Case report: Development of central precocious puberty in a girl with late-diagnosed simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia complicated with Williams syndrome
Eun Young Joo, Myung Ji Yoo, Su Jin Kim, Woori Jang, Ji-Eun Lee
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Proof of concept for a superior therapeutic index of corticosterone compared with hydrocortisone in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Catriona J Kyle, Luke D Boyle, Mark Nixon, Natalie Z M Homer, Joanna P Simpson, Alison Rutter, Lynne E Ramage, Alexandra Kelman, Ellen Marie Freel, Ruth Andrew, Brian R Walker, Roland H Stimson
European Journal of Endocrinology.2024; 191(6): 535. CrossRef
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Ateroscleroz.2023; 18(4): 426. CrossRef
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Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef
Long-term cardiometabolic morbidity in young adults with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Beatrice Righi, Salma R. Ali, Jillian Bryce, Jeremy W. Tomlinson, Walter Bonfig, Federico Baronio, Eduardo C. Costa, Guilherme Guaragna-Filho, Guy T’Sjoen, Martine Cools, Renata Markosyan, Tania A. S. S. Bachega, Mirela C. Miranda, Violeta Iotova, Henrik
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Serum steroid profile captures metabolic phenotypes in adults with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Chang Ho Ahn, Jaeyoon Shim, Han Na Jang, Young Ah Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Man Ho Choi, Jung Hee Kim
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Multiplexed Serum Steroid Profiling Reveals Metabolic Signatures of Subtypes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Is Independently Associated with Greater Future Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal Fat: Sun Ok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Han Uk Ryu, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Edward J. Boyko; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):835-844. Published online August 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1130

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Background
Both intra-abdominal fat (IAF) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are known to be associated with cardiometabolic health. We evaluated whether the accumulation of computed tomography (CT)-measured IAF over 5 years was related to baseline HDL-C concentration in a prospective cohort study.
Methods
All participants were Japanese-Americans between the ages of 34 and 74 years. Plasma HDL-C concentration and CT measurements of IAF, abdominal subcutaneous fat (SCF), and thigh SCF cross-sectional areas were assessed at baseline and at 5-year follow-up visits.
Results
A total of 397 subjects without diabetes were included. The mean±standard deviation HDL-C concentration was 51.6±13.0 mg/dL in men and 66.0±17.0 mg/dL in women, and the IAF was 91.9±48.4 cm² in men and 63.1±39.5 cm² in women. The baseline plasma concentration of HDL-C was inversely associated with the change in IAF over 5 years using multivariable regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, weight change over 5 years, and baseline measurements of body mass index, IAF, abdominal SCF, abdominal circumference, thigh SCF, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate that HDL-C concentration significantly predicts future accumulation of IAF over 5 years independent of age, sex, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in Japanese-American men and women without diabetes.

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HDL-C and visceral adipose tissue as combined predictors of visceral fat changes following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
Yilan Sun, Liang Wang, Guangyi Zhu, Xiyuan Chen, Dongbo Lian, Nengwei Zhang, Guangzhong Xu
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Visceral Fat Area and Subcutaneous Fat Area Increase in Hyperthyroidism Patients After Treatment—A Single-Group Repeated-Measures Trial
Mengnan Li, Xifeng Yang, Ru Li, Baofeng Wu, Jinxuan Hao, Yijie Qi, Tao Bai, Luyang Yang, Yi Zhang, Yunfeng Liu
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Analysis of Prolactinomas and Cushing’s Disease in Korea: Jin Sun Park, Soo Jin Yun, Jung Kuk Lee, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):688-696. Published online June 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1000

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Background
Only a few studies have established the epidemiology of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease in Korea. Furthermore, the incidence of these disease are increasing than before associated with the development of technologies. This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease and their survival analysis according to treatment.
Methods
The nationwide, population-based study evaluated incidence and prevalence of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease using de-identified claims data in The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database between 2013 and 2017. The survival analysis investigated regarding treatment over a period of 6 years. A log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used.
Results
The 6,056 patients with newly diagnosed prolactinoma and 584 patients with Cushing’s disease were recorded between 2013 and 2017. The annual incidence of prolactinoma was 23.5 cases per million, and its prevalence was 82.5 cases per million, and 2.3 cases per million/year and 9.8 cases per million for Cushing’s disease. The survival benefit was insignificant in prolactinoma according to treatment, but treatment of Cushing’s disease ameliorated the survival rate significantly.
Conclusion
Overall, the incidence of prolactinoma and Cushing’s disease was similar with those found previously, but the prevalence of two diseases were inconsistent when compared with the early studies. The present study also proposed necessity of treatment in Cushing’s disease for improving the survival rate.

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The 24-Hour Urinary Cortisol/Urinary Creatinine Ratio Helps Differentiate Cushing's Syndrome From Simple Obesity
Meng Wang, Xueting Sun, Shiwei Li, Xin Li, Jingqiu Cui
Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(2): 140. CrossRef
68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in the Localization of Pituitary Tumors in Cushing’s Disease
Kyungwon Kim, Dongwoo Kim, Min-Ho Lee, Yae Won Park, Sung Soo Ahn, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Sun Ho Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(4): 637. CrossRef
Rising burden of PRL-PitNETs: patterns across tumour sizes and incidentalomas
Frederik Østergaard Klit, Sara Faartoft Nørgård, Anna-Sofie Dam Berrett, Christian Rosendal, Amar Nikontovic, Peter Vestergaard, Jesper Krogh, Kirstine Stochholm, Jakob Dal
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(6): 745. CrossRef
For the Forthcoming Winning Shot in the Battle against Cushing Disease
Sang Ouk Chin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 573. CrossRef
Reframing the Paradigm: A Nuanced Approach to Prolactinoma Management
Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 850. CrossRef
Elucidating Clinical Queries for Tailored Therapy in Patients with Prolactinoma
Min-Ho Lee, Jae Won Hong, Kyungwon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 819. CrossRef
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef
Cushing Syndrome
Martin Reincke, Maria Fleseriu
JAMA.2023; 330(2): 170. CrossRef
Clinical Biology of the Pituitary Adenoma
Shlomo Melmed, Ursula B Kaiser, M Beatriz Lopes, Jerome Bertherat, Luis V Syro, Gerald Raverot, Martin Reincke, Gudmundur Johannsson, Albert Beckers, Maria Fleseriu, Andrea Giustina, John A H Wass, Ken K Y Ho
Endocrine Reviews.2022; 43(6): 1003. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Study in Korea: Ji Hong You, Sang Ah Lee, Sung-Youn Chun, Sun Ok Song, Byung-Wan Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Edward J. Boyko; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):901-908. Published online December 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.787

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Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes in Korea.
Methods
We extracted claims data for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea from January 20, 2020 to March 31, 2020. We followed up this cohort until death from COVID-19 or discharge from hospital.
Results
A total of 5,473 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed, including 495 with type 2 diabetes and 4,978 without diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P<0.0001). The incidence of inhospital mortality was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, insurance status, and comorbidities, odds of ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.49; P=0.0416) and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.21; P=0.0161) among patients with COVID-19 infection were significantly higher in those with type 2 diabetes. However, there was no significant difference between patients with and without type 2 diabetes in ventilator, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antipyretics, and the incidence of pneumonia after adjustment.
Conclusion
COVID-19 positive patients with type 2 diabetes had poorer clinical outcomes with higher risk of ICU admission and in-hospital mortality than those without diabetes. Therefore, medical providers need to consider this more serious clinical course when planning and delivering care to type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 infection.

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Clinical Study
Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea: Hwa Young Ahn, Jae Eun Chae, Hyemi Moon, Junghyun Noh, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):811-819. Published online November 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.709

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Background
Thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly common worldwide, but little is known about the epidemiology of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This study investigated the current status of the incidence and treatment of MTC using Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data for the entire Korean population from 2004 to 2016.
Methods
This study included 1,790 MTC patients identified from the NHIS database.
Results
The age-standardized incidence rate showed a slightly decreasing or stationary trend during the period, from 0.25 per 100,000 persons in 2004 to 0.19 in 2016. The average proportion of MTC among all thyroid cancers was 0.5%. For initial surgical treatment, 65.4% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy. After surgery, external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was performed in 10% of patients, a proportion that increased from 6.7% in 2004 to 11.0% in 2016. Reoperations were performed in 2.7% of patients (n=49) at a median of 1.9 years of follow-up (interquartile range, 1.2 to 3.4). Since November 2015, 25 (1.4%) patients with MTC were prescribed vandetanib by December 2016.
Conclusion
The incidence of MTC decreased slightly with time, and the proportion of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy was about 65%. EBRT, reoperation, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy are additional treatments after initial surgery for advanced MTC in Korea.

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Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Does Not Increase the Risk of Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mijin Kim, Seung Chan Kim, Jinmi Kim, Bo Hyun Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 49. CrossRef
Preoperative controlling nutritional status score for patients with medullary thyroid cancer
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Hye Choi, Kwangsoon Kim
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Partial preservation of the normal thyroid gland based on tumor diameter may be possible in small medullary thyroid carcinoma: a two-center 15-year retrospective study
Guiming Fu, Xiaoyi Li, Fengli Guo, Xianhui Ruan, Wei Zhang, Weijing Zhang, Yaping Zhang, Yibo Chen, Chunhua Li, Jin Chen, Xiangqian Zheng, Zhaohui Wang, Ming Gao
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Preoperative identification of low-risk medullary thyroid carcinoma: potential application to reduce total thyroidectomy
Hyunju Park, Hyun Jin Ryu, Jung Heo, Man Ki Chung, Young Ik Son, Jung-Han Kim, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Young Lyun Oh, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Jee Soo Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim
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Xin Wu, Binglu Li, Chaoji Zheng
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Daqi Zhang, Carla Colombo, Hui Sun, Hoon Yub Kim, Antonella Pino, Simone De Leo, Giacomo Gazzano, Luca Persani, Gianlorenzo Dionigi, Laura Fugazzola
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Weili Liang, Jinyuan Shi, Hui Zhang, Guixu Lv, Tiantian Wang, Yong Wang, Bin Lv, Luchuan Li, Qingdong Zeng, Lei Sheng
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Sun Wook Cho
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Clinical Study
The Prevalence and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults with Disabilities in Korea: Inha Jung, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):552-561. Published online July 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.653

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Background
People with disabilities are at risk of secondary conditions such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk of type 2 diabetes in South Korea, especially among people with all types of disabilities.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, with two disabilityfree controls matched for each participant with disabilities by age and sex. Information regarding the type, severity and grade of disabilities was obtained based on the National Disability Registry. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was defined according to the following criteria: presence of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes E11, E12, E13, or E14 and claims for at least one oral anti-diabetic agent or insulin at baseline, or fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL.
Results
We included 1,297,806 participants with disabilities and 2,943,719 control. Out of 4,241,525 participants, 841,990 (19.9%) were diagnosed with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the disability group compared with individuals without disabilities (23.1% vs. 18.4%). The odds of having diabetes was higher in the disability group compared with the control group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 1.34). The results showed higher prevalence of diabetes in the mildly disabled group (23.2%) than in the severely disabled group (22.7%).
Conclusion
The prevalence and risk of diabetes were higher in people with disabilities compared with the general population. Physicians and public health authorities should focus on people with disabilities for proper diabetes management.

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Roberto Pastor-Barriuso, Alicia Padrón-Monedero, Fernando J. García López, Javier Almazán-Isla, Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta, Javier Damián
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Asociación de la discapacidad con la mortalidad cardiovascular en la población adulta española no institucionalizada
Roberto Pastor-Barriuso, Alicia Padrón-Monedero, Fernando J. García López, Javier Almazán-Isla, Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta, Javier Damián
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Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Nationwide Cohort Study
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Clinical Study
Apolipoprotein B Levels Predict Future Development of Hypertension Independent of Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity: Seung Jin Han, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Edward J. Boyko; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):351-358. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.351

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Background
High plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels have been shown to be associated with hypertension, central obesity, and insulin resistance in cross-sectional research. However, it is unclear whether apoB levels predict future hypertension independent of body composition and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we prospectively investigated whether plasma apoB concentrations independently predicted the risk of hypertension in a cohort of Japanese Americans.
Methods
A total of 233 normotensive Japanese Americans (77 men, 156 women; mean age, 46.4±11.0 years) were followed over 10 years to monitor them for the development of hypertension. Fasting plasma concentrations of apoB, glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were measured at baseline using computed tomography. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between apoB concentrations and the odds of incident hypertension.
Results
The 10-year cumulative incidence of hypertension was 21.5%. The baseline apoB level was found to be positively associated with the odds of incident hypertension over 10 years after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, abdominal visceral fat area, abdominal subcutaneous fat area, total plasma cholesterol concentration, diabetes status, and HOMA-IR at baseline (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for a 1-standard deviation increase, 1.89 [1.06 to 3.37]; P=0.030).
Conclusion
Higher apoB concentrations predicted greater risks of future hypertension independent of abdominal visceral fat area and insulin sensitivity in Japanese Americans.

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Review Article

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas: Sang Ouk Chin; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):237-242. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

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Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as benign monoclonal tumors in the pituitary gland that cause symptoms due to either hormonal hypersecretion or a space-occupying effect, and are classified as functioning or non-functioning. Because of their rarity and slow-growing with symptomless nature in most cases, it has been challenging to investigate the epidemiology of PAs. Considering their public health impact and association with increased morbidity and mortality, however, it is essential to understand the prevalence and incidence of PAs in order to improve patient outcomes and to minimize the resultant burden on the health care system. Fortunately, developments in imaging modalities and easier access to large-scale population data have enabled investigators to analyze the epidemiology of PAs more accurately. This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries.

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Original Articles

Clinical Study
Epidemiology and Prognosis of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the National Health Insurance Service: Jung Hee Kim, Hyemi Moon, Junghyun Noh, Juneyoung Lee, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):157-164. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.157

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Background

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from chromaffin cells. PPGLs are associated with a high mortality rate and several complications. To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted on PPGLs in Asia. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and prognosis of PPGLs in Korea using nationwide data.

Methods

Using the National Health Insurance Service Database, subjects with a principal diagnosis of PPGLs on two or more occasions between 2003 and 2014 who satisfied the operational definition of PPGLs were included. Incidence, prevalence, complications, metastasis, and mortality were investigated.

Results

In total, 1048 subjects with a mean age of 47.6±16.1 years were included. There was no sex preponderance. The overall prevalence of PPGLs was 2.13 per 100,000 persons, and the overall age-standardized incidence rate was 0.18 per 100,000 person-years. Malignant PPGLs accounted for 17.7% (185 of 1,048) of cases, and 94 subjects exhibited metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Among initially non-metastatic PPGLs, 9.5% (nine of 954) eventually metastasized after a mean duration of 78.1±41.4 months. The 5-year survival rates for non-metastatic and metastatic PPGLs at diagnosis were 97% and 84%, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for covariates showed that metastatic PPGLs were associated with a 2.40-fold higher risk of mortality than non-metastatic PPGLs (95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 4.17; P=0.002).

Conclusion

PPGLs are rare in Korea, and the prognosis of these endocrine tumors varies depending on whether they are benign or malignant. This epidemiological study paves the way for further research on PPGLs.

Citations

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Clinical Study
Association between Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Using Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study: Mi Young Lee, Dae Sung Hyon, Ji Hye Huh, Hae Kyung Kim, Sul Ki Han, Jang Young Kim, Sang Baek Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):390-397. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.390

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Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a positive correlation between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and whether GGT can be used as an easily checkable metabolic index using data from the large-scale Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).

Methods

We obtained data of 211,725 participants of the KoGES. The collected data included age, sex, height, weight, waist circumference, and various biochemical characteristics, including serum GGT levels. The data of study participants who ingested more than 40 g/day of alcohol and who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome at baseline was excluded. We analyzed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to GGT quartiles in both genders.

Results

The GGT level was significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to normal subjects (37.92±48.20 mg/dL vs. 25.62±33.56 mg/dL). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome showed a stepwise increase with GGT quartiles in both male and female subjects. Compared to the lowest GGT quartile, the odds ratio was 1.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.432 to 1.643), 1.939 (95% CI, 1.811 to 2.076), and 2.754 (95% CI, 2.572 to 2.948) in men and 1.155 (95% CI, 1.094 to 1.218), 1.528 (95% CI, 1.451 to 1.609), and 2.022 (95% CI, 1.921 to 2.218) in women with increasing GGT quartile. The cutoff value of GGT predicting risk of metabolic syndrome was 27 IU/L in men and 17 IU/L in women.

Conclusion

We suggested that GGT could be an easily checkable marker for the prediction of metabolic syndrome.

Citations

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Associating Liver Enzymes and Their Interactions with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in a Japanese Working Population
Aziz Jamal, Akira Babazono, Ning Liu, Rieko Yamao, Takako Fujita, Sung-a Kim, Yunfei Li
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Melanni L. Lizarbe-Lezama, Jhoel E. Rodriguez-Macedo, Daniel Fernandez-Guzman, Ana L. Alcantara-Diaz, Gustavo Salinas-Sedo, Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo
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Clinical Study
Trends in Hyperglycemic Crisis Hospitalizations and in- and out-of-Hospital Mortality in the Last Decade Based on Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data: Ji Hong You, Sun Ok Song, Se Hee Park, Kyoung Hye Park, Joo Young Nam, Dong Wook Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Dong-Jun Kim, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):275-281. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.275

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Background

Hyperglycemic crisis is a metabolic emergency associated with diabetes mellitus. However, accurate epidemiologic information on cases of hyperglycemic crisis in Korea remains scarce. We evaluated trends in hyperglycemic crisis hospitalizations and in- and out-of-hospital mortality in Korea. We also predicted future trends.

Methods

We extracted claims data with hyperglycemic crisis as the principal diagnosis from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea from January 2004 to December 2013. We investigated the numbers of claims with hyperglycemic crisis and identified trends in hyperglycemic crisis based on those claims data. We predicted future trends by statistical estimation.

Results

The total annual number of claims of hyperglycemic crisis increased from 2,674 in 2004 to 5,540 in 2013. Statistical analysis revealed an increasing trend in hyperglycemic crisis hospitalizations (P for trend <0.01). In contrast, the hospitalization rate per 1,000 diabetes cases showed a decreasing trend (P for trend <0.01) during this period. The mortality rate per 1,000 diabetes cases also showed a decreasing trend (P for trend <0.0001). However, no distinct linear trend in the case-related fatality rate at <60 days over the last decade was observed. The predicted number of annual claims of hyperglycemic crisis will increase by 2030.

Conclusion

The number of hyperglycemic crisis hospitalizations in Korea increased in the last decade, although the hospitalization rate per 1,000 diabetes cases and mortality rate decreased. Also, the predicted number of annual claims will increase in the future. Thus, it is necessary to establish long-term healthcare policies to prevent hyperglycemic crisis.

Citations

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Letter: Trends in Hyperglycemic Crisis Hospitalizations and in- and out-of-Hospital Mortality in the Last Decade Based on Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data (Endocrinol Metab 2019;34:275–81, Ji Hong You et al.)
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Response: Trends in Hyperglycemic Crisis Hospitalizations and in- and out-of-Hospital Mortality in the Last Decade Based on Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data (Endocrinol Metab 2019;34:275–81, Ji Hong You et al.)
Ji Hong You, Sun Ok Song
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Review Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes: An Epidemiological Perspective: Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):226-233. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.226

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is thought to stem from the body's inability to store excess energy in adipocytes; as such, it is commonly viewed as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves ectopic fat accumulation, which also takes place in the liver, muscle and visceral fat. NAFLD is rapidly becoming more widespread in Korea, with an estimated prevalence of 30% in adults. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and NAFLD share insulin resistance as a common pathophysiological mechanism, and each of these two diseases affects the development of the other. Recent studies have suggested that NAFLD is often present as a comorbidity in T2DM patients. The mutual interrelationship between these conditions is shown by findings suggesting that T2DM can exacerbate NAFLD by promoting progression to nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis or fibrosis, while NAFLD causes the natural course of diabetic complications to worsen in T2DM patients. It remains unknown whether one disease is the cause of the other or vice versa. In this review, I would like to discuss current epidemiological data on the associations between NAFLD and T2DM, and how each disease affects the course of the other.

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Miscellaneous
Evidence of the Possible Harm of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Humans: Ongoing Debates and Key Issues: Duk-Hee Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):44-52. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.44

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Evidence has emerged that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can produce adverse effects, even at low doses that are assumed safe. However, systemic reviews and meta-analyses focusing on human studies, especially of EDCs with short half-lives, have demonstrated inconsistent results. Epidemiological studies have insuperable methodological limitations, including the unpredictable net effects of mixtures, non-monotonic dose-response relationships, the non-existence of unexposed groups, and the low reliability of exposure assessment. Thus, despite increases in EDC-linked diseases, traditional epidemiological studies based on individual measurements of EDCs in bio-specimens may fail to provide consistent results. The exposome has been suggested as a promising approach to address the uncertainties surrounding human studies, but it is never free from these methodological issues. Although exposure to EDCs during critical developmental periods is a major concern, continuous exposure to EDCs during non-critical periods is also harmful. Indeed, the evolutionary aspects of epigenetic programming triggered by EDCs during development should be considered because it is a key mechanism for developmental plasticity. Presently, living without EDCs is impossible due to their omnipresence. Importantly, there are lifestyles which can increase the excretion of EDCs or mitigate their harmful effects through the activation of mitohormesis or xenohormesis. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions should be evaluated as practical ways against EDCs in the real world.

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Obesity and Metabolism
The Diabetes Epidemic in Korea: Junghyun Noh; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):349-353. Published online August 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.349

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Diabetes is one of the foremost public health issues worldwide that can lead to complications in many organ systems, and has become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. According to data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), about 2.7 million Koreans (8.0%) aged 30 years or older had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2013. The prevalence of T2DM increased with age and rose from 5.6% in 2006 to 8.0% in 2013. Using data based on The Health Screening Service of the NHIS, 25% of Korean adults were reported to have prediabetes in 2013. The prevalence of an impaired fasting glucose tended to increase over time from 21.5% in 2006 to 25.0% in 2013. Even though nationwide health screening has been regularly conducted as a public service, the proportion of undiagnosed cases of diabetes was still reported to be on the higher side in the latest study. Based on the results of these epidemic studies, further actions will be needed to effectively implement lifestyle changes on a social level and increase measures for the early detection of diabetes to stem the tide of the epidemic.

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Obesity and Metabolism
Trends in the Diabetes Epidemic in Korea: Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):142-146. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.142

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Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of mortality and increased disability-adjusted life years worldwide. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes increased from 8.6% to 11.0% in 2001 to 2013 and the prevalence of adult obesity, which is the most important risk factor of diabetes, increased from 29.2% to 31.8% during the same period. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of obese Koreans with diabetes in recent decades and the prevalence of diabetes in people aged 40 years and older also increased in 2001 to 2013. Nevertheless, the mean age at the first diagnosis of diabetes was very similar for men in 2005 and 2013, while the mean age for women decreased slightly. There is an inverse linear relationship between body mass index and age at the diagnosis of diabetes among those who are newly diagnosed. Accordingly, the prevalence of diabetes is increasingly shifting to younger individuals and those who are obese. Therefore, public efforts should focus on healthy lifestyle changes, primary prevention measures, screening for the early detection of diabetes, and long-term management.

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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in South Korea: Young-Kyun Lee, Byung-Ho Yoon, Kyung-Hoi Koo; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(2):90-93. Published online June 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.90

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Several epidemiologic studies suggested that osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are not uncommon in South Korea. However, these previous cohort studies had limitations that may have influenced their results and the generalizability of the study conclusions, including small sample sizes, inclusion of only women, enrollment of participants from specific areas, and nonrandom selection of participants. Recently, epidemiologic studies using a nationwide claim register have been performed to overcome these limitations through collaboration between the Korean Society of Bone and Mineral Research and Health Insurance Review Assessments. Our review of the Korean Nationwide-database Osteoporosis Study could be helpful to obtain accurate incidence and prevalence estimations of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures in Korea.

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American Journal of Kidney Diseases.2025; 85(4): 409. CrossRef
Factors Associated With Compliance and Persistence With Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Osteoporosis: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
Seong Hee Ahn, So Young Park, Mi Kyung Kwak, Yong-Chan Ha, Tae-Young Kim, Ha Young Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A predictive nomogram for selective screening of asymptomatic vertebral fractures: The Vietnam Osteoporosis Study
Hoa T. Nguyen, Bao T. Nguyen, An V. Tran, Tan T. Nguyen, Long H. Ngo, Tam Vo, Thi H. Nhung Thai, Linh D. Mai, Thach S. Tran, Tuan V. Nguyen, Lan T. Ho-Pham
Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2025; 11(1): 9. CrossRef
Association between osteoporosis and mortality in Parkinson's disease with mediating effect of hip fractures: a Korean nationwide population-based study
Yeonju Jin, Bo Kyu Choi, Jong Woo Lee, Jin Yong Hong, Ickpyo Hong, Min Seok Baek
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Menopause and Osteoporosis: An Approach to Gynecologists—A Literature Review
Mohsen MA Abdelhafez, Karim AM Ahmed, Fairrul MA Kadir, DG Marshitah PG Baharuddin, Nornazirah Azizan, Doreen Sumpat, Aya AM Eldiastey, Mohd NM Daud, Mohamad S Jeffree, Win W Than, Mohd F Hayati, Mohd F Amri, Mohd Y Ibrahim, Zhen Z Lo, Nashwa Ahmed, Mohd
Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2025; 17(S1): S115. CrossRef
Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Osteoporosis Patients Treated with Denosumab or Alendronate: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Seol A. Jang, Su Jin Kwon, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyoung Min Kim
Calcified Tissue International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of fragility fracture of pelvis in endometrial cancer survivors : A national claim database study
Ki-Tae Park, Jung-Wee Park, Dong-Hoon Lee, Ye Jhin Jeon, Jean Kyung Bak, Bit-Na Yoo, Youn Kyung Chung, Byung-Ho Yoon, Young-Kyun Lee
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of Pelvic Insufficiency Fractures in Cervical Cancer Survivors: Using the National Claim Database
Ki-Tae Park, Jung-Wee Park, Ye Jin Jeon, Jean Kyung Bak, Bit-Na Yoo, Youn Kyung Chung, Byung-Ho Yoon, Young-Kyun Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the burden of osteoporosis and clinical fragility fractures in the French general population: insights from linked healthcare claims and health interview survey data used for surveillance
Joël Coste, Laurence Mandereau-Bruno, Panayotis Constantinou, Tatjana T. Makovski, Laure Carcaillon-Bentata, Francis Guillemin
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The 2024 Guidelines for Osteoporosis - Korean Society of Menopause
Dong Ock Lee, Yeon Hee Hong, Moon Kyoung Cho, Young Sik Choi, Sungwook Chun, Youn-Jee Chung, Seung Hwa Hong, Kyu Ri Hwang, Jinju Kim, Hoon Kim, Dong-Yun Lee, Sa Ra Lee, Hyun-Tae Park, Seok Kyo Seo, Jung-Ho Shin, Jae Yen Song, Kyong Wook Yi, Haerin Paik, J
Journal of Menopausal Medicine.2024; 30(1): 1. CrossRef
Tuberculosis and osteoporotic fracture risk: development of individualized fracture risk estimation prediction model using a nationwide cohort study
Hayoung Choi, Jungeun Shin, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyungdo Han, Wonsuk Choi, Han Rim Lee, Jung Eun Yoo, Yohwan Yeo, Hyun Lee, Dong Wook Shin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Automated Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening Using Low-Dose Chest CT among Individuals Undergoing Lung Cancer Screening in a Korean Population
Woo Young Kang, Zepa Yang, Heejun Park, Jemyoung Lee, Suk-Joo Hong, Euddeum Shim, Ok Hee Woo
Diagnostics.2024; 14(16): 1789. CrossRef
Osteoporosis incidence and its associated factors in the older Korean population: findings from a population-based cohort study
Tanmoy Das, Md Abdullah Al Jubayer Biswas, Prosanta Mondal, Sabuj Sarker, Hyun J.“June” Lim
Archives of Osteoporosis.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of related fractures in developed economies in the Asia Pacific region: a systematic review
Manju Chandran, Katherine Brind’Amour, Saeko Fujiwara, Yong-Chan Ha, Hai Tang, Jawl-Shan Hwang, James Tinker, John A. Eisman
Osteoporosis International.2023; 34(6): 1037. CrossRef
Effects of Bazedoxifene/Vitamin D Combination Therapy on Serum Vitamin D Levels and Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Chaiho Jeong, Jeonghoon Ha, Jun-Il Yoo, Young-Kyun Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Yong-Ki Min, Dong-Won Byun, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ho Yeon Chung
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2023; 30(2): 189. CrossRef
Risk of Fractures in Thyroid Cancer Patients With Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
Seong Hee Ahn, You Jin Lee, Seongbin Hong, Jung Wee Park, Ye Jhin Jeon, Bit‐Na Yoo, Yong‐Chan Ha, Jean Kyung Bak, Ha Young Kim, Young‐Kyun Lee
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2023; 38(9): 1268. CrossRef
Impact of changes in physical activity and incident fracture after acute ischemic stroke
Dae young Cheon, Kyung-Do Han, Jeen Hwa Lee, Kyung-Ho Yu, Bo Young Choi, Minwoo Lee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Osteoporosis-Related Fracture in a Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea
Seulkee Heo, Honghyok Kim, Sera Kim, Seung-Ah Choe, Garam Byun, Jong-Tae Lee, Michelle L. Bell
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(4): 2404. CrossRef
Significance of Measuring Lumbar Spine 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Hounsfield Units to Predict Screw Loosening
Kyeong Hwan Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Seok Woo Kim, Ji Hee Kim, Heui Seung Lee, In Bok Chang, Joon Ho Song, Yong-Kil Hong, Jae Keun Oh
World Neurosurgery.2022; 165: e555. CrossRef
Risk of osteoporotic fracture in older patients under antihypertensive treatment
Oh Kyung Kwon, Sun-Hwa Kim, Si-Hyuck Kang, Young-Kyun Lee, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Hae-Young Lee, Tae-Jin Youn, In-Ho Chae, Cheol-Ho Kim
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2021; 28(11): e12. CrossRef
Risk factors for subsequent vertebral fractures following a previous hip fracture
Sang-Min Park, Sung Jun Go, Heesoo Han, Jung Wee Park, Young-Kyun Lee, Ho-Joong Kim, Jin S. Yeom, Kyung-Hoi Koo
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2021; 39(2): 193. CrossRef
Characteristics of Osteoporosis & Osteoporotic Fractures in Korea Based on Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) Database: 2009–2017
Ho-Seok Oh, Sung-Kyu Kim, Hyoung-Yeon Seo
Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 324. CrossRef
Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Osteoporosis in Korean Premenopausal Women
Sang-Yeoup Lee, Hye-Rim Hwang, Yu-Hyeon Yi, Jin-Mi Kim, Yun-Jin Kim, Jeong-Gyu Lee, Young-Hye Cho, Young-Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Eun Ju Park, Youngin Lee
Medical Principles and Practice.2021; 30(6): 527. CrossRef
Association Between Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Osteoporotic Fractures in Older Persons With Alzheimer's Disease
Dae Yeon Won, Seong Jun Byun, Jin Sook Jeong, Ju-Young Shin
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2020; 21(8): 1128. CrossRef
High Circulating Sphingosine 1-Phosphate is a Risk Factor for Osteoporotic Fracture Independent of Fracture Risk Assessment Tool
Seung Hun Lee, Jee Yang Lee, Kyeong-Hye Lim, Young-Sun Lee, Seong-Hee Kim, Sooyoung Choi, Seong-Hwan Cho, Jung-Min Koh
Calcified Tissue International.2020; 107(4): 362. CrossRef
Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture Fact Sheet in Korea
Seong Hee Ahn, Sang-Min Park, So Young Park, Jun-Il Yoo, Hyoung-Seok Jung, Jae-Hwi Nho, Se Hwa Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Yong-Chan Ha, Sunmee Jang, Tae-Young Kim, Ha Young Kim
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2020; 27(4): 281. CrossRef
Assessing the effects of National Health Insurance reimbursement policy revisions for anti-osteoporotic drugs in Korean women aged 50 or older
Ja Seo Koo, Seong Hwan Moon, Hankil Lee, Sohee Park, Yun Mi Yu, Hye-Young Kang, Robert Daniel Blank
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(12): e0244759. CrossRef
The Epidemiology of Fracture in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke in Korea
Kyung Bok Lee, Jung-Gon Lee, Beom Joon Kim, Jun Yup Kim, Keon-Joo Lee, Moon-Ku Han, Jong-Moo Park, Kyusik Kang, Yong-Jin Cho, Hong-Kyun Park, Keun-Sik Hong, Tai Hwan Park, Soo Joo Lee, Mi-Sun Oh, Kyung-Ho Yu, Byung-Chul Lee, Jae-Kwan Cha, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Osteoporosis detection in panoramic radiographs using a deep convolutional neural network-based computer-assisted diagnosis system: a preliminary study
Jae-Seo Lee, Shyam Adhikari, Liu Liu, Ho-Gul Jeong, Hyongsuk Kim, Suk-Ja Yoon
Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.2019; 48(1): 20170344. CrossRef
Medical Big Data Is Not Yet Available: Why We Need Realism Rather than Exaggeration
Hun-Sung Kim, Dai-Jin Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(4): 349. CrossRef
Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Bone Mineral Density in Spanish Premenopausal Women
Jesús Pérez-Rey, Raúl Roncero-Martín, Sergio Rico-Martín, Purificación Rey-Sánchez, Juan D. Pedrera-Zamorano, María Pedrera-Canal, Fidel López-Espuela, Jesús M. Lavado-García
Nutrients.2019; 11(3): 555. CrossRef
Effect of Training and Testing Condition of Convolutional Neural Network on evaluating Osteoporosis
Jae-Yun Kim, Jae-Seo Lee, Byung-Cheol Kang, Hyongsuk Kim, Shyam Adhikari, Liu Liu, Suk-Ja Yoon
The Korean Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2019; 43(3): 73. CrossRef
Comparison of intraoperative radiation exposure with and without use of distal targeting device: a randomized control study
Jun-Il Yoo, Hojin Jeong, Jaeboem Na, Sang-Youn Song, Jung-Taek Kim, Yong-Han Cha, Chan Ho Park
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.2019; 139(11): 1579. CrossRef
Anemia and Risk of Fractures in Older Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Eun Ae Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Jun Hyun Yoo, Hyeon Young Ko, Su Min Jeong
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2019; 34(6): 1049. CrossRef
Elevated ceramides 18:0 and 24:1 with aging are associated with hip fracture risk through increased bone resorption
Beom-Jun Kim, Jin Young Lee, So Jeong Park, Seung Hum Lee, Su Jung Kim, Hyun Ju Yoo, Sarah I. Rivera De Pena, Meghan McGee-Lawrence, Carlos M. Isales, Jung-Min Koh, Mark W. Hamrick
Aging.2019; 11(21): 9388. CrossRef
Effect of improved medication adherence on health care costs in osteoporosis patients
Hyemin Cho, Ji-Hye Byun, Inmyung Song, Ha Y. Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Tae-Young Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Sunmee Jang
Medicine.2018; 97(30): e11470. CrossRef
Osteoporosis and fracture after gastrectomy for stomach cancer
Gi Hyeon Seo, Hae Yeon Kang, Eun Kyung Choe
Medicine.2018; 97(17): e0532. CrossRef
Inflammation inhibitory effect of water extract from pumpkin’s tendril
Ha-Na Jeong, Ju-Hee Choi, Ha-Nul Lee, So-Hyeon Lee, Soon-Chang Cho, Jong-Hwan Park, Young-Min Kim
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2017; 24(8): 1122. CrossRef
Strong familial association of bone mineral density between parents and offspring: KNHANES 2008–2011
H. S. Choi, J. H. Park, S. H. Kim, S. Shin, M. J. Park
Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(3): 955. CrossRef
Vertebral bone attenuation on low-dose chest CT: quantitative volumetric analysis for bone fragility assessment
Y. W. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. H. Yoon, J. H. Lee, C.-H. Lee, C. S. Shin, Y. S. Park
Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(1): 329. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Bone Mineral Density Measurement after Fracture in South Korea
Jin-Woo Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Young-Kyun Lee
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2017; 24(4): 217. CrossRef
Femoral geometry, bone mineral density, and the risk of hip fracture in premenopausal women: a case control study
Dong-Hwa Lee, Kyong Yeun Jung, A Ram Hong, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association of Higher Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels with Lower Bone Mineral Density and Higher Bone Turnover Rate in Postmenopausal Women
Hyeonmok Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Chaeho Shin, Seung Hun Lee, Beom-Jun Kim, Jung-Min Koh
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(3): 454. CrossRef
Oral Bisphosphonates and Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Risks in Asians with Osteoporosis: A Nested Case-Control Study Using National Retrospective Cohort Sample Data from Korea
Sun-Young Jung, Hyun Soon Sohn, Eun-Ja Park, Hae Sun Suh, Ji-Won Park, Jin-Won Kwon, Chi-Ling Chen
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(3): e0150531. CrossRef
The effects of body mass index on the hereditary influences that determine peak bone mass in mother–daughter pairs (KNHANES V)
K. M. Kim, Y. J. Kim, S. H. Choi, S. Lim, J. H. Moon, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kim, H. C. Jang, C. S. Shin
Osteoporosis International.2016; 27(6): 2057. CrossRef
Low Bone Mineral Density Is Associated with Tooth Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Nationwide Representative Study in Korea
Soyeon Ji, Young Jin Tak, Dong Hun Han, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Yeoup Lee, Jeong Gyu Lee, Dong Wook Jeong, Min Ji Kim
Journal of Women's Health.2016; 25(11): 1159. CrossRef
The circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate level predicts incident fracture in postmenopausal women: a 3.5-year follow-up observation study
S. J. Bae, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, H.-M. Kim, B.-J. Kim, J.-M. Koh
Osteoporosis International.2016; 27(8): 2533. CrossRef
Is central skeleton bone quality a predictor of the severity of proximal humeral fractures?
Seung Yeol Lee, Soon-Sun Kwon, Tae Hoon Kim, Sang-Jin Shin
Injury.2016; 47(12): 2777. CrossRef
Association of the TREML2 and HTR1E Genetic Polymorphisms with Osteoporosis
Dongju Jung, Hyun-Seok Jin
Biomedical Science Letters.2015; 21(4): 181. CrossRef
A Large National Cohort Study of the Association between Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Osteoporosis
J.-W. Kwon, E.-J. Park, S.-Y. Jung, H.S. Sohn, H. Ryu, H.S. Suh
Journal of Dental Research.2015; 94(9_suppl): 212S. CrossRef
Reliability and validity of lower extremity computed tomography as a screening tool for osteoporosis
S. Y. Lee, S.-S. Kwon, H. S. Kim, J. H. Yoo, J. Kim, J. Y. Kim, B. C. Min, S. J. Moon, K. H. Sung
Osteoporosis International.2015; 26(4): 1387. CrossRef
Osteoporosis in Healthy South Indian Males and the Influence of Life Style Factors and Vitamin D Status on Bone Mineral Density
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Journal of Osteoporosis.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Brief Review of Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2013
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 251. CrossRef
Association of osteoporosis susceptibility genes with bone mineral density and bone metabolism related markers in Koreans: The Chungju Metabolic Disease Cohort (CMC) study
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Endocrine Journal.2014; 61(11): 1069. CrossRef
Management of Osteoporosis: Who to Treat, What to Use, and for How Long?
Sang Wan Kim
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(4): 364. CrossRef

Original Articles

Multi-country Study on the Prevalence and Clinical Features of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Who are at High Risk for Atherosclerosis.: Sang Youl Rhee, Seungjoon Oh, Young Kil Choi, Doo Man Kim, Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Seung Woo Ha, In Kyu Lee, Tae Sun Park, Min Young Chung, In Joo Kim, Moon Kyu Lee, Sung Soo Koong, Kyung Soo Park, Kyung Wan Min, Young Seol Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):290-301. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.290

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
PAD-SEARCH (Peripheral Arterial Disease-Screening and Evaluation of diabetic patients in Asian Regions Characterized by High risk factors) is the first international study to investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Asian type 2 diabetic patients and to demonstrate the relationships between the putative risk factors and PAD in this population. METHODS: A total of 6,625 type 2 diabetic patients (2,873 males and 3,752 females aged 50 and older) were enrolled in PAD-SEARCH in Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines from October 2003 to March 2004. The Fukuda vascular profile VS-1000(TM) was used to determine the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 63.7 +/- 8.2 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.3 +/- 8.0 years. 1,172 (17.7%) subjects were diagnosed as PAD by the ABI (< or = 0.9). Subjects with PAD had a significantly longer duration of diabetes or hypertension, a higher HbA1c level and a significantly lower mean BMI than did the non-PAD subjects. In terms of the lipid profiles, triglyceride was the only significant variable. Notably, the mean ABI and baPWV in the females were significantly poorer than the age matched males for the in subjects with a normal ABI. However, the mean ABI and baPWV in males were significantly poorer than those of the age matched females for the subjects with PAD. On the multivariate analysis, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, duration of diabetes and a previous history of cerebrovascular disease were identified as the independent risk factors of PAD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that PAD is a common complication in Asian type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, PAD screening and treatment should be emphasized for Asian diabetic patients with high risk factors.

The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Cushing's Syndrome in Korea.: J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(1):31-45. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Cushing's syndrome is a relatively well understood syndrome. In Korea, there was no large scaled epidemiological report for etiology, clinical manifestation and results of treatment for Cushing's syndrome so far. This study was undertaken to elucidate the clinical characteristics of Cushing's syndrome in Korea by the survey committee for endocrine disease in Korean society of endocrinology. METHODS: For the case collection, we developed the case analysis protocol and computer program. And then we sent those form and program to 51 hospitals lacated in all over the country except Jeju-Do. Finally we collected 180 cases of Cushing's syndrome newly diagnosed from Jan. 1st, 1988 to Dec. 31st, 1993 from 28 hospitals. In this study, we excluded the patients with iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. RESULTS: 1. If we collected all the cases in Korea, 0.84 new cases/million was diagnosed annually. The incidence was 3.5 times greater in women than in men, and the most frequent age of onset was the fourth decade. 2. Pituitary microadenoma and adrenal adenoma were the major causes (43.3%, 41.7% respectively). The ectopic Cushing's syndrome had very low incidence (0.6%) then other western countries. 3. Liddle's low dose dexamethasone suppression test, 24hr urine free cortisol level and 1mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test as a screening tests showed good sensitivity (98.1%, 94.3%, 96.3% respectively). 4. Both of 8 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test and basal plasma ACTH level as differential test of Cushing's disease from adrenal Cushing's syndromes showed good specificity (90.6%, 100% respectively) but relatively low sensitivity (60.7%, 26.3% respectively). 5. Combination of both 8 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test and basal plasma ACTH level improved the sensitivity (75.0%) and specificity (94.7%) as differential tests. 6. Treatments depended on the etiology. Surgery was the best choice when it could be performed. Radiotherapy and medical treatments were performed as isolated or combined modality but results were poor. CONCLUSION: Cushing's syndrome in Korea were not significantly different from western cases except that adrenal adenomas were more frequent. Ectopic Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease must be attentioned for diagnosis and proper management. Early and exact diagnosis process will improve the morbidity, mortality and life quality of patients.

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