Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Osteoporosis on Romosozumab Treatment Compared with Denosumab: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study: Seong Hee Ahn, Dachung Boo, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Hyemin Yoon, Chai Young Jung, Seng Chan You, Ji Seon Oh, Namki Hong; Received January 2, 2026 Accepted March 9, 2026 Published online May 15, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2026.2883 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Romosozumab, a potent anabolic agent for osteoporosis, has been associated with an increased risk of adjudicated cardiovascular events compared with alendronate in postmenopausal women, although such an association was not observed in a placebo-controlled trial. Evidence from real-world clinical practice remains limited.
Methods
In this multicenter observational study, we analyzed patients aged ≥50 years who were newly prescribed romosozumab 120 mg monthly or denosumab 60 mg every 6 months for osteoporosis at three tertiary hospitals in South Korea between January 1, 2020, and the end of each site’s data collection period. The primary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death) and all cardiovascular adverse events (CVAEs; MACE, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and non-coronary revascularization), assessed at 1- and 3-year follow-up. Large-scale 1:1 propensity score matching and Cox proportional hazards models were applied within a common data model framework with individual-level meta-analysis.
Results
A total of 4,896 patients were included in the MACE analysis (4,758 in the CVAE analysis). At 1 year, the incidence rate of MACE did not differ significantly between the romosozumab and denosumab groups (9.20 per 1,000 person-years vs. 6.43 per 1,000 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 3.19). The risk of CVAE was also similar between groups (16.23 per 1,000 person-years vs. 15.45 per 1,000 person-years; aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.78). At 3 years, no significant differences were observed for MACE (aHR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.79 to 2.88) or CVAE (aHR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.58).
Conclusion
In real-world clinical practice, romosozumab use was not associated with a statistically significant increase in cardiovascular risk compared with denosumab.

Mineral, bone & muscle Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Comprehensive Evaluation of Treatment Patterns in Postmenopausal Patients with Osteoporosis without Fractures: Insights from Tertiary Care Institutions and Nationwide OMOP-CDM Data: Kyoung Jin Kim, Dachung Boo, Jimi Choi, Hyemin Yoon, Chai Young Jung, Seong Hee Ahn, Namki Hong, Beom-Jun Kim, Ji Seon Oh, Seng Chan You; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(5):737-747. Published online May 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2252

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Background
Osteoporosis is a global health concern. Despite emerging treatment options for this condition, limited data are available on hospital practices in South Korea. This study addresses the need for a hospital network database that reflects changes in routine clinical practice for osteoporosis in a timely manner.
Methods
We analyzed prescription patterns for anti-osteoporosis medications (AOMs) in postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years diagnosed with osteoporosis between 2012 and 2021 using data from Osteoporosis Analysis and Surveillance Initiative using Standardized data (OASIS) (four tertiary hospitals in South Korea) and a nationwide database from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) Service. AOMs were categorized into antiresorptive and anabolic agents, with a focus on secular changes in the use of oral bisphosphonates, denosumab, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and anabolic agents.
Results
In the OASIS cohort, oral bisphosphonates were the most prescribed first-line AOM (49.0%), followed by denosumab (15.7%) and SERMs (18.0%). Denosumab use increased from 2% in 2016 to 40% in 2020, while oral bisphosphonate use declined from 69% in 2012 to 22% in 2021. The use of anabolic agents, including romosozumab and teriparatide, doubled to 6% after 2019. In the HIRA cohort, parenteral bisphosphonates were most common (54.3%), with significant denosumab use (17.3%).
Conclusion
Pronounced shifts in AOM prescription patterns were observed in South Korea, marked by a notable increase in denosumab prescriptions and a decline in bisphosphonate use. These trends highlight the impact of policy changes and clinical guidelines on osteoporosis treatment and may inform future management strategies.

Citations

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Comparison of the Efficacy of Denosumab and Alendronate in Improving Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis Patients and High-Risk Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kejia Zhu, Hang Li, Hui Zhang, Zongke Zhou, Bin Shen, Yong Nie
Clinical Drug Investigation.2026; 46(3): 243. CrossRef
Trends and prescribing patterns of antiosteoporosis medicines in Chinese patients: a real-world retrospective study
Shuo Zhang, Yuqing Fan, Mengyao Xue, Linfeng Jiang, Chen Mu, Nan Peng, Dongning Yao
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Unveiling Risk Factors for Treatment Failure in Patients with Graves’ Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea: Jung A Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Ji Hee Yu, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):125-134. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2093

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Background
Antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment is the preferred initial treatment for Graves’ disease (GD) in South Korea, despite higher treatment failure rates than radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy or thyroidectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of treatment failure associated with the primary modalities for GD treatment in real-world practice.
Methods
We included 452,001 patients diagnosed with GD between 2004 and 2020 from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database. Treatment failure was defined as switching from ATD, RAI, or thyroidectomy treatments, and for ATD specifically, inability to discontinue medication for over 2 years.
Results
Mean age was 46.2 years, with females constituting 70.8%. Initial treatments for GD included ATDs (98.0%), thyroidectomy (1.3%), and RAI (0.7%), with a noted increment in ATD application from 96.2% in 2004 to 98.8% in 2020. During a median follow- up of 8.5 years, the treatment failure rates were 58.5% for ATDs, 21.3% for RAI, and 2.1% for thyroidectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that the hazard ratio for treatment failure with ATD was 2.81 times higher than RAI. RAI treatments ≥10 mCi had 37% lower failure rates than doses <10 mCi.
Conclusion
ATDs are the most commonly used for GD in South Korea, followed by thyroidectomy and RAI. Although the risk of treatment failure for ATD is higher than that of RAI therapy, initial RAI treatment in South Korea is relatively limited compared to that in Western countries. Further studies are required to evaluate the cause of low initial RAI treatment rates in South Korea.

Citations

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Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86. CrossRef
Treatment of Graves’ Disease: Faster Remission or Longer but Safe, That Is the Question
Chan-Hee Jung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 70. CrossRef
Process to radioactive iodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: condemned or absolved?
Luigi Bartalena, Daniela Gallo, George J. Kahaly, Eliana Piantanida, Maria Laura Tanda
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2025; 48(9): 1927. CrossRef

Brief Report

Thyroid
Treatment Patterns and Preferences for Graves’ Disease in Korea: Insights from a Nationwide Cohort Study: Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Soo Myoung Shin, Jung A Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(4):659-663. Published online August 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2042

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Treatment patterns and preferences for patients with Graves’ disease (GD) vary across countries. In this study, we assessed the initial therapies and subsequent treatment modalities employed for GD in real-world clinical practice in Korea. We analyzed 452,001 patients with GD from 2004 to 2020, obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Initial treatments included antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy (98% of cases), thyroidectomy (1.3%), and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy (0.7%). The rates of initial treatment failure were 58.5% for ATDs, 21.3% for RAI, and 2.1% for thyroidectomy. Even among cases of ATD treatment failure or recurrence, the rates of RAI therapy remained low. Regarding initial treatment, the 5-year remission rate was 46.8% among patients administered ATDs versus 91.0% among recipients of RAI therapy; at 10 years, these rates were 59.2% and 94.0%, respectively. Our findings highlight a marked disparity in the use of RAI therapy in Korea compared to Western countries. Further research is required to understand the reasons for these differences in treatment patterns.

Citations

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Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86. CrossRef
Quality of life in refractory Graves’ hyperthyroidism: a cross-sectional study comparing long-term ATDs therapy versus L-T4 replacement after iodine-131
Anqi Yuan, Zhe Yan, Jialu Wu, Yifei Song, Hui Huang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
2025 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Hyperthyroidism
Kyeong Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Eu Jeong Ku, Hyun Woo Kwon, Jee Hee Yoon, Eun Kyung Lee, Won Woo Lee, Young Joo Park, Dong-Jun Lim, Sun Wook Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Yong Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Jee Soo Kim
International Journal of Thyroidology.2025; 18(1): 65. CrossRef
2025 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Hyperthyroidism
Kyeong Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Eu Jeong Ku, Hyun Woo Kwon, Jee Hee Yoon, Eun Kyung Lee, Won Woo Lee, Young Joo Park, Dong-Jun Lim, Sun Wook Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Yong Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Jee Soo Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(3): 342. CrossRef

Original Article

Mineral, Bone & Muscle Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea: Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):690-700. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1782

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Background
Acromegaly leads to various skeletal complications, and fragility fractures are emerging as a new concern in patients with acromegaly. Therefore, this study investigated the risk of fractures in Korean patients with acromegaly.
Methods
We used the Korean nationwide claims database from 2009 to 2019. A total of 931 patients with acromegaly who had never used an osteoporosis drug before and were treated with surgery alone were selected as study participants, and a 1:29 ratio of 26,999 age- and sex-matched osteoporosis drug-naïve controls without acromegaly were randomly selected from the database.
Results
The mean age was 46.2 years, and 50.0% were male. During a median follow-up of 54.1 months, there was no difference in the risks of all, vertebral, and non-vertebral fractures between the acromegaly and control groups. However, hip fracture risk was significantly higher (hazard ratio [HR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 5.65), and non-hip and non-vertebral fractures risk was significantly lower (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.98) in patients with acromegaly than in controls; these results remained robust even after adjustment for socioeconomic status and baseline comorbidities. Age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, fracture history, recent use of acid-suppressant medication, psychotropic medication, and opioids were risk factors for all fractures in patients with acromegaly (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Compared with controls, patients surgically treated for acromegaly had a higher risk of hip fractures. The risk factors for fracture in patients with acromegaly were consistent with widely accepted risk factors in the general population.

Citations

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Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86. CrossRef
Impact of splenectomy on fracture risk via the bone-immune axis: A nationwide Korean cohort study
Seonghyun Kang, Nak-Jun Choi, Kyungdo Han, Yebin Park, Changsin Lee, Sejong Jin, Ga Eun Nam, Jae-Woo Cho
Osteoporosis International.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Consensus on acromegaly complications: an update
Andrea Giustina, Luigi di Filippo, Maria Fleseriu, Rosario Pivonello, Stephan Petersenn, John Wass, Susan L. Samson, Alberto M. Pereira, Raúl M. Luque, Betina Biagetti, Maria Chiara Zatelli, Ken K Y Ho, Cesar L. Boguszewski, Aart Jan van der Lely, Mark Gu
Pituitary.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Acromegaly complications: an update
Andrea Giustina, Maria Fleseriu
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2026; 111(Supplement): S51. CrossRef
Long-Term Prognosis and Systemic Impact of Acromegaly: Analyses Utilizing Korean National Health Insurance Data
Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 1. CrossRef
Musculoskeletal disease in acromegaly—a population-based registry study
Christian Rosendal, Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg, Eigil Husted Nielsen, Claus Larsen Feltoft, Åse Krogh Rasmussen, Marianne Skovsager Andersen, Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, Jakob Dal
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 192(3): 308. CrossRef
Growth Hormone and Bone: Preclinical and Clinical Perspectives
Kevin C.J. Yuen
Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(9): 1197. CrossRef
Bone Health in Acromegaly
Maria Francesca Birtolo, Simona Jaafar, Giacomo Cristofolini, Gherardo Mazziotti, Andrea G. Lania
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.2025; 54(4): 637. CrossRef
Osteoporosis and fragility fractures in patients with acromegaly: A two-center cross-sectional study
Mauricio Alvarez, Juliana Rincon, Maria Mercedes Ulloa, Oswaldo Rincon, Liliana Mejia, Alejandra Alvarado, Andres Pereira, Mónica Bernal
World Journal of Orthopedics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel approach to bone comorbidity in resistant acromegaly
Stefano Frara, Matteo Acanfora, Vincenzo Franzese, Maria Luisa Brandi, Marco Losa, Andrea Giustina
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 813. CrossRef

Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Identification of Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles by a Wearable Activity Tracker in Type 2 Diabetes: A Machine Learning-Based Analysis: Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung-Been Lee, Jimi Choi, Ju Yeon Seo, Ji Won Yeom, Chul-Hyun Cho, Jae Hyun Bae, Sin Gon Kim, Heon-Jeong Lee, Nam Hoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):547-551. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1479

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Lifestyle is a critical aspect of diabetes management. We aimed to define a healthy lifestyle using objectively measured parameters obtained from a wearable activity tracker (Fitbit) in patients with type 2 diabetes. This prospective observational study included 24 patients (mean age, 46.8 years) with type 2 diabetes. Expectation–maximization clustering analysis produced two groups: A (n=9) and B (n=15). Group A had a higher daily step count, lower resting heart rate, longer sleep duration, and lower mean time differences in going to sleep and waking up than group B. A Shapley additive explanation summary analysis indicated that sleep-related factors were key elements for clustering. The mean hemoglobin A1c level was 0.3 percentage points lower at the end of follow-up in group A than in group B. Factors related to regular sleep patterns could be possible determinants of lifestyle clustering in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Artificial Intelligence Enabled Lifestyle Medicine in Diabetes Care: A Narrative Review
Juan P. González-Rivas, Seyed Arsalan Seyedi, Jeffrey I. Mechanick
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of artificial intelligence and wearable technology in the management of diabetes and prediabetes
Raphael A. Fraser, Rebekah J. Walker, Jennifer A. Campbell, Obinna Ekwunife, Leonard E. Egede
npj Digital Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluating impact of movement on diabetes via artificial intelligence and smart devices systematic literature review
Sayna Rotbei, Wei Hsuan Tseng, Beatriz Merino-Barbancho, Muhammad Salman Haleem, Luis Montesinos, Leandro Pecchia, Giuseppe Fico, Alessio Botta
Expert Systems with Applications.2024; 257: 125058. CrossRef
Rethink nutritional management in chronic kidney disease care
Fangyue Chen, Krit Pongpirul
Frontiers in Nephrology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of a Wearable Device–Based Physical Activity Intervention in North Korean Refugees: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Ji Yoon Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jinhee Seo, Jung-Been Lee, Jae Hyun Bae, Nam Hoon Kim, Hee Young Kim, Soo-Kyung Lee, Sin Gon Kim
Journal of Medical Internet Research.2023; 25: e45975. CrossRef

Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk and Risk Factors for Postpartum Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Korean Nationwide Cohort Study: Mi Jin Choi, Jimi Choi, Chae Weon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):112-123. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1276

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Background
There are differences in risk and risk factor findings of postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after gestational diabetes depending on study design and subjects of previous studies. This study aimed to assess these risk and risk factors more accurately through a population-based study to provide basic data for prevention strategies.
Methods
This open retrospective cohort included data of 419,101 women with gestational diabetes and matched 1,228,802 control women who delivered between 2004 and 2016 from the South Korea National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service. Following 14 (median 5.9) years of follow-up, the incidence and hazard ratio (HR) of postpartum T2DM were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional regression models.
Results
The incidence and HR of postpartum T2DM in women with gestational diabetes (compared to women without gestational diabetes) after the 14-year follow-up was 21.3% and 2.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.74 to 2.82), respectively. Comorbid obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m²) increased postpartum T2DM risk 7.59 times (95% CI, 7.33 to 7.86). Significant risk factors for postpartum T2DM were fasting glucose level, BMI, age, family history of diabetes, hypertension, and insulin use during pregnancy.
Conclusion
This population-based study showed higher postpartum T2DM risk in women with gestational diabetes than in those without, which was further increased by comorbid obesity. BMI and fasting glucose level were important postpartum risk factors. The management of obesity and glycemic control may be important strategies to prevent the incidence of diabetes after delivery.

Citations

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Metabolic trajectory from gestational to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tsegaamlak Kumelachew Derse, Desalegn Mitiku Kide, Addisu Simachew Asgai, Jenberu Mekurianew Kelkay
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2026; 238: 113317. CrossRef
Pregnancy with multiple high-risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yue Zhang, Weijie Ding, Tingting Wu, Songtao Wu, Hui Wang, Muhammad Fawad, Akilew Awoke Adane, Xiaochen Dai, Xiaoqin Zhu, Xiaolin Xu
Journal of Global Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of 52-week liraglutide treatment on diabetes risk and glycaemic control in women with obesity and prior gestational diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Roosa Perämäki, Meri-Maija Ollila, Janne Hukkanen, Marja Vääräsmäki, Jukka Uotila, Saara Metso, Heidi Hakkarainen, Reeta Rintamäki, Eliisa Löyttyniemi, Heidi Immonen, Risto Kaaja
Obesity Medicine.2025; 54: 100596. CrossRef
Association between protein intake and sources in mid-pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Rui Wang, Xingyi Jin, Jian Zhu, Xiaocheng Li, Jian Chen, Chunyan Yuan, Xiaoli Wang, Yufeng Zheng, Shaokang Wang, Guiju Sun
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors influencing healthy dietary behavior changes among patients with gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy: A meta‐synthesis using the theoretical domains framework
Qianqian Li, Yueshuai Pan, Yi Li, Ruting Gu, Jingyuan Wang, Yan Zhang, Xinwei Zhang, Yuan Zhu, Lili Wei
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical guidelines for women with a history of gestational diabetes and their offspring
Maryam Zahedi, Samira Eshghinia, Marzieh Zanganeh, Zahra Sabzi, Omid NikPayam, Mahdi Habibi Koolaee
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Antenatal factors and risk of postpartum hyperglycemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A central India prospective cohort study
Nilajkumar Bagde, Madhuri Bagde, Vijayalakshmi Shanbhag, Pragati Trigunait, Nagma Sheikh, Sarita Agrawal
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2024; 13(1): 59. CrossRef
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(5): 669. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kaiqi Chen, Lichao Tang, Xinwei Wang, Yunhua Li, Xijian Zhang, Shikui Cui, Wei Chen, Zhao Jin, Danping Zhu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of nutrigenomics, melatonin, serotonin and inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Danielle Cristina Honorio França, Eduardo Luzía França, Luis Sobrevia, Angélica Mércia Pascon Barbosa, Adenilda Cristina Honorio-França, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2023; 1869(6): 166737. CrossRef
Risk factors associated with early postpartum glucose intolerance in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhe Liu, Qianghuizi Zhang, Leyang Liu, Weiwei Liu
Endocrine.2023; 82(3): 498. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
How Can We Adopt the Glucose Tolerance Test to Facilitate Predicting Pregnancy Outcome in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?: Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Ju Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):988-996. Published online October 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1107

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Background
We investigated how 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results can be used to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients.
Methods
We analyzed 1,059 pregnant women who completed the 100-g OGTT between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. We compared the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes according to OGTT patterns by latent profile analysis (LPA), numbers to meet the OGTT criteria, and area under the curve (AUC) of the OGTT graph. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as a composite of preterm birth, macrosomia, large for gestational age, low APGAR score at 1 minute, and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Results
Overall, 257 participants were diagnosed with GDM, with a median age of 34 years. An LPA led to three different clusters of OGTT patterns; however, there were no significant associations between the clusters and adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjusting for confounders. Notwithstanding, the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome increased with an increase in number to meet the OGTT criteria (P for trend=0.011); odds ratios in a full adjustment model were 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 2.23), 2.16 (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.85), and 2.32 (95% CI, 0.66 to 8.15) in those meeting the 2, 3, and 4 criteria, respectively. The AUCs of the OGTT curves also distinguished the patients at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes; the larger the AUC, the higher the risk (P for trend=0.007).
Conclusion
The total number of abnormal values and calculated AUCs for the 100-g OGTT may facilitate tailored management of patients with GDM by predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Tesfa D Habtewold, Richard J Biedrzycki, Prabhavi Wijesiriwardhana, Nigus G Asefa, Fasil Tekola-Ayele
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2026; 111(6): 1564. CrossRef
Association between area under the curve of oral glucose tolerance test and the risk of preterm birth among women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a mediation effect of gestational weight gain
Jing Liu, Huibin Li, Xue Wang, Beibei Liu, Dan He, Gang Zhang, Yan Gao
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Association between the glucose pattern in oral glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes among non-diabetic women
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Phaik Ling Quah, Lay Kok Tan, Serene Pei Ting Thain, Ngee Lek, Shephali Tagore, Bernard Su Min Chern, Seng Bin Ang, Ann Wright, Michelle Jong, Kok Hian Tan
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1262. CrossRef
Risk factors combine in a complex manner in assessment for macrosomia
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BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yan Chen, Yiwen Wang, Yanjun Li, Guodong Ding, Yongjun Zhang
Nutrients.2023; 15(14): 3104. CrossRef

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