Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Clinical Study
Longitudinal Changes of High Molecular Weight Adiponectin are Associated with Postpartum Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Dong-Hwa Lee, Jung Ah Lim, Jung Hee Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):114-122. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.831

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Background
The influence of serial changes of adipokines on maternal glucose metabolism from pregnancy to postpartum periods in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) has not been thoroughly explored. We tried to examine the relationship between the serial changes of adipokines and the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in women with pGDM.
Methods
We longitudinally measured following adipokines: high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4), lipocalin-2, and chemerin, during pregnancy, and at 2 months and 3 years after delivery. Based on glucose status at postpartum 3 years, we divided into three groups: normal glucose tolerance (GDM-NGT, n=20), impaired glucose tolerance (GDM-IGT, n=23), and GDM-DM (n=22). We analyzed the correlations between adipokines and various metabolic parameters.
Results
Plasma HMW adiponectin levels were not different among the three groups during pregnancy. However, HMW adiponectin levels increased at 3 years after the delivery in women with GDM-NGT compared with women with GDM-DM. In the GDM-IGT group, HMW adiponectin levels increased at 2 months postpartum compared to pregnancy period. In contrast, HMW adiponectin levels showed no alternation after parturition in women with GDM-DM. HMW adiponectin was negatively correlated with body mass index and a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Other adipokines such as RBP-4, lipocalin-2, and chemerin neither showed any differences among the groups nor any significant correlations with 3 years postpartum status of glucose intolerance.
Conclusion
Serial changes of HMW adiponectin are associated with the maintenance of glucose metabolism in women with pGDM after delivery.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reproductive risk factors across the female lifecourse and later metabolic health
Amy R. Nichols, Jorge E. Chavarro, Emily Oken
Cell Metabolism.2024; 36(2): 240. CrossRef
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Colostral Appetite-Regulating Adipokines
Jolanta Lis-Kuberka, Marta Berghausen-Mazur, Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(7): 3853. CrossRef
The levels of osteopontin in human milk of Chinese mothers and its associations with maternal body composition
Huijuan Ruan, Qingya Tang, Xuan Zhao, Yajie Zhang, Xuelin Zhao, Yi Xiang, Wei Geng, Yi Feng, Wei Cai
Food Science and Human Wellness.2022; 11(5): 1419. CrossRef
Association of circulatory adiponectin with the parameters of Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-Indian Diabetes Risk Score
MohdD Khan, MohammadK Ahmad, Roshan Alam, Saba Khan, Geeta Jaiswal, MohammadM Khan
Journal of Diabetology.2022; 13(4): 331. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Serum Adiponectin and Progranulin Level in Patients with Benign Thyroid Nodule or Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Ji-Sup Yun, Cheol-Young Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):396-406. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.396

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
Obesity is associated with thyroid cancer risk. Adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects, while progranulin is associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. We investigated serum adiponectin and progranulin levels in patients with benign thyroid nodule (benign group) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; PTC group). The associations between these levels and the clinicopathological features of PTC were evaluated.
Methods
We included 157 patients who underwent thyroid surgery (17% of benign and 83% of PTC group). Clinicopathological features including size, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), multifocality, American Thyroid Association risk stratification were evaluated.
Results
The age was 42.0 years, and 69% were female. Serum adiponectin and progranulin levels were 6.3 μg/mL and 101.5 ng/mL in the benign group and 5.4 μg/mL and 106.1 ng/mL in the PTC group, respectively (P=0.6 and P=0.4, respectively). Serum adiponectin levels showed no significant differences according to clinicopathological features of PTC. The proportions of patients with primary tumor size >1 cm were 3%, 5%, 8%, and 8% according to serum progranulin level quartiles, respectively (P=0.03). The proportions of patients with microscopic/gross ETE were 8%/0%, 9%/1%, 11%/1%, and 11%/2% according to serum progranulin level quartiles, respectively. Median serum progranulin level was significantly higher in patients with PTC >1 cm than in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (P=0.04, 115.3 ng/mL and 104.7 ng/mL, respectively).
Conclusion
Serum adiponectin and progranulin levels showed no significant difference between benign and PTC groups. Increased serum progranulin levels were significantly associated with PTC >1 cm and microscopic and gross ETE.

Citations

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Exploring the logic and conducting a comprehensive evaluation of AdipoRon-based adiponectin replacement therapy against hormone-related cancers—a systematic review
Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Andreline Franchi Sosin, Caroline Barbalho Lamas, Ricardo de Alvares Goulart, Jesselina Francisco dos Santos Haber, Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, Sandra Maria Barbalho
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2024; 397(4): 2067. CrossRef
Adiponectin Inhibits the Progression of Obesity-Associated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Through Autophagy
Changlin Li, Jiao Zhang, Gianlorenzo Dionigi, Nan Liang, Haixia Guan, Hui Sun
Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Progranulin Oncogenic Network in Solid Tumors
Elisa Ventura, Giacomo Ducci, Reyes Benot Dominguez, Valentina Ruggiero, Antonino Belfiore, Elena Sacco, Marco Vanoni, Renato V. Iozzo, Antonio Giordano, Andrea Morrione
Cancers.2023; 15(6): 1706. CrossRef
Obesity and thyroid cancer risk
Lauren C. Burrage, Donald S.A. McLeod, Susan J. Jordan
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2023; 30(5): 244. CrossRef
Progranulin promoted the proliferation, metastasis, and suppressed apoptosis via JAK2-STAT3/4 signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Yanxu Dong, Hao Tan, Lidong Wang, Zhen Liu
Cancer Cell International.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity and Thyroid Cancer Risk: An Update
Fabiana Franchini, Giuseppe Palatucci, Annamaria Colao, Paola Ungaro, Paolo Emidio Macchia, Immacolata Cristina Nettore
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1116. CrossRef
Obesity and Overweight Are Associated with Minimal Extrathyroidal Extension, Multifocality and Bilaterality of Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Krzysztof Kaliszewski, Dorota Diakowska, Marta Rzeszutko, Jerzy Rudnicki
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(5): 970. CrossRef
Adiponectin and Thyroid Cancer: Insight into the Association between Adiponectin and Obesity
Yuanyuan Zhou, Ying Yang, Taicheng Zhou, Bai Li, Zhanjian Wang
Aging and disease.2021; 12(2): 597. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Calpain-10 and Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Ji Sun Nam, Jung Woo Han, Sang Bae Lee, Ji Hong You, Min Jin Kim, Shinae Kang, Jong Suk Park, Chul Woo Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):364-371. Published online September 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.364

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Background

Genetic variations in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene are known to influence insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes and various metabolic derangements. We investigated the associations between specific calpain-10 and adiponectin gene polymorphisms and Korean type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

Overall, 249 type 2 diabetes patients and 131 non-diabetic control subjects were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were genotyped for SNP-43 and -63 of calpain-10 gene and G276T and T45G frequencies of the adiponectin gene. The clinical characteristics and measure of glucose metabolism were compared within these genotypes.

Results

Among calpain-10 polymorphisms, SNP-63 T/T were more frequent in diabetes patients, and single SNP-63 increases the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. However, SNP-43 in calpain-10 and T45G and intron G276T in adiponectin gene were not significantly associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, nor insulin secretion.

Conclusion

Variations in calpain-10, SNP-63 seems to increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Koreans while SNP-43 and adiponectin SNP-45, -276 are not associated with impaired glucose metabolism.

Citations

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Meta-analysis of the association between adiponectin SNP 45, SNP 276, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0241078. CrossRef
Association of three SNPs in adiponectin gene with lipid traits of Tianzhu Black Muscovy (Cairina moschata)
Yuan-Yu Qin, Yi-Yu Zhang, Hua-Lun Luo, Lei Wu
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Review Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Chrysoula Boutari, Nikolaos Perakakis, Christos Socrates Mantzoros; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):33-43. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.33

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting 30% of the general population and 40% to 70% of obese individuals. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, as it produces and secretes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines called adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin have well-determined actions in terms of NAFLD pathophysiology. Adiponectin deficiency is associated with a pro-inflammatory condition, as it is observed in obesity and other metabolic disorders. On the other hand, increased leptin levels, above the normal levels, act as a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Regarding other adipokines (resistin, visfatin, chemerin, retinol-binding protein 4, irisin), data about their contribution to NAFLD pathogenesis and progression are inconclusive. In addition, pharmacological agents like thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), that are used in the management of NAFLD exert favourable effects on adipokine levels, which in turn may contribute to the improvement of liver function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and developments in the association between adipokines and NAFLD and discusses possible therapeutic implications targeting the modulation of adipokine levels as a potential tool for the treatment of NAFLD.

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Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Elderly Patients with Prediabetes: Si Eun Kong, Yea Eun Kang, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):326-333. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.326

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Background

The significance of adiponectin levels in elderly individuals with prediabetes has yet to be determined. Thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the relationships between adiponectin levels and anthropometric variables, body composition parameters, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles in elderly prediabetic patients.

Methods

The present study included 120 subjects with prediabetes who were >65 years of age and were selected from among 1,993 subjects enrolled in the Korea Rural Genomic Cohort Study. All subjects underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and tests for measurement of insulin sensitivity. All diagnoses of prediabetes satisfied the criteria of the American Diabetes Association.

Results

Plasma adiponectin levels were lower in elderly prediabetic subjects than elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance (P<0.01) as well as in elderly prediabetic patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) than in those without MetS (P<0.02). When the subjects were categorized into two groups according to plasma adiponectin levels, the waist-to-hip ratio and 2-hour insulin levels were significantly lower in individuals with high plasma adiponectin levels than in those with low plasma adiponectin levels. Additionally, the plasma adiponectin levels of elderly prediabetic subject were inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat, visceral fat ratio, and 2-hour insulin levels.

Conclusion

The present findings demonstrated that the major factors correlated with adiponectin levels in elderly prediabetic subjects were BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat, visceral fat ratio, and 2-hour insulin levels.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Differential Association of Selected Adipocytokines, Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, Visfatin and Chemerin, with the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: A Case Control Study
Mohammad Muzaffar Mir, Rashid Mir, Mushabab Ayed Abdullah Alghamdi, Javed Iqbal Wani, Zia Ul Sabah, Mohammed Jeelani, Vijaya Marakala, Shahzada Khalid Sohail, Mohamed O’haj, Muffarah Hamid Alharthi, Mohannad Mohammad S. Alamri
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(5): 735. CrossRef
Postloading insulinemia is independently associated with arterial stiffness in young Japanese persons
Norimitsu Murai, Naoko Saito, Sayuri Nii, Yuto Nishikawa, Asami Suzuki, Eriko Kodama, Tatsuya Iida, Kentaro Mikura, Hideyuki Imai, Mai Hashizume, Yasuyoshi Kigawa, Rie Tadokoro, Chiho Sugisawa, Kei Endo, Toru Iizaka, Fumiko Otsuka, Shun Ishibashi, Shoichi
Hypertension Research.2021; 44(11): 1515. CrossRef
Association of Adiponectin and rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ Gene with Prediabetes in Jordan
Mahmoud Alfaqih, Faheem Al-Mughales, Othman Al-Shboul, Mohammad Al Qudah, Yousef Khader, Muhammad Al-Jarrah
Biomolecules.2018; 8(4): 117. CrossRef

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Chul Sik Kim, Ju Ri Park, Sung Hoon Yu, Jun Goo Kang, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Seong Jin Lee, Eun Gyung Hong, Doo Man Kim, Jae Myung Yoo, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(1):31-38. Published online March 1, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.1.31

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Increased cardiovascular events, which is the leading cause of death in type 2 diabetic patients, are mainly caused by accelerated atherosclerosis. Adiponectin has been suggested as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in cross-sectional studies. However, little is known about the impact of adiponectin on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of early adiponectin levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS: From March 2009, 150 patients with type 2 diabetes were consecutively enrolled in our affiliated outpatient clinic. Anthropometric and biochemical data, including adiponectin levels, were measured in each participant. We measured the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up (n = 111). Then, we prospectively studied the relationship between the serum adiponectin levels and the progression of CIMT for 1 year. RESULTS: Adiponectin levels negatively correlated with CIMT (r = -0.219, P = 0.015). Moreover, mean progression of CIMT was 0.016 +/- 0.040 mm. However, there was no correlation between adiponectin levels and the progression of CIMT within 1-year follow-up period (r = -0.156, P = 0.080). Age (beta = 0.556, P = 0.004), LDL cholesterol (beta = 0.276, P = 0.042), and A1C (beta = 0.309, P = 0.038) were found to be independent risk factors for CIMT. However, A1C (beta = 0.311, P = 0.042) was found to be the only independent risk factor for the progression of CIMT. CONCLUSION: In our study, adiponectin levels were negatively associated with CIMT. However, it did not affect the progression of CIMT at 1-year follow-up. Overall glycemic control is the most important factor in the progression of CIMT in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Clinical Trial

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Low Density Lipoprotein Subfraction, Adiponectin and Apolipoprotein B in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Haejung Jun, Junghae Ko, Hyesook Jung, Changshin Yoon, Taekyoon Kim, Minjeong Kwon, Soonhee Lee, Jihye Suk, Mikyung Kim, Dukkyu Kim, Jeong Hyun Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):218-224. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.218

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish oil have been reported to exert a beneficial effect on reducing cardiovascular disease. Reports about their mechanism have generated several interesting findings, including a change in small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) cholesterol proportion, adiponectin, and apolipoprotein B (apoB), in addition to changes in the lipid profile. The principal objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on plasma sdLDL, adiponectin, apoB100, and B48 in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS: We randomized 28 type 2 diabetic patients in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to receive either omega-3 fatty acids or placebo, both administered at a dose of 4 g daily for 12 weeks. LDL subfractions prior to and after treatment were separated via low-speed ultracentrifugation and analyzed via immunoelectrophoresis. Adiponectin, apoB100, and B48 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. RESULTS: sdLDL proportions were reduced in the omega-3 fatty acids group by 11% after 12 weeks of treatment (n = 17, P = 0.001), and were reduced by 4% in the control group (n = 11, P = 0.096). The patients receiving the omega-3 fatty acids evidenced a significant reduction in the levels of triglyceride (P = 0.001), apoB100, and B48 after 12 weeks (P = 0.038 and P = 0.009, respectively) relative to the baseline. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation increased fasting blood glucose (P = 0.011), but the levels of HbA1c in each group did not change to a statistically significance degree. The adiponectin value was not reduced in the omega-3 fatty acids group (P = 0.133); by way of contrast, the placebo group evidenced a significant reduction in adiponectin value after 12 weeks (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Omega-3 fatty acid treatment proved effective in the reduction of atherogenic sdLDL and apoB in type 2 diabetic patients (Clinical trials reg. no. NCT 00758927, clinicaltrials.gov).

Citations

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Blood Flow Improvement Effect of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) Seed Oil in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mouse Model
Hyelin Jeon, Sungmin Kwak, Su-Jin Oh, Hyun Soo Nam, Doo Won Han, Yoon Seok Song, Jinwoo Song, Kyung-Chul Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(8): 1105. CrossRef
Fatty Acid Compositions, Mineral and Vitamin Contents of the Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)
Han-Soo Kim, Min-A Kim, Duan Yishan, Seong-Ho Jang, Dong-Soo Kang, Won-Ki Lee, Chun-Sik Lee, Jae-Young Ryu
Journal of Environmental Science International.2014; 23(1): 47. CrossRef

Original Articles

The Relation of Serum Adiponectin and Resistin Concentrations with Metabolic Risk Factors.: Seong Tae Ryu, Seok O Park, Se Hwa Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(5):444-451. Published online October 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.5.444

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Adiponectin is a fat cell-secreted cytokine, which has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity and have antiatherogenic properties. However, it is still unclear whether resistin plays a significant role in the development of insulin resistance in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the adiponectin and resistin concentrations with insulin resistance, metabolic markers and adiposity in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: Eighty-three type 2 diabetic and 139 healthy subjects were studied. Blood samples were drawn after fasting to determine the fasting plasma glucose, insulin, resistin, adiponectin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels. The subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were measured at the umbilical level using computed tomography. RESULTS: The serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in the diabetic(6.7+/-2.3microgram/mL) than in the obese(8.2+/-2.4microgram/mL, P<0.01) and non-obese subjects(9.9+/-4.5microgram/mL, P<0.01). The serum resistin concentrations were Similar between the non-obese, obese and type 2 diabetic subjects. From a multiple regression analysis, the fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were found to be independent determinants of the log of the adiponectin level in the diabetes group. In healthy subjects, the gender, BMI, HOMA-IR, visceral fat area and HDL-cholesterol were associated with the log of the adiponectin level. However, the log of the resistin level was not associated with the markers of insulin resistance and obesity. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the serum adiponectin concentration was closely related to the insulin resistance marker in both healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. However, the resistin concentration was not associated with the markers of insulin resistance and/or obesity.

Citations

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Effect of Simvastatin on induced apical periodontitis in rats: a tomographic and biochemical analysis
Jussara Machado PEREIRA, Alex SEMENOFF-SEGUNDO, Natalino Francisco da SILVA, Álvaro Henrique BORGES, Tereza Aparecida Delle Vedove SEMENOFF
Revista de Odontologia da UNESP.2016; 45(4): 189. CrossRef
Relationships among Serum Adiponectin, Leptin and Vitamin D Concentrations and the Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers
Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12. CrossRef
Comparison of Serum Adiponectin Levels According to Body Mass Index and Dietary Behaviors of Female University Students in Seoul
Mi Joung Kim, Hyun Young Jun, Hye Bog Rha
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(4): 354. CrossRef
The Effects of 12-Weeks Intensive Intervention Program on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Adipocytokines and Nutrients Intakes in Industrial Male Workers
Kieun Moon, Ill Keun Park, Yeon Sang Jo, Yun Kyun Chang, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(4): 292. CrossRef
The Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Glucose Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Cells
Kang Seo Park, Jae Min Lee, Bon Jeong Ku, Young Suk Jo, Seong Kyu Lee, Kyung Wan Min, Kyung Ah Han, Hyo Jeong Kim, Hyun Jin Kim
Korean Diabetes Journal.2008; 32(3): 196. CrossRef

Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and Carotid Artery Intima-Media thickness in Type 2 Diabetes.: Eun Seok Kang, So Young Park, So Hun Kim, Hyun Joo Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Seung Jin Han, Se Eun Park, Hyeong Jin Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(1):29-39. Published online February 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.1.29

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to examine the association between the common polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene(ACDC) and the intima-media thickness(IMT) of the common carotid arteries in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: The B mode ultrasound examination of carotid artery was performed on 133 type 2 diabetic patients. The carotid IMT was calculated using the Intimascope computer program. The SNP45 and SNP276 of the ACDC were examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the carotid IMT among the SNP45 genotypes(0.66+/-0.18mm for TT, 0.71+/-0.12mm for TG and 0.64+/-0.15mm for GG, P=NS). Subjects carrying the SNP276 GG genotype had a markedly lower serum adiponectin concentration than those carrying the TT genotype(3.35+/-2.00microgram/mL vs. 4.98+/-2.24microgram/mL, P=0.029) The carotid IMT was significantly higher in patients with the SNP276 GG genotype than those with the TT genotype (0.70+/-0.17mm vs. 0.59+/-0.13mm, P=0.032). Patients with the +45GG/+276GG genotype combination showed significantly higher mean carotid IMT than the other genotype combinations(0.78+/-0.09mm vs. 0.71+/-0.15mm, P=0.013) CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the adiponectin gene, SNP276 is associated with the carotid IMT in type 2 diabetic patients. Further studies are will be needed to confirm these genotypephenotype associations.

Relationship between Serum Adiponectin and Development of the Metabolic Syndrome.: S S Park, K M Choi, S B Kwon, O H Ryu, H J Ryu, S Y Park, H Y Kim, J A Seo, K W Lee, S G Kim, N H Kim, D S Choi, S H Baik; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):492-500. Published online October 1, 2004

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We investigated whether low serum adiponectin concentrations are able to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, which included 372 elderly Koreans that participated in the South-West Seoul (SWS) study, conducted in 1999 and 2002 in Seoul, Korea. Fasting and post-challenge 2-hour plasma glucose, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, lipid profiles, and serum adiponectin data were examined. RESULTS: Adiponectin concentrations obtained in 1999 and 2002 were highly correlated (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), and the three-year within-person variation of the adiponectin concentrations was not significant (P=0.61). The serum adiponectin level was closely correlated with metabolic syndrome; negatively with BMI, WHR, blood pressure, triglyceride and blood glucose, and positively with HDL cholesterol. Subjects with metabolic syndrome showed lower serum adiponectin concentrations than those without (P < 0.0001). The baseline adiponectin levels were found to be correlated with subsequent changes in the WHR, LDL cholesterol, and fasting and post-load 2h glucose over the 3-year period, after adjusting the baseline values. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower baseline serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly associated with the developments of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, history of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Reduced concentrations of adiponectin were found to be independently associated with increase risks of both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in elderly Koreans

Relationship between Adiponectin, Leptin and Body Fat in Men with Hypogonadism Before and After Testosterone Treatment.: Sang Wan Kim, Joon Ku Kang, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyung Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):473-484. Published online October 1, 2004

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Testosterone replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism improves sexual function, decreases body fat, and increases the mass and function of lean muscle. These beneficial effects of testosterone replacement therapy are accompanied by slight lowering of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, increase in the hematocrit/hemoglobin ratio and size of the prostate gland. It is presently unknown whether the effect of testosterone on body fat could also reduce the risk of atherosclerotic disease associated with obesity. We investigated the relationship between body fat and blood leptin and adiponectin levels to elucidate the effect of testosterone on body fat metabolism, as well as the effect of testosterone on lipid and bone metabolism. METHODS: We selected 28 men, who were hypogonadal (mean serum testosterone+/-SD, 22.3+/-35.3 ng/dL) due to an organic disease, and them with oral testosterone (testosterone undecanoate) for 12 months. We measured the body composition, serum leptin, plasma adiponectin, biochemical bone markers, bone mineral density, prostate-specific antigen, and serum lipids before and 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. We analyzed the relationship between body fat and blood leptin and adiponectin levels. RESULTS: The mean serum testosterone concentration reached the subnormal range after 6 months of treatment, which remained for the duration of treatment. The fat mass decreased and muscle mass increased, not within the first 6 months, but principally within 12 months (p<0.05). Although the decrease in the serum leptin level was not statistically significant, there were positive correlations between the leptin level and fat mass before and after 6 months of treatment (p<0.05). The plasma adiponectin did not increase or correlate with body fat parameters. The bone mineral densities of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck did not increased, but the serum osteocalcin and urine N-telopeptide were significantly decreased (p<0.05 and <0.01, respectively). The HDL-cholesterol decreased, principally within the first 6 months (p<0.01), but the total and LDL cholesterols, and the triglycerides remained unchanged during the course of treatment. There was also no change in prostate-specific antigen. CONCLUSION: Twelve months of oral testosterone replacement in men with hypogonadism improved body composition and bone metabolism, but demonstrated subnormal serum testosterone levels, had no effect on the leptin and adiponectin levels and decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels. It will be necessary to examine the long-term effects of testosterone replacement on the incidence of cardiovascular events as well as cardiovascular risk factors in men with hypogonadism

Association of Serum Adiponectin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.: Young Sun Hong, Jee Young Oh, Eun Kyung Byun, Yeon Ah Sung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(4):369-378. Published online August 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The exact mechanism of insulin resistance in PCOS is not completely understood, but there are several pieces of evidence suggesting humoral mediator involvement. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted protein, could be a possible link between adiposity and insulin resistance. This study was performed to see whether the serum adiponectin levels are suppressed in woman with PCOS and if this is associated with the characteristic hormonal and metabolic features of PCOS. METHODS: 20 women with PCOS and 8 normal controls with regular cycles were recruited. The serum adiponectin levels were measured by RIA, and the fasting glucose to insulin ratio (GIR) used as an insulin sensitivity index. RESULTS: The patients with PCOS were classified as lean (BMI < 23 kg/m2, n=9) and obese groups (BMI 25 kg/m2, n=11) based on the WPRO criteria. The GIR was significantly lower in the obese compared to the control group. The adiponectin level was lower in women with PCOS than the controls, but without statistical significance. In 5 of the 20 patients, the GIR was higher than 0.30, which was the lowest limit in the controls, and the adiponectin level was significantly higher than in those patients with a lower GIR. The adiponectin level was significantly correlated with the BMI, subcutaneous and visceral fat areas, post challenge 2 hr glucose, fasting insulin, GIR and SHBG. After adjustment for BMI, adiponectin was significantly correlated with the GIR in all subjects, including the controls. CONCLUSION: The serum adiponectin level was associated with and related to adiposity in women with PCOS; however, adiponectin might be associated with insulin resistance independently from adiposity

Relationship with Serum Adiponectin Concentrations and Obesity in Korean Children.: Hyoun Ah Kim, Hyoung Suk Lee, Chul Sik Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Dae Jung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(5):473-480. Published online October 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that is highly specific to adipose tissue. In contrast to other adipocytokine, the adiponectin levels are decreased in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. There are few studies regarding the correlation between the adiponectin concentration and obesity in children. Thus, whether the serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with adiposity in children was investigated. METHODS: One hundred and sixty four subjects were selected from the participants in an ongoing study on the relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in children. The current weights, heights, body fat percentages, waist circumferences, blood pressures, lipid profiles and insulin resistance, by the HOMA method, were measured in all the subjects. The serum adiponectin concentrations were determined by a validated sandwich ELISA, using a human adiponectin-specific antibody. RESULTS: The serum adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with the body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, insulin resistance by HOMA and serum triglycerides, and positively correlated with the serum HDL cholesterol level. The serum adiponectin concentrations in the boys were significantly lower than in the girls. In a multiple regression analysis, the serum adiponectin concentration was strongly associated with waist circumference and gender. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there was an inverse relationship between the serum adiponectin concentration and abdominal adiposity in children. However, further studies on independent gender differences on adiponectin are needed.

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