Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Comprehensive Proteomics and Machine Learning Analysis to Distinguish Follicular Adenoma and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma from Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Hee-Sung Ahn, Eyun Song, Chae A Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Yu-Mi Lee, Tea-Yon Sung, Dong Eun Song, Jiyoung Yu, Ji Min Shin, Yeon-Sook Choi, Kyunggon Kim, Won Gu Kim; Received October 16, 2024 Accepted February 24, 2025 Published online April 10, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2208 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The preoperative diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is challenging because it cannot be readily distinguished from follicular adenoma (FA) or benign follicular nodular disease (FND) using the sonographic and cytological features typically employed in clinical practice.
Methods
We employed comprehensive proteomics and machine learning (ML) models to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers capable of classifying three subtypes: FTC, FA, and FND. Bottom-up proteomics techniques were applied to quantify proteins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) thyroid tissues. In total, 202 FFPE tissue samples, comprising 62 FNDs, 72 FAs, and 68 FTCs, were analyzed.
Results
Close spectrum-spectrum matching quantified 6,332 proteins, with approximately 9% (780 proteins) differentially expressed among the groups. When applying an ML model to the proteomics data from samples with preoperative indeterminate cytopathology (n=183), we identified distinct protein panels: five proteins (CNDP2, DNAAF5, DYNC1H1, FARSB, and PDCD4) for the FND prediction model, six proteins (DNAAF5, FAM149B1, RPS9, TAGLN2, UPF1, and UQCRC1) for the FA model, and seven proteins (ACTN4, DSTN, MACROH2A1, NUCB1, SPTAN1, TAGLN, and XRCC5) for the FTC model. The classifiers’ performance, evaluated by the median area under the curve values of the random forest models, was 0.832 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.824 to 0.839) for FND, 0.826 (95% CI, 0.817 to 0.835) for FA, and 0.870 (95% CI, 0.863 to 0.877) for FTC.
Conclusion
Quantitative proteome analysis combined with an ML model yielded an optimized multi‐protein panel that can distinguish FTC from benign subtypes. Our findings indicate that a proteomic approach holds promise for the differential diagnosis of FTC.

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Genetic Landscape and Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 in a Korean Cohort: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis: Boram Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Chang Ho Ahn, Han Na Jang, Sung Im Cho, Jee-Soo Lee, Yu-Mi Lee, Su-Jin Kim, Tae-Yon Sung, Kyu Eun Lee, Woochang Lee, Jung-Min Koh, Moon-Woo Seong, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):956-964. Published online November 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2008

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by tumors in multiple endocrine organs, caused by variants in the MEN1 gene. This study analyzed the clinical and genetic features of MEN1 in a Korean cohort, identifying prevalent manifestations and genetic variants, including novel variants.
Methods
This multicenter retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 117 MEN1 patients treated at three tertiary centers in Korea between January 2012 and September 2022. Patient demographics, tumor manifestations, outcomes, and MEN1 genetic testing results were collected. Variants were classified using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and French Oncogenetics Network of Neuroendocrine Tumors propositions (TENGEN) guidelines.
Results
A total of 117 patients were enrolled, including 55 familial cases, with a mean age at diagnosis of 37.4±15.3 years. Primary hyperparathyroidism was identified as the most common presentation (84.6%). The prevalence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) was 77.8% (n=91) and 56.4% (n=66), respectively. Genetic testing revealed 61 distinct MEN1 variants in 101 patients, with 18 being novel. Four variants were reclassified according to the TENGEN guidelines. Patients with truncating variants (n=72) exhibited a higher prevalence of PitNETs compared to those with non-truncating variants (n=25) (59.7% vs. 36.0%, P=0.040).
Conclusion
The association between truncating variants and an increased prevalence of PitNETs in MEN1 underscores the importance of genetic characterization in guiding the clinical management of this disease. Our study sheds light on the clinical and genetic characteristics of MEN1 among the Korean population.

Adrenal gland
The Modified S-GRAS Scoring System for Prognosis in Korean with Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Sun Kyung Baek, Seung Hun Lee, Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sung Hye Kong, Won Woong Kim, Yu-Mi Lee, Su Jin Kim, Dong Eun Song, Tae-Yon Sung, Kyu Eun Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jung-Min Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):803-812. Published online September 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2086

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Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare tumors with aggressive but varied prognosis. Stage, Grade, Resection status, Age, Symptoms (S-GRAS) score, based on clinical and pathological factors, was found to best stratify the prognosis of European ACC patients. This study assessed the prognostic performance of modified S-GRAS (mS-GRAS) scores including modified grade (mG) by integrating mitotic counts into the Ki67 index (original grade), in Korean ACC patients.
Methods
Patients who underwent surgery for ACC between January 1996 and December 2022 at three medical centers in Korea were retrospectively analyzed. mS-GRAS scores were calculated based on tumor stage, mG (Ki67 index or mitotic counts), resection status, age, and symptoms. Patients were divided into four groups (0–1, 2–3, 4–5, and 6–9 points) based on total mS-GRAS score. The associations of each variable and mS-GRAS score with recurrence and survival were evaluated using Cox regression analysis, Harrell’s concordance index (C-index), and the Kaplan–Meier method.
Results
Data on mS-GRAS components were available for 114 of the 153 patients who underwent surgery for ACC. These 114 patients had recurrence and death rates of 61.4% and 48.2%, respectively. mS-GRAS score was a significantly better predictor of recurrence (C-index=0.829) and death (C-index=0.747) than each component (P<0.05), except for resection status. mS-GRAS scores correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P=8.34E-24) and overall survival (P=2.72E-13).
Conclusion
mS-GRAS scores showed better prognostic performance than tumor stage and grade in Asian patients who underwent surgery for ACC.

Thyroid
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Thyroid Disease: A Single-Center Experience and Literature Review: Meihua Jin, Bictdeun Kim, Ahreum Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Young Jun Choi, Yu-Mi Lee, Dong Eun Song, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):312-322. Published online April 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1318

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Background
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is an entity that can involve the thyroid gland. The spectrum of IgG4-related thyroid disease (IgG4-RTD) includes Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and its fibrotic variant, Riedel thyroiditis, as well as Graves’ disease. The early diagnosis of IgG4-RTD is important because it is a medically treatable disease, and a delay in the diagnosis might result in unnecessary surgery. We present a case series of IgG4-RTD with a review of the literature.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentation and the radiological and pathological findings of patients diagnosed with IgG4-RTD between 2017 and 2021 at a tertiary medical center in Korea. We also conducted a literature review of IgG4-RTD.
Results
Five patients were diagnosed with IgG4-RTD during the study period. The patients’ age ranged from 31 to 76 years, and three patients were men. Most patients visited the clinic for a neck mass, and hypoechogenic nodular lesions were observed on neck ultrasonography. Three patients had IgG4 HT, and two patients had IgG4 Riedel thyroiditis. All patients developed hypothyroidism that necessitated L-thyroxine replacement. The diagnosis of IgG4-RTD was confirmed after a pathological examination of the surgical specimen in the first two cases. However, the early diagnosis was possible after a core needle biopsy in three clinically suspected patients.
Conclusion
The diagnosis of IgG4-RTD requires clinical suspicion combined with serology and histological analyses using IgG4 immunostaining. The early diagnosis of IgG4-RTD is difficult; thus, biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining and serum IgG4 measurements will help diagnose patients suspected of having IgG4-RTD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Are sonographic characteristics of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis related with immunologic parameters? A cross-sectional study
K. Kenarlı, A. B. Bahçecioğlu, Ö. B. Aksu, S. Güllü
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2024; 47(7): 1701. CrossRef
A machine learning-based diagnosis modeling of IgG4 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Chenxu Zhao, Zhiming Sun, Yang Yu, Yiwei Lou, Liyuan Liu, Ge Li, Jumei Liu, Lei Chen, Sainan Zhu, Yu Huang, Yang Zhang, Ying Gao
Endocrine.2024; 86(2): 672. CrossRef
Reshaping the Concept of Riedel’s Thyroiditis into the Larger Frame of IgG4-Related Disease (Spectrum of IgG4-Related Thyroid Disease)
Mara Carsote, Claudiu Nistor
Biomedicines.2023; 11(6): 1691. CrossRef

Adrenal Gland
Outcome-Based Decision-Making Algorithm for Treating Patients with Primary Aldosteronism: Jung Hee Kim, Chang Ho Ahn, Su Jin Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Jong Woo Kim, Hyun-Ki Yoon, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Jung-Min Koh, Seung Hun Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):369-382. Published online April 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1391

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Background
Optimal management of primary aldosteronism (PA) is crucial due to the increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is the gold standard method for determining subtype but is technically challenging and invasive. Some PA patients do not benefit clinically from surgery. We sought to develop an algorithm to improve decision- making before engaging in AVS and surgery in clinical practice.
Methods
We conducted the ongoing Korean Primary Aldosteronism Study at two tertiary centers. Study A involved PA patients with successful catheterization and a unilateral nodule on computed tomography and aimed to predict unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (n=367). Study B involved similar patients who underwent adrenalectomy and aimed to predict postoperative outcome (n=330). In study A, we implemented important feature selection using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression.
Results
We developed a unilateral PA prediction model using logistic regression analysis: lowest serum potassium level ≤3.4 mEq/L, aldosterone-to-renin ratio ≥150, plasma aldosterone concentration ≥30 ng/mL, and body mass index <25 kg/m2 (area under the curve, 0.819; 95% confidence interval, 0.774 to 0.865; sensitivity, 97.6%; specificity, 25.5%). In study B, we identified female, hypertension duration <5 years, anti-hypertension medication <2.5 daily defined dose, and the absence of coronary artery disease as predictors of clinical success, using stepwise logistic regression models (sensitivity, 94.2%; specificity, 49.3%). We validated our algorithm in the independent validation dataset (n=53).
Conclusion
We propose this new outcome-driven diagnostic algorithm, simultaneously considering unilateral aldosterone excess and clinical surgical benefits in PA patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Outcomes after medical treatment for primary aldosteronism: an international consensus and analysis of treatment response in an international cohort
Jun Yang, Jacopo Burrello, Jessica Goi, Martin Reincke, Christian Adolf, Evelyn Asbach, Denise Brűdgam, Qifu Li, Ying Song, Jinbo Hu, Shumin Yang, Fumitoshi Satoh, Yoshikiyo Ono, Renata Libianto, Michael Stowasser, Nanfang Li, Qing Zhu, Namki Hong, Drishy
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.2025; 13(2): 119. CrossRef
Bridging Global and Local Perspectives on Primary Aldosteronism
Ohk-Hyun Ryu
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 195. CrossRef
Subtype-specific Body Composition and Metabolic Risk in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism
Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sang Wan Kim, Ji Won Yoon, Jung Hee Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(2): e788. CrossRef
Correlation of Histopathologic Subtypes of Primary Aldosteronism with Clinical Phenotypes and Postsurgical Outcomes
Chang Ho Ahn, You-Bin Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Young Lyun Oh, Jung Hee Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(8): e1582. CrossRef
Predicting the resolution of hypertension following adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism: Controversies and unresolved issues a narrative review
Luigi Marzano
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic models to predict complete resolution of hypertension after adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Luigi Marzano, Amir Kazory, Faeq Husain‐Syed, Claudio Ronco
Clinical Endocrinology.2023; 99(1): 17. CrossRef
2023 Korean Endocrine Society Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Jeonghoon Ha, Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Kyong Yeun Jung, Jeongmin Lee, Jong Han Choi, Seung Hun Lee, Namki Hong, Jung Soo Lim, Byung Kwan Park, Jung-Han Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jooyoung Cho, Mi-kyung Kim, Choon Hee Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 597. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes of N1b Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated with Two Different Doses of Radioiodine Ablation Therapy: Meihua Jin, Jonghwa Ahn, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jin-Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):602-609. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.741

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Background
The optimal dose of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for N1b papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is controversial. We evaluated the clinical outcome of N1b PTC patients treated with either 100 or 150 mCi of RAI.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed N1b PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and postoperative RAI therapy at a tertiary referral center between 2012 and 2017. As the baseline characteristics differed between treatment groups, we performed exact matching for various pathological factors according to RAI dose. We evaluated the response to therapy and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the matched patients. Structural recurrent/persistent disease was defined as new structural disease detected after initial therapy, which was confirmed by cytology or pathology.
Results
Of the total 436 patients, 37 (8.5%) received 100 mCi of RAI and 399 (91.5%) received 150 mCi of RAI. After an exact 1:3 matching, 34 patients in the 100 mCi group and 100 patients in the 150 mCi group remained. There was no significant difference in response to therapy between the groups in the matched population (P=0.63). An excellent response was achieved in 70.6% (n=24) of patients in the 100 mCi group and 76.0% (n=76) in the 150 mCi group. Two (5.9%) patients in the 100 mCi group and four (4.0%) in the 150 mCi group had recurrence and there was no significant difference in RFS between the groups in the matched population (P=0.351).
Conclusion
There were no differences in response to therapy and RFS in N1b PTC patients according to RAI dose.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Radioactive iodine therapy dose impact on recurrence and survival in N1 papillary thyroid cancer
Elizabeth E. Odil, Katelyn R. Ward, Ryan T. Davis, Jordan M. Reilly, Fionna Sun, Heba Elassar, Morta Lapkus, Jacquelyn Pastewski, Diane M. Studzinski, Rose E. Callahan, Peter F. Czako, Sapna Nagar
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2025; 46(2): 113. CrossRef
Efficacy of Adjuvant Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Histological Variants of DTC: A Scoping Review
Brian A. Keith, Evan S. Chernov, Shaun A. Nguyen, Jyotika K. Fernandes, William G. Albergotti
Head & Neck.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Controversies in the Management of Intermediate-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
David Toro-Tobon, Juan P. Brito
Endocrine Practice.2024; 30(9): 879. CrossRef
The Definition of Recurrence of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Daniël J. van de Berg, Pedro M. Rodriguez Schaap, Faridi S. Jamaludin, Hanneke M. van Santen, Sarah C. Clement, Menno R. Vriens, A. S Paul van Trotsenburg, Christiaan F. Mooij, Eveline Bruinstroop, Schelto Kruijff, Robin P. Peeters, Frederik A. Verburg, R
Thyroid®.2024; 34(11): 1324. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Effectiveness of Injecting Cold 5% Dextrose into Patients with Nerve Damage Symptoms during Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation: Min Kyoung Lee, Jung Hwan Baek, Sae Rom Chung, Young Jun Choi, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):407-415. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.407

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Background
Although radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe treatment for thyroid tumors, nerve damage is a frequent complication. A previous retrospective study suggested that an injection of cold 5% dextrose in water (5% DW) can reduce nerve damage during RFA. This study validated the efficacy of injecting cold 5% DW for management of nerve damage during RFA.
Methods
Between November 2017 and December 2018, 242 patients underwent 291 RFA sessions for treatment of benign thyroid nodules or recurrent thyroid cancers. Using a standardized technique, cold (0°C to 4°C) 5% DW was immediately injected around the damaged nerve into patients with any symptoms suggesting nerve damage. The incidence of nerve damage, the volume of 5% DW injected, symptom recovery time and the incidence of permanent nerve damage were evaluated.
Results
Nineteen patients experienced nerve damage symptoms related to 21 RFA sessions, including 17 patients during 19 sessions and two patients on the day after two sessions. Patients with nerve damage symptoms detected during RFA were treated by injection of a mean 41 mL (range, 3 to 260) cold 5% DW, but the two patients who experienced symptoms the next day did not receive cold 5% DW injections. Immediate recovery was observed after 15 RFA sessions in 14 patients. No patient experienced permanent nerve damage.
Conclusion
Injection of cold 5% DW is effective in managing nerve damage during RFA of thyroid lesions.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation‐Thermal Effects on Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Using Continuous Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Animal Model
Tzu‐Yen Huang, Shih‐Wei Wang, Hsin‐Yi Tseng, Gregory W. Randolph, Gianlorenzo Dionigi, Yi‐Chu Lin, Cheng‐Hsun Chuang, I‐Cheng Lu, Chih‐Hung Lin, Leong‐Perng Chan, Feng‐Yu Chiang, Che‐Wei Wu
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2025; 172(1): 63. CrossRef
Radiofrequency Ablation for Recurrent Thyroid Cancers: 2025 Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Guideline
Eun Ju Ha, Min Kyoung Lee, Jung Hwan Baek, Hyun Kyung Lim, Hye Shin Ahn, Seon Mi Baek, Yoon Jung Choi, Sae Rom Chung, Ji-hoon Kim, Jae Ho Shin, Ji Ye Lee, Min Ji Hong, Hyun Jin Kim, Leehi Joo, Soo Yeon Hahn, So Lyung Jung, Chang Yoon Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee,
Korean Journal of Radiology.2025; 26(1): 10. CrossRef
The Role of Radiofrequency Ablation in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Meghal Shah, Catherine McManus
Surgical Clinics of North America.2024; 104(4): 779. CrossRef
Recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring by flexible laryngoscopy during thyroid radiofrequency ablation in the awake patient
Marsida Teliti, Antonio Occhini, Rodolfo Fonte, Laura Croce, Benedetto Calì, Federica Antonella Ripepi, Andrea Carbone, Mario Rotondi, Spyridon Chytiris
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-term clinical outcomes of thermal ablation for benign thyroid nodules and unresolved issues: a comprehensive systematic review
So Yeong Jeong, Jung Hwan Baek
La radiologia medica.2024; 130(1): 111. CrossRef
Clinical and Economic Evaluation of Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation vs. Parathyroidectomy for Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Cohort Study
Hui-hui Chai, Zhan-jing Dai, Bai Xu, Qiao-hong Hu, Hong-feng He, Ying Xin, Wen-wen Yue, Cheng-zhong Peng
Academic Radiology.2023; 30(11): 2647. CrossRef
Efficacy of single-session radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in rendering euthyroidism for persistent/relapsed Graves’ disease, a pilot study
Man Him Matrix Fung, Brian Hung Hin Lang
European Radiology.2023; 33(9): 6534. CrossRef
Radiofrequency Ablation of Cervical Thyroid Cancer Metastases—Experience of Endocrinology Practices in the United States
Shahzad Ahmad, Jules Aljammal, Ian Orozco, Sheharyar Raashid, Fizza Zulfiqar, Sean P Nikravan, Iram Hussain
Journal of the Endocrine Society.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: the value of anterolateral hydrodissection
So Yeong Jeong, Jung Hwan Baek, Sae Rom Chung, Young Jun Choi, Ki-Wook Chung, Tae Yong Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee
Ultrasonography.2023; 42(3): 432. CrossRef
Effective and Safe Application of Radiofrequency Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules
Jin Yong Sung
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2023; 84(5): 985. CrossRef
Assessment of thyroid-specific quality of life in patients with benign symptomatic thyroid nodules treated with radiofrequency or ethanol ablation: a prospective multicenter study
So Yeong Jeong, Eun Ju Ha, Jung Hwan Baek, Tae Yong Kim, Yu-Mi Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jeonghun Lee
Ultrasonography.2022; 41(1): 204. CrossRef
Management of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury During Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules
Jules Aljammal, Iram Hussain, Shahzad Ahmad
AACE Clinical Case Reports.2022; 8(2): 102. CrossRef
Thermal Ablation for the Management of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in the Era of Active Surveillance and Hemithyroidectomy
Sae Rom Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Young Jun Choi, Jeong Hyun Lee
Current Oncology Reports.2022; 24(8): 1045. CrossRef
Improving Voice Outcomes after Thyroid Surgery and Ultrasound-Guided Ablation Procedures
Pia Pace-Asciak, Jon O. Russell, Ralph P. Tufano
Frontiers in Surgery.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Using Intra‐Operative Laryngeal Ultrasonography as a Real‐Time Tool in Assessing Vocal Cord Function During Radiofrequency Ablation of the Thyroid Gland
Matrix Man Him Fung, Brian Hung Hin Lang
World Journal of Surgery.2022; 46(9): 2206. CrossRef
Long-term outcome of microwave ablation for benign thyroid nodules: Over 48-month follow-up study
Jia-Rui Du, Wen-Hui Li, Cheng-Hai Quan, Hui Wang, Deng-Ke Teng
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Continuous neuromonitoring during radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules provides objective evidence of laryngeal nerve safety
Catherine F. Sinclair, Maria J. Téllez, Roberto Peláez-Cruz, Alba Díaz-Baamonde, Sedat Ulkatan
The American Journal of Surgery.2021; 222(2): 354. CrossRef
Future Considerations and Directions for Thermal Ablative Technologies
Jonathon Russell, Catherine F. Sinclair
Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports.2021; 9(2): 210. CrossRef

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