Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Association of Delayed Denosumab Dosing with Increased Risk of Fractures: A Population-Based Retrospective Study: Kyoung Min Kim, Seol A Jang, Nam Ki Hong, Chul Sik Kim, Yumie Rhee, Seok Won Park, Steven R. Cummings, Gi Hyeon Seo; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):946-955. Published online November 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2047

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Background
Inhibitory effects of denosumab on bone remodeling are reversible and disappear once treatment is discontinued. Herein, we examined whether and to what extent delayed denosumab administration is also associated with fracture risk using nation-wide data.
Methods
The study cohort included women aged 45 to 89 years who were started on denosumab for osteoporosis between October 2017 and December 2019 using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment service. Participants were stratified according to the time of their subsequent denosumab administration from the last denosumab administration, including those with within 30 days early dosing (ED30), within the planned time of 180–210 days (referent), within 30–90 days of delayed dosing (DD90), within 90–180 days of delayed dosing (DD180), and longer than 181 days of delayed dosing (DD181+). The primary outcome was the incidence of all clinical fractures.
Results
A total of 149,199 participants included and 2,323 all clinical fractures (including 1,223 vertebral fractures) occurred. The incidence of all fractures was significantly higher in the DD90 compared to reference group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.4). The risk of all fracture was even higher in the longer delayed DD180 group (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.3) and DD181+ group (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.2). Increased risks of fractures with delayed dosing were consistently observed for vertebral fractures.
Conclusion
Delayed denosumab dosing, even by 1 to 3 months, was significantly associated with increased fracture risk. Maintaining the correct dosing schedule should be emphasized when starting denosumab.

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Medication related osteonecrosis (MRONJ) in the management of CTIBL in breast and prostate cancer patients. Joint report by SIPMO AND SIOMMMS
Francesco Bertoldo, Cristina Eller-Vainicher, Vittorio Fusco, Rodolfo Mauceri, Jessica Pepe, Alberto Bedogni, Andrea Palermo, Umberto Romeo, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Giuseppina Campisi
Journal of Bone Oncology.2025; 50: 100656. CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Differential Impact of Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat on Bone Changes after Gastrectomy: Sungjoon Cho, Sungjae Shin, Seunghyun Lee, Yumie Rhee, Hyoung-Il Kim, Namki Hong; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(4):632-640. Published online July 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1956

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are crucial musculoskeletal complications in long-term survivors of gastric cancer. However, the relationship between changes in body composition after gastrectomy and bone loss has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether computed tomography (CT)-derived body composition parameters are associated with bone loss after gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical records and abdomen CT scans of patients who underwent gastrectomy at Yonsei University Severance Hospital between 2009 and 2018. Patients with non-metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and preoperative and postoperative non-contrast CT scans were analyzed. Section area of skeletal muscle (SMA), visceral fat (VFA), and subcutaneous fat (SFA) were assessed using semi-automatic segmentation software. Changes in trabecular bone attenuation of L1 mid-vertebra level (L1 Hounsfield units [HU]) were measured.
Results
Fifty-seven patients (mean age, 65.5±10.6; 70.2% males) were analyzed, and the median duration was 31 months. Fortyseven patients (82.5%) lost weight after gastrectomy. Baseline SMA and VFA did not differ between the bone loss and preserved groups; however, baseline SFA was significantly higher in the bone preserved group than in the bone loss group (P=0.020). In a multivariable linear regression model adjusted for confounding factors, one standard deviation higher VFA at baseline was associated with greater annualized L1 HU loss (%) (P=0.034). However, higher preoperative SFA was associated with protection against bone loss after gastrectomy (P=0.025).
Conclusion
Higher preoperative SFA exhibited a protective effect against bone loss after gastrectomy in patients with non-metastatic gastric cancer, whereas VFA exhibited a negative effect.

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Age-Dependent Association of Height Loss with Incident Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Korean Women: Chaewon Lee, Hye-Sun Park, Yumie Rhee, Namki Hong; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):669-678. Published online September 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1734

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Background
Height loss is a simple clinical measure associated with increased fracture risk. However, limited data exists on the association between height loss and fracture risk in postmenopausal Korean women. It is unknown whether this association varies with age.
Methods
Data on height loss over a 6-year period were collected from a community-based longitudinal follow-up cohort (Ansung cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study). Incident fractures were defined based on self-reported fractures after excluding those due to severe trauma or toes/fingers. The association between incident fractures and height loss was investigated using a Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
During a median follow-up of 10 years after the second visit, 259/1,806 participants (median age, 64 years) experienced incident fractures. Overall, a 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease in height (1.6 cm/median 5.8 years) was associated with 9% increased risk of fracture (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; P=0.037), which lost statistical significance after adjustment for covariates. When stratified into age groups (50–59, 60–69, 70 years or older), a 1 SD decrease in height remained a robust predictor of fracture in the 50 to 59 years age group after adjusting for covariates (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.52; P=0.003), whereas height loss was not an independent predictor of fracture in the 60 to 69 (aHR, 1.06; P=0.333) or the 70 years or older age groups (aHR, 1.05; P=0.700; P for interaction <0.05, for all).
Conclusion
Height loss during the previous 6 years was associated with an increased 10-year fracture risk in postmenopausal women in their 50s.

Citations

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Evolving trends of hand injuries in Korea (2010-2023): a comprehensive analysis and implications for hand surgeons
Daihun Kang
Archives of Hand and Microsurgery.2025; 30(1): 15. CrossRef
A Bone Health Optimization Framework for Malaysia: a position paper by the Malaysian Bone Health Optimization Network (MyBONe)
Joon-Kiong Lee, Juzaily Fekry Leong, Fu-Yuen Thong, Mohd Ariff Sharifudin, Azlina Amir Abbas, Nur Azree Ferdaus Kamudin, Sanjiv Rampal, Nor Faissal Yasin, Kwong-Weng Loh, Chee-Ken Chan, Paul James Mitchell
Archives of Osteoporosis.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Update on Preoperative Parathyroid Localization in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Hye-Sun Park, Namki Hong, Jong Ju Jeong, Mijin Yun, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):744-755. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1589

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Parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for primary hyperparathyroidism when the clinical criteria are met. Although bilateral neck exploration is traditionally the standard method for surgery, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, has been widely accepted with comparable curative outcomes. For successful MIP, accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions is essential. However, no consensus exists on the optimal approach for localization. Currently, ultrasonography and technetium-99m-sestamibi–single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography are widely accepted in most cases. However, exact localization cannot always be achieved, especially in cases with multiglandular disease, ectopic glands, recurrent disease, and normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, new modalities for preoperative localization have been developed and evaluated. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography and parathyroid venous sampling have demonstrated improvements in sensitivity and accuracy. Both anatomical and functional information can be obtained by combining these methods. As each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, the localization study should be deliberately chosen based on each patient’s clinical profile, costs, radiation exposure, and the availability of experienced experts. In this review, we summarize various methods for the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissues in primary hyperparathyroidism.

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Diagnostic Ability and Correlation of Digital 11C-Methionine PET/CT in Primary Hyperparathyroidism with Inconclusive Standard Imaging
Hee Beom Jeong, Yong-il Kim, Soyoon Yoon, Dong Yun Lee, Beom-Jun Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2025; 59(1): 72. CrossRef
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Friso M. van der Zant, Maurits Wondergem, Wouter A.M. Broos, Sergiy V. Lazarenko, Remco J.J. Knol
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2025; 46(1): 89. CrossRef
Navigating diagnostic dilemmas: Localizing parathyroid adenoma in the presence of MIBI-avid thyroid nodules: A case report and literature review
Zohreh Maghsoomi, Maryam Rafieemanesh, Atefeh kashanizadeh, Behnaz Boozari, Mohammad Reza Babaei, Neda Hatami, Mohammad E․ Khamseh, Mehran Arab-Ahmadi
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Localization in primary hyperparathyroidism
Piyush Aggarwal, Vinisha Gunasekaran, Ashwani Sood, Bhagwant Rai Mittal
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 39(2): 101967. CrossRef
Correlation between parathyroid adenoma volume and perioperative outcomes in primary hyperparathyroidism: Does the size matter?
Antonio Fiore, Sophie Eschlböck, Céline Carlen, Ioannis I. Lazaridis, Alexandros Lalos, Raoul Droeser, Tarik Delko, Alberto Posabella
Updates in Surgery.2025; 77(2): 381. CrossRef
Thyroid nodule with cytological outcome of indeterminate lesion with low risk of malignancy found to be parathyroid adenoma. A case report and minireview of literature
Letizia Meomartino, Mattia Rossi, Gloria Selvatico, Ruth Rossetto Giaccherino, Loredana Pagano
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Banyeswar Pal
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2025; 13(3): 1238. CrossRef
Getting the timing right: An implementation study and pre post audit to implement evidence-based parathyroid scan guidelines
Amanda Tunstall, Katherine Harding, Amy M Dennett, Annie K Lewis
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Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy: ultrasound as an accurate preoperative localization imaging modality
Mengyuan Zhou, Yudi He, Yanwen Luo, Ou Wang, Quan Liao, Yuxin Jiang, He Liu, Qingli Zhu
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Expression of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor on Normal and Abnormal Parathyroid and Thyroid Tissue
Anne L. Worth, Mesrop Ayrapetyan, Susan J. Maygarden, Zibo Li, Zhanhong Wu, Chris B. Agala, Lawrence T. Kim
Journal of Surgical Research.2024; 293: 618. CrossRef
Use of [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT in the detection of primary hyperparathyroidism in paediatrics: a case report
Helena Martínez Sánchez, Francisca Moreno Macián, Sara León Cariñena, Carmen de Mingo Alemany, Lidia Blasco González, Raquel Sánchez Vañó
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 37(6): 580. CrossRef
Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a tiny mediastinal parathyroid adenoma with non-localising imaging studies
Pedro Polastri Lima Peixoto, Daniella de Freitas Pereira Calheir Durço, Luiz Carlos Conti de Freitas
BMJ Case Reports.2024; 17(7): e258728. CrossRef
Risk factors of transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kang Ning, Yongchao Yu, Xinyi Zheng, Zhenyu Luo, Zan Jiao, Xinyu Liu, Yiyao Wang, Yarong Liang, Zhuoqi Zhang, Xianglin Ye, Weirui Wu, Jian Bu, Qiaorong Chen, Fuxiang Cheng, Lizhen Liu, Mingjie Jiang, Ankui Yang, Tong Wu, Zhongyuan Yang
International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(8): 5047. CrossRef
Bone Mineral Density and First Line Imaging with [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT in Normocalcemic and Hypercalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Results from a Single Center
Dagmar Schaffler-Schaden, Gregor Schweighofer-Zwink, Lukas Hehenwarter, Antje van der Zee-Neuen, Maria Flamm, Mohsen Beheshti, Christian Pirich
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Parathyroid Miss—Does it Exist? A Critical Review
Sunil Chumber, Gopal Puri, Reva S Sahu, Piyush Ranjan, Brijesh K Singh, Nishikant Damle
Indian Journal of Endocrine Surgery and Research.2024; 19(2): 70. CrossRef
A Rare Case of Hyperfunctioning Lipoadenoma Presenting as a Cystic Pararthyroid Lesion
Jinyoung Kim, Ohjoon Kwon, Tae-Jung Kim, So Lyung Jung, Eun Ji Han, Ki-Ho Song
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2023; 30(2): 201. CrossRef
Role of 18F-Fluorocholine Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computed Tomography (CT) in Diagnosis of Elusive Parathyroid Adenoma
Janan R Badier, Pokhraj P Suthar, Jagadeesh S Singh, Miral D Jhaveri
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pitfalls of DualTracer 99m-Technetium (Tc) Pertechnetate and Sestamibi Scintigraphy before Parathyroidectomy: Between Primary-Hyperparathyroidism-Associated Parathyroid Tumour and Ectopic Thyroid Tissue
Mara Carsote, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Oana-Claudia Sima, Eugenia Petrova, Anca-Pati Cucu, Claudiu Nistor
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Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Parathyroid Localization of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review
Max H. M. C. Scheepers, Zaid Al-Difaie, Lloyd Brandts, Andrea Peeters, Bjorn Winkens, Mahdi Al-Taher, Sanne M. E. Engelen, Tim Lubbers, Bas Havekes, Nicole D. Bouvy, Alida A. Postma
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Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Association of Shift Work with Normal-Weight Obesity in Community-Dwelling Adults: Chul Woo Ahn, Sungjae Shin, Seunghyun Lee, Hye-Sun Park, Namki Hong, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):781-790. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1532

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Background
Shift work is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, this association in the normal-weight population remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether shift work is associated with normal-weight obesity (NWO).
Methods
From the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) dataset (2008 to 2011), 3,800 full-time workers aged ≥19 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m² were analysed. We defined NWO as BMI ≤25 kg/m² and body fat percentage ≥25% in men and ≥37% in women. Working patterns were classified into “daytime,” “other than daytime,” and “shift.” Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between shift work and NWO.
Results
Shift work was associated with higher odds of NWO than daytime work (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.09) and night/evening work (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.14) after adjustment for type of work, working hours, age, sex, BMI, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and other sociodemographic factors. In subgroup analyses, the association between shift work and NWO was more robust in those aged ≥60 years and those working ≥56 hours/week.
Conclusion
Shift work was associated with NWO in community-dwelling Korean adults, independent of age, sex, BMI, and other covariates.

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The research progress and prospects of circadian rhythm in obesity: a bibliometric analysis
Ye Dou, Xiaojin Guo, Xuefei Wang, Aolong He, Fanghe Li, Kuo Gao
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Shift Work, Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits with Obesity Scales
Javier Tosoratto, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Ángel Arturo López-González, Daniela Vallejos, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, José Ignacio Ramirez-Manent
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Impaired Melatonin Secretion, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Night Shift Work
Sorina Hohor, Cristina Mandanach, Andreea Maftei, Corina Aurelia Zugravu, Marina Ruxandra Oțelea
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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Denosumab in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Prospective, Observational Study in South Korea: Yumie Rhee, Dong-Gune Chang, Jeonghoon Ha, Sooa Kim, Yusun Lee, Euna Jo, Jung-Min Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):497-505. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1427

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Background
The efficacy and safety of denosumab have been established in a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This postmarketing surveillance study was aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of denosumab in Korean real-world clinical practice.
Methods
Patients with osteoporosis who had received denosumab per the Korean approved indications in the postmarketing setting between September 2014 and September 2019 were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The secondary endpoint was the percent change from baseline in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck.
Results
Of the 3,221 patients enrolled, 3,185 were included in the safety analysis set; 2,973 (93.3%) were female, and the mean± standard deviation (SD) age was 68.9±9.9 years. The mean±SD study period was 350.0±71.4 days. AEs, fatal AEs, and ADRs occurred in 19.3%, 0.8%, and 1.6%, respectively. The most frequent AEs, occurring in >0.5% of patients, were dizziness (0.7%), arthralgia (0.7%), back pain (0.6%), and myalgia (0.6%). Hypocalcemia occurred in 0.3% of patients. There were no cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture. Mean±SD percent change from baseline in BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck was 7.3%±23.6%, 3.6%±31.4%, and 3.2%±10.7%, respectively.
Conclusion
The safety and effectiveness of denosumab in Korean patients with osteoporosis in this study were comparable with those in the Korean randomized controlled trial, with no new safety findings.

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Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab: Insights beyond 10 Years of Use
Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 47. CrossRef
Prevalence of denosumab-induced hypocalcemia: a retrospective observational study of patients routinely monitored with ionized calcium post-injection
Anna Spångeus, Johan Rydetun, Mischa Woisetschläger
Osteoporosis International.2024; 35(1): 173. CrossRef
Cost-consequence analysis of continuous denosumab therapy for osteoporosis treatment in South Korea
Seungju Cha, Minjeong Sohn, Hyowon Yang, Eric J. Yeh, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Hyemin Ku
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Denosumab and the Risk of Diabetes in Patients Treated for Osteoporosis
Huei-Kai Huang, Albert Tzu-Ming Chuang, Tzu-Chi Liao, Shih-Chieh Shao, Peter Pin-Sung Liu, Yu-Kang Tu, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(2): e2354734. CrossRef
A real-world disproportionality analysis of FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) events for denosumab
Yue He, Rong Zhang, Huarui Shen, Yingqi Liu
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Denosumab in Osteoporosis: Predicting Long-Term Efficacy beyond 10 Years
Jeongmin Lee, Youn-Ju Lee, Jeonghoon Ha
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2024; 31(3): 246. CrossRef
Adverse Effects of Denosumab in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A 20-Year Retrospective Single-Center Observation Study in Central Taiwan
Tsung-Yin Tsai, Zi-Hong You, Shang-Feng Tsai, Ming-Ju Wu, Tung-Min Yu, Ya-Wen Chuang, Yung-Chieh Lin, Ya-Lian Deng, Chiann-Yi Hsu, Cheng-Hsu Chen
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Persistence with Denosumab in Male Osteoporosis Patients: A Real-World, Non-Interventional Multicenter Study
Chaiho Jeong, Jeongmin Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwanhoon Jo, Yejee Lim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Tae-Seo Sohn, Ki-Ho Song, Moo Il Kang, Ki-Hyun Baek
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Effect of Denosumab on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Comparison with and without Calcium Supplementation in Patients on Standard Diets in Korea
Chaiho Jeong, Jinyoung Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Yejee Lim, Dong-Jun Lim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jeonghoon Ha
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(21): 6904. CrossRef
Denosumab

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Denosumab, an effective osteoporosis treatment option for men
Sung Hye Kong
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 37(5): 947. CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Computed Tomography-Derived Skeletal Muscle Radiodensity Is an Early, Sensitive Marker of Age-Related Musculoskeletal Changes in Healthy Adults: Yeon Woo Jung, Namki Hong, Joon Chae Na, Woong Kyu Han, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1201-1210. Published online December 13, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1206

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Background
A decrease in computed tomography (CT)-derived skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) reflects age-related ectopic fat infiltration of muscle, compromising muscle function and metabolism. We investigated the age-related trajectory of SMD and its association with vertebral trabecular bone density in healthy adults.
Methods
In a cohort of healthy adult kidney donors aged 19 to 69 years (n=583), skeletal muscle index (SMI, skeletal muscle area/height2), SMD, and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat (V/S) ratio were analyzed at the level of L3 from preoperative CT scans. Low bone mass was defined as an L1 trabecular Hounsfield unit (HU) <160 HU.
Results
L3SMD showed constant decline from the second decade (annual change –0.38% and –0.43% in men and women), whereas the decline of L3SMI became evident only after the fourth decade of life (–0.37% and –0.18% in men and women). One HU decline in L3SMD was associated with elevated odds of low bone mass (adjusted odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.13; P=0.003), independent of L3SMI, age, sex, and V/S ratio, with better discriminatory ability compared to L3SMI (area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve 0.68 vs. 0.53, P<0.001). L3SMD improved the identification of low bone mass when added to age, sex, V/S ratio, and L3SMI (category-free net reclassification improvement 0.349, P<0.001; integrated discrimination improvement 0.015, P=0.0165).
Conclusion
L3SMD can be an early marker for age-related musculoskeletal changes showing linear decline throughout life from the second decade in healthy adults, with potential diagnostic value for individuals with low bone mass.

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Connie Ju, Lawrence Yao, Se-Young Yoon, Leon Lenchik, Andrew Johnston, Laura T. Derry, Jason Hom, David Svec, Akshay S. Chaudhari, Robert D. Boutin
American Journal of Roentgenology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Atsushi Miki, Yasunaru Sakuma, Yukihiro Sanada, Jun Watanabe, Yasuharu Onishi, Noriki Okada, Toshio Horiuchi, Takahiko Omameuda, Takumi Teratani, Alan K. Lefor, Joji Kitayama, Naohiro Sata
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Weight‐adjusted waist as an integrated index for fat, muscle and bone health in adults
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Adrenal Gland
Metabolic Subtyping of Adrenal Tumors: Prospective Multi-Center Cohort Study in Korea: Eu Jeong Ku, Chaelin Lee, Jaeyoon Shim, Sihoon Lee, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Yumie Rhee, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Jung Soo Lim, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Wan Chun, Soon-Jib Yoo, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Ho Chan Cho, A Ram Hong, Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim, Man Ho Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1131-1141. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1149

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Background
Conventional diagnostic approaches for adrenal tumors require multi-step processes, including imaging studies and dynamic hormone tests. Therefore, this study aimed to discriminate adrenal tumors from a single blood sample based on the combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and machine learning algorithms in serum profiling of adrenal steroids.
Methods
The LC-MS-based steroid profiling was applied to serum samples obtained from patients with nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA, n=73), Cushing’s syndrome (CS, n=30), and primary aldosteronism (PA, n=40) in a prospective multicenter study of adrenal disease. The decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) were performed to categorize the subtypes of adrenal tumors.
Results
The CS group showed higher serum levels of 11-deoxycortisol than the NFA group, and increased levels of tetrahydrocortisone (THE), 20α-dihydrocortisol, and 6β-hydroxycortisol were found in the PA group. However, the CS group showed lower levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEA-S) than both the NFA and PA groups. Patients with PA expressed higher serum 18-hydroxycortisol and DHEA but lower THE than NFA patients. The balanced accuracies of DT, RF, and XGBoost for classifying each type were 78%, 96%, and 97%, respectively. In receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for CS, XGBoost, and RF showed a significantly greater diagnostic power than the DT. However, in ROC analysis for PA, only RF exhibited better diagnostic performance than DT.
Conclusion
The combination of LC-MS-based steroid profiling with machine learning algorithms could be a promising one-step diagnostic approach for the classification of adrenal tumor subtypes.

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Nathan Mullen, James Curneen, Padraig T Donlon, Punit Prakash, Irina Bancos, Mark Gurnell, Michael C Dennedy
Endocrine Reviews.2024; 45(1): 125. CrossRef
Steroid profiling in adrenal disease
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Jeonghoon Ha, Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Kyong Yeun Jung, Jeongmin Lee, Jong Han Choi, Seung Hun Lee, Namki Hong, Jung Soo Lim, Byung Kwan Park, Jung-Han Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jooyoung Cho, Mi-kyung Kim, Choon Hee Chung
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Special Article

Adrenal gland
Diagnosis for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Joint Position Statement of the Korean Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Task Force: Eu Jeong Ku, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Chang Ho Ahn, Kyung Ae Lee, Seung Hun Lee, You-Bin Lee, Kyeong Hye Park, Yun Mi Choi, Namki Hong, A Ram Hong, Sang-Wook Kang, Byung Kwan Park, Moon-Woo Seong, Myungshin Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Chan Kwon Jung, Young Seok Cho, Jin Chul Paeng, Jae Hyeon Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Yumie Rhee, Chong Hwa Kim, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):322-338. Published online April 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.908

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Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors but can be life-threatening. Although most PPGLs are benign, approximately 10% have metastatic potential. Approximately 40% cases are reported as harboring germline mutations. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of PPGLs is crucial. For more than 130 years, clinical, molecular, biochemical, radiological, and pathological investigations have been rapidly advanced in the field of PPGLs. However, performing diagnostic studies to localize lesions and detect metastatic potential can be still challenging and complicated. Furthermore, great progress on genetics has shifted the paradigm of genetic testing of PPGLs. The Korean PPGL task force team consisting of the Korean Endocrine Society, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Korean Society of Pathologists, and the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine has developed this position statement focusing on the comprehensive and updated diagnosis for PPGLs.

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Germline Mutations and Phenotypic Associations in Korean Patients With Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Multicenter Study and Literature Review
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Romolo M. DORIZZI, Vincenzo BRESCIA, Marina VITILLO, Ottavia PORZIO, Federica D’AURIZIO
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D. V. Rebrova, N. V. Vorokhobina
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A Ram Hong, Ho-Cheol Kang
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Yin Young Lee, Seung Min Chung
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 435. CrossRef
(Extremely rare intrapericardial location of paraganglioma)
Jaroslav Zajíc, Aleš Mokráček, Ladislav Pešl, Jiří Haniš, Dita Schaffelhoferová
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Naoki Okada, Akihiro Shioya, Sumihito Togi, Hiroki Ura, Yo Niida
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Chae Moon Hong, Young Jin Jeong, Hae Won Kim, Byeong-Cheol Ahn
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Yousun Ko, Heeryoel Jeong, Seungwoo Khang, Jeongjin Lee, Kyung Won Kim, Beom-Jun Kim
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International Journal of Thyroidology.2022; 15(1): 1. CrossRef
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Original Article

Clinical Study
Genetic Analysis and Clinical Characteristics of Hereditary Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Syndrome in Korean Population: Heewon Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Namki Hong, Saeam Shin, Jong-Rak Choi, Sang Wook Kang, Seung Tae Lee, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):858-872. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.683

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Background
Pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas (PPGL) are hereditary in approximately 30% to 40% cases. With the advancement of genetic analysis techniques, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), there were attempts to classify PPGL into molecular clusters. With NGS being applied to clinical settings recently, we aimed to review the results of genetic analysis, including NGS, and investigate the association with clinical characteristics in Korean PPGL patients.
Methods
We reviewed the medical records of PPGL patients who visited Severance hospital from 2006 to 2019. We documented the clinical phenotype of those who underwent targeted NGS or had known germline mutations of related genes.
Results
Among 57 PPGL patients, we found 28 pathogenic germline mutations of susceptibility genes. Before the targeted NGS was implemented, only obvious syndromic feature lead to the Sanger sequencing for the specific genes. Therefore, for the exact prevalence, only patients after the year 2017, when targeted NGS was added, were included (n=43). The positive germline mutations were found in 14 patients; thus, the incidence rate is 32.6%. Patients with germline mutations had a higher likelihood of family history. There were significant differences in the type of PPGLs, percentage of family history, metastasis rate, presence of other tumors, and biochemical profile among three molecular clusters: pseudohypoxic tricarboxylic acid cycle-related, pseudohypoxic von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1-related, and kinase-signaling group. Germline mutations were identified in seven PPGL-related genes (SDHB, RET, VHL, NF1, MAX, SDHA, and SDHD).
Conclusion
We report the expected prevalence of germline mutations in Korean PPGL patients. NGS is a useful and accessible tool for genetic analysis in patients with PPGLs, and further research on molecular classification is needed for precise management.

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Corrigendum

Miscellaneous
Corrigendum: IRB Approval Number Correction. Cardiac Dysfunction in Association with Increased Inflammatory Markers in Primary Aldosteronism: Jung Soo Lim, Sungha Park, Sung Il Park, Young Taik Oh, Eun Hee Choi, Jang Young Kim, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):671. Published online July 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.305; Corrects: Endocrinol Metab 2016;31(4):567

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Review Article

Miscellaneous
Machine Learning Applications in Endocrinology and Metabolism Research: An Overview: Namki Hong, Heajeong Park, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):71-84. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.71

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Machine learning (ML) applications have received extensive attention in endocrinology research during the last decade. This review summarizes the basic concepts of ML and certain research topics in endocrinology and metabolism where ML principles have been actively deployed. Relevant studies are discussed to provide an overview of the methodology, main findings, and limitations of ML, with the goal of stimulating insights into future research directions. Clear, testable study hypotheses stem from unmet clinical needs, and the management of data quality (beyond a focus on quantity alone), open collaboration between clinical experts and ML engineers, the development of interpretable high-performance ML models beyond the black-box nature of some algorithms, and a creative environment are the core prerequisites for the foreseeable changes expected to be brought about by ML and artificial intelligence in the field of endocrinology and metabolism, with actual improvements in clinical practice beyond hype. Of note, endocrinologists will continue to play a central role in these developments as domain experts who can properly generate, refine, analyze, and interpret data with a combination of clinical expertise and scientific rigor.

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Original Articles

Adrenal gland
Effects of Altered Calcium Metabolism on Cardiac Parameters in Primary Aldosteronism: Jung Soo Lim, Namki Hong, Sungha Park, Sung Il Park, Young Taik Oh, Min Heui Yu, Pil Yong Lim, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):485-492. Published online November 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.485

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Background

Increasing evidence supports interplay between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH), which may aggravate cardiovascular complications in various heart diseases. Negative structural cardiovascular remodeling by primary aldosteronism (PA) is also suspected to be associated with changes in calcium levels. However, to date, few clinical studies have examined how changes in calcium and PTH levels influence cardiovascular outcomes in PA patients. Therefore, we investigated the impact of altered calcium homeostasis caused by excessive aldosterone on cardiovascular parameters in patients with PA.

Methods

Forty-two patients (mean age 48.8±10.9 years; 1:1, male:female) whose plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio was more than 30 were selected among those who had visited Severance Hospital from 2010 to 2014. All patients underwent adrenal venous sampling with complete access to both adrenal veins.

Results

The prevalence of unilateral adrenal adenoma (54.8%) was similar to that of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Mean serum corrected calcium level was 8.9±0.3 mg/dL (range, 8.3 to 9.9). The corrected calcium level had a negative linear correlation with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, ρ=−0.424, P=0.031). Moreover, multivariable regression analysis showed that the corrected calcium level was marginally associated with the LVEDD and corrected QT (QTc) interval (β=−0.366, P=0.068 and β=−0.252, P=0.070, respectively).

Conclusion

Aldosterone-mediated hypercalciuria and subsequent hypocalcemia may be partly involved in the development of cardiac remodeling as well as a prolonged QTc interval, in subjects with PA, thereby triggering deleterious effects on target organs additively.

Citations

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Bone and mineral metabolism in patients with primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Anning Wang, Yuhan Wang, Hongzhou Liu, Xiaodong Hu, Jiefei Li, Huaijin Xu, Zhimei Nie, Lingjing Zhang, Zhaohui Lyu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Adrenal gland
C-Arm Computed Tomography-Assisted Adrenal Venous Sampling Improved Right Adrenal Vein Cannulation and Sampling Quality in Primary Aldosteronism: Chung Hyun Park, Namki Hong, Kichang Han, Sang-Wook Kang, Cho Rok Lee, Sungha Park, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):236-244. Published online May 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.236

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Background

Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is a gold standard for subtype classification of primary aldosteronism (PA). However, this procedure has a high failure rate because of the anatomical difficulties in accessing the right adrenal vein. We investigated whether C-arm computed tomography-assisted AVS (C-AVS) could improve the success rate of adrenal sampling.

Methods

A total of 156 patients, diagnosed with PA who underwent AVS from May 2004 through April 2017, were included. Based on the medical records, we retrospectively compared the overall, left, and right catheterization success rates of adrenal veins during the periods without C-AVS (2004 to 2010, n=32) and with C-AVS (2011 to 2016, n=124). The primary outcome was adequate bilateral sampling defined as a selectivity index (SI) >5.

Results

With C-AVS, the rates of adequate bilateral AVS increased from 40.6% to 88.7% (P<0.001), with substantial decreases in failure rates (43.7% to 0.8%, P<0.001). There were significant increases in adequate sampling rates from right (43.7% to 91.9%, P<0.001) and left adrenal veins (53.1% to 95.9%, P<0.001) as well as decreases in catheterization failure from right adrenal vein (9.3% to 0.0%, P<0.001). Net improvement of SI on right side remained significant after adjustment for left side (adjusted SI, 1.1 to 9.0; P=0.038). C-AVS was an independent predictor of adequate bilateral sampling in the multivariate model (odds ratio, 9.01; P<0.001).

Conclusion

C-AVS improved the overall success rate of AVS, possibly as a result of better catheterization of right adrenal vein.

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Utility of right adrenal signature veins in venous sampling for primary aldosteronism
Zhenglin Shen, Shaoyong Xu, Siyu Guan, Bo Chen, Qingan Li, Ming Yu, Zhao Gao
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Rui Zuo, Shuang Liu, Lu Xu, Hua Pang
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Site-Specific Difference of Bone Geometry Indices in Hypoparathyroid Patients: Hye-Sun Park, Da Hea Seo, Yumie Rhee, Sung-Kil Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):68-76. Published online February 6, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.68

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Background

Hypoparathyroid patients often have a higher bone mineral density (BMD) than the general population. However, an increase in BMD does not necessarily correlate with a solid bone microstructure. This study aimed to evaluate the bone microstructure of hypoparathyroid patients by using hip structure analysis (HSA).

Methods

Ninety-five hypoparathyroid patients >20 years old were enrolled and 31 of them had eligible data for analyzing bone geometry parameters using HSA. And among the control data, we extracted sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched three control subjects to each patient. The BMD data were reviewed retrospectively and the bone geometry parameters of the patients were analyzed by HSA.

Results

The mean Z-scores of hypoparathyroid patients at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip were above zero (0.63±1.17, 0.48±1.13, and 0.62±1.10, respectively). The differences in bone geometric parameters were site specific. At the femoral neck and intertrochanter, the cross-sectional area (CSA) and cortical thickness (C.th) were higher, whereas the buckling ratio (BR) was lower than in controls. However, those trends were opposite at the femoral shaft; that is, the CSA and C.th were low and the BR was high.

Conclusion

Our study shows the site-specific effects of hypoparathyroidism on the bone. Differences in bone components, marrow composition, or modeling based bone formation may explain these findings. However, further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism, and its relation to fracture risk.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Epidemiology and Financial Burden of Adult Chronic Hypoparathyroidism
Sigridur Bjornsdottir, Steven Ing, Deborah M Mitchell, Tanja Sikjaer, Line Underbjerg, Zaki Hassan-Smith, Jad Sfeir, Neil J Gittoes, Bart L Clarke L
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Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research.2018; 3: 51. CrossRef

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