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6 "Drug therapy"
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Initial Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):23-32.   Published online November 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1816
  • 1,910 View
  • 227 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease in which it is challenging to achieve long-term durable glycemic control. However, intensive glycemic control is crucial for preventing diabetes-related complications. Previous studies showed that monotherapy with a stepwise add-on approach was seldom effective for long-term durable glycemic control. Combination therapy, which refers to the use of two or more drugs to control hyperglycemia, has multiple benefits, including the ability to target a variety of pathophysiological processes underlying hyperglycemia. In clinical trials, initial combination therapy showed better glycemic control than monotherapy or a stepwise approach. Emerging evidence indicates that initial combination therapy is associated with preserved β-cell function and fewer complications in T2D. However, cost-effectiveness and adverse events with combination therapy are issues that should be considered. Therefore, initial combination therapy is an important option for patients with T2D that clinicians should consider with a view toward balancing benefits and potential harms. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing initial combination therapy in T2D, and we suggest optimal strategies based on clinical situations and patient characteristics.
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics
Jong Hyeon Yoon, Ki-Sun Kwon
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):478-490.   Published online June 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1081
  • 8,781 View
  • 331 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. The molecular mechanisms of the pathophysiology of sarcopenia form a complex network due to the involvement of multiple interconnected signaling pathways. Therefore, signaling receptors are major targets in pharmacological strategies in general. To provide a rationale for pharmacological interventions for sarcopenia, we herein describe several druggable signaling receptors based on their role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and changes in their activity with aging. A brief overview is presented of the efficacy of corresponding drug candidates under clinical trials. Strategies targeting the androgen receptor, vitamin D receptor, Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and ghrelin receptor primarily focus on promoting anabolic action using natural ligands or mimetics. Strategies involving activin receptors and angiotensin receptors focus on inhibiting catabolic action. This review may help to select specific targets or combinations of targets in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Current Landscape of Pharmacotherapies for Sarcopenia
    Gulistan Bahat, Serdar Ozkok
    Drugs & Aging.2024; 41(2): 83.     CrossRef
  • Associations of micronutrient dietary patterns with sarcopenia among US adults: a population-based study
    Yining Liu, Xiangliang Liu, Linnan Duan, Yixin Zhao, Yuwei He, Wei Li, Jiuwei Cui
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of Vitamin D Level on Sarcopenia in Elderly People: A Critical Review
    Saniya Khan, Sunil Kumar, Sourya Acharya, Anil Wanjari
    Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2023; 13(04): 453.     CrossRef
  • Novel Potential Targets for Function-Promoting Therapies: Orphan Nuclear Receptors, Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Troponin Activators, Mas Receptor Agonists, and Urolithin A
    Waly Dioh, Vihang Narkar, Anurag Singh, Fady Malik, Luigi Ferrucci, Cendrine Tourette, Jean Mariani, Rob van Maanen, Roger A Fielding, Lewis A Lipsitz
    The Journals of Gerontology: Series A.2023; 78(Supplement): 44.     CrossRef
  • Alverine citrate promotes myogenic differentiation and ameliorates muscle atrophy
    Jong Hyeon Yoon, Seung-Min Lee, Younglang Lee, Min Ju Kim, Jae Won Yang, Jeong Yi Choi, Ju Yeon Kwak, Kwang-Pyo Lee, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ki-Sun Kwon
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 586: 157.     CrossRef
  • Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of an inactive CaMKIIβ mutant enhances muscle mass and strength in mice
    Takahiro Eguchi, Yuji Yamanashi
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 589: 192.     CrossRef
  • Gastric Mobility and Gastrointestinal Hormones in Older Patients with Sarcopenia
    Hsien-Hao Huang, Tse-Yao Wang, Shan-Fan Yao, Pei-Ying Lin, Julia Chia-Yu Chang, Li-Ning Peng, Liang-Kung Chen, David Hung-Tsang Yen
    Nutrients.2022; 14(9): 1897.     CrossRef
  • Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness and Sarcopenia
    Marcela Kanova, Pavel Kohout
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8396.     CrossRef
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Acute Hyperglycemia Associated with Anti-Cancer Medication
Yul Hwangbo, Eun Kyung Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):23-29.   Published online March 20, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.23
  • 6,225 View
  • 130 Download
  • 41 Web of Science
  • 43 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Hyperglycemia during chemotherapy occurs in approximately 10% to 30% of patients. Glucocorticoids and L-asparaginase are well known to cause acute hyperglycemia during chemotherapy. Long-term hyperglycemia is also frequently observed, especially in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with L-asparaginase-based regimens and total body irradiation. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia often develops because of increased insulin resistance, diminished insulin secretion, and exaggerated hepatic glucose output. Screening strategies for this condition include random glucose testing, hemoglobin A1c testing, oral glucose loading, and fasting plasma glucose screens. The management of hyperglycemia starts with insulin or sulfonylurea, depending on the type, dose, and delivery of the glucocorticoid formulation. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are associated with a high incidence of hyperglycemia, ranging from 13% to 50%. Immunotherapy, such as anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody treatment, induces hyperglycemia with a prevalence of 0.1%. The proposed mechanism of immunotherapy-induced hyperglycemia is an autoimmune process (insulitis). Withdrawal of the PD-1 inhibitor is the primary treatment for severe hyperglycemia. The efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy is not fully established and the decision to resume PD-1 inhibitor therapy depends on the severity of the hyperglycemia. Diabetic patients should achieve optimized glycemic control before initiating treatment, and glucose levels should be monitored periodically in patients initiating mTOR inhibitor or PD-1 inhibitor therapy. With regard to hyperglycemia caused by anti-cancer therapy, frequent monitoring and proper management are important for promoting the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and improving patients' quality of life.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Indian Journal of Cancer.2023; 60(3): 325.     CrossRef
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    Metabolism.2023; 138: 155311.     CrossRef
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    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(2): 148.     CrossRef
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Obesity and Metabolism
Antiobesity Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on Long-Term Management
Won Seon Jeon, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):410-417.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.410
  • 3,521 View
  • 41 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Type 2 diabetes and obesity have a complex relationship; obesity is linked to insulin resistance, the precursor to type 2 diabetes. The management of obesity is an important method to delay onset of diabetes and improve the glycemic durability of antidiabetic agents. However, insulin and some of the oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes cause significant weight gain, and it is difficult for patients with diabetes to reduce and maintain their weight by life-style changes alone. Thus, antiobesity medications or bariatric surgery may be a necessary adjunct for certain obese patients with diabetes. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate extended-release for the management of chronic weight, and approval for naltrexone/bupropion sustained-release as an adjunct to exercise and reduced caloric intake followed in 2014. Liraglutide is pending FDA approval for antiobesity drug. Here we review the efficacy of approved and new promising drugs for the management of obesity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Maximilian von Heesen
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Case Report
Adrenal gland
Adult Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting with Central Diabetes Insipidus Successfully Treated with Chemotherapy
Jung-Eun Choi, Hae Ri Lee, Jung Hun Ohn, Min Kyong Moon, Juri Park, Seong Jin Lee, Moon-Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo, Jung Han Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):394-399.   Published online September 25, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.394
  • 3,915 View
  • 31 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

We report the rare case of an adult who was diagnosed with recurrent multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving the pituitary stalk and lung who present with central diabetes insipidus and was successfully treated with systemic steroids and chemotherapy. A 49-year-old man visited our hospital due to symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria that started 1 month prior. Two years prior to presentation, he underwent excision of right 6th and 7th rib lesions for the osteolytic lesion and chest pain, which were later confirmed to be LCH on pathology. After admission, the water deprivation test was done and the result indicated that he had central diabetes insipidus. Sella magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass on the pituitary stalk with loss of normal bright spot at the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Multiple patchy infiltrations were detected in both lung fields by computed tomography (CT). He was diagnosed with recurrent LCH and was subsequently treated with inhaled desmopressin, systemic steroids, vinblastine, and mercaptopurine. The pituitary mass disappeared after two months and both lungs were clear on chest CT after 11 months. Although clinical remission in multisystem LCH in adults is reportedly rare, our case of adult-onset multisystem LCH was treated successfully with systemic chemotherapy using prednisolone, vinblastine, and 6-mercaptopurine, which was well tolerated.

Citations

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    Won-Young Lee
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Original Article
Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxitity as a Prognostic Indicator in the Medical Treatment of Graves' Disease.
Kwan Woo Lee, Young Goo Shin, Hye Rim Ro, Sung Kyu Lee, Yun Suk Chung, Hyun Man Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Kyung Hong, Bong Nam Chae
J Korean Endocr Soc. 1998;13(4):554-562.   Published online January 1, 2001
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  • 19 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The several forms of treatment of Graves disease-thyroidectomy, antithyroid drugs and radioiodide therapy-are in wide use now. But which therapy is best is a matter of debate. Some authors reported that in patients who underwent thyroidectomy, higher titers of serum antimicrosomal antibody were associated with 1) higher formation rates of germinal centers, 2) more lymphocyte infiltration in the thyroid tissue, 3) higher incidence of hypothyroidism, and 4) lower incidence of recurrence. We were interested in the relationship of thyroid autoantibody titers, ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) activity and the clinical response to antithyroid medication. METHODS: We measured ADCC activities from patients in Graves disease(n-48), Hashimoto thyroiditis(n=17) and normal control(n=9). The patients of Graves disease were followed up for more than 1 year, and they were grouped into A(n=17, well responsed group to antithyroid medication) and B(n=31, poorly responsed group). We examined ADCC activities of patients' sera by chromium release assay. RESULTS: 1) Mean age of patients with Graves disease was 34.4210.4 years and 15 patients were male(31%). 2) Results of thyroid function tests of the Graves' patients were T 585.9 +/- 255.3 ng/dL, T4 21.3 +/- 12.2 mg/dL, TSH 0.11 +/- 0.06mIU/mL. Concentrations of antimicrosomal antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulin were 1279.1 +/- 1486.7 IU/mL, 488.1 +/- 751.1 IU/mL, and 38.5 +/- 33.4U/L respectively. 3) There was no significant difference between levels of thyroid hormones or concentrations of thyroid autoantibodies and ADCC activities in graves patients. 4) The ADCC activity of the Graves patient group(24.49%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control group(3.76%), and significantly lower than that of the Hashimotos thyroiditis group(36.34%). 5) There was no significant difference in ADCC activity between group A(18.24 +/- 13.44%) and B(27.91 +20.02%). CONCLUSION: From this results, we suggested that ADCC activity seems to be no value as a prognostic factor in predicting the response to antithyroid drugs in Graves disease patients. But, further studies, larger number of patients and long-term follow up, are needed.
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Endocrinol Metab : Endocrinology and Metabolism