Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Miscellaneous
Development of a Long-Acting Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Using Serum Albumin Fab-Associated Technology for Female Infertility: Daham Kim, Yoon Hee Cho, Min Jeong Kang, So Jeong Lee, Soohyun Lee, Bo Hyon Yun, Hyunjin Chi, Jeongsuk An, Kyungsun Lee, Jaekyu Han, Susan Chi, Moo Young Song, Sang-Hoon Cha, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):146-155. Published online December 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2090

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH) is commonly used to treat female infertility, but its short half-life necessitates multiple doses. Even corifollitropin alfa, with an extended half-life, requires supplementary injections of rhFSH after 7 days. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a long-acting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) formulation using anti-serum albumin Fab-associated (SAFA) technology to avoid additional injections and enhance ovarian function.
Methods
SAFA-FSH was synthesized using a Chinese hamster ovary expression system. Its biological efficacy was confirmed through assays measuring its ability to stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, estradiol synthesis, and the expression of human cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (hCYP19α1) and human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (hSTAR) in human ovarian granulosa (KGN) cells. To evaluate the effects of SAFA-FSH, we compared its impact on serum estradiol levels and ovarian weight increase with that of rhFSH in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using the modified Steelman-Pohley test.
Results
The results indicated that SAFA-FSH induces cAMP synthesis in KGN cells and upregulates the expression of hCYP19α1 and hSTAR in a dose-dependent manner. Female SD rats, aged 21 days, receiving daily subcutaneous human chorionic gonadotropin injections for 5 days exhibited a significant increase in serum estradiol levels and ovarian weight when administered SAFA-FSH on the first day or when given nine injections of rhFSH over 5 days. Notably, the group receiving SAFA-FSH on the first and third days demonstrated an even greater rise in serum estradiol levels and ovarian weight.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that SAFA-FSH presents a promising alternative to current rhFSH treatments for female infertility. However, further research is essential to thoroughly assess its safety and efficacy in clinical contexts.

Clinical Study
Associations of GNAS Mutations with Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma: Hyein Jung, Kyungwon Kim, Daham Kim, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Se Hoon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):342-350. Published online March 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.875

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Background
The guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene has been associated with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. We investigated the prevalence of GNAS mutations in Korean patients with acromegaly and assessed whether mutation status correlated with biochemical or clinical characteristics.
Methods
We studied 126 patients with acromegaly who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2014 at Severance Hospital. We performed GNAS gene analysis and evaluated age, sex, hormone levels, postoperative biochemical remission, and immunohistochemical staining results of the tumor.
Results
GNAS mutations were present in 75 patients (59.5%). Patients with and without GNAS mutations showed similar age distribution and Knosp classification. The proportion of female patients was 76.5% and 48.0% in the GNAS-negative and GNAS-mutation groups, respectively (P=0.006). In immunohistochemical staining, the GNAS-mutation group showed higher GH expression in pituitary tumor tissues than the mutation-negative group (98.7% vs. 92.2%, P=0.015). Patients with GNAS mutations had higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels (791.3 ng/mL vs. 697.0 ng/mL, P=0.045) and lower immediate postoperative basal (0.9 ng/mL vs. 1.0 ng/mL, P=0.191) and nadir GH levels (0.3 ng/mL vs. 0.6 ng/mL, P=0.012) in oral glucose tolerance tests. Finally, the GNAS-mutation group showed significantly higher surgical remission rates than the mutation-negative group, both at 1 week and 6 months after surgical resection (70.7% vs. 54.9%, P=0.011; 85.3% vs. 82.4%, P=0.007, respectively).
Conclusion
GNAS mutations in GH-secreting pituitary tumors are associated with higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and surgical remission rates and lower immediate postoperative nadir GH levels. Thus, GNAS mutation status can predict surgical responsiveness in patients with acromegaly.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Contract to kill: GNAS mutation
Pratima Raut, Poompozhil Mathivanan, Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
Molecular Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diagnosis in acromegaly and gigantism: From research to clinical practice
Claudia Ramírez-Rentería, Laura C. Hernández-Ramírez
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 38(3): 101892. CrossRef
Unlocking the Genetic Secrets of Acromegaly: Exploring the Role of Genetics in a Rare Disorder
Ioana Balinisteanu, Lavinia Caba, Andreea Florea, Roxana Popescu, Laura Florea, Maria-Christina Ungureanu, Letitia Leustean, Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza, Cristina Preda
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(8): 9093. CrossRef
Advancements in Molecular Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies for Invasive Pituitary Adenomas
Dingkai Xu, Ling Wang, Maohua Zheng
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
GNAS mutations suppress cell invasion by activating MEG3 in growth hormone–secreting pituitary adenoma
CHAO TANG, CHUNYU ZHONG, JUNHAO ZHU, FENG YUAN, JIN YANG, YONG XU, CHIYUAN MA
Oncology Research.2024; 32(6): 1079. CrossRef
CD8/PD-L1 immunohistochemical reactivity and gene alterations in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Haruto Nishida, Yoshihiko Kondo, Takahiro Kusaba, Kazuhiro Kawamura, Yuzo Oyama, Tsutomu Daa, Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0281647. CrossRef
Dynamic monitoring of circulating tumor DNA to analyze genetic characteristics and resistance profile of lorlatinib in ALK positive previously treated NSCLC
Xiya Ma, Kun Zhang, Jing Xu, Hongjun Gao, Shaoxing Yang, Haifeng Qin, Hong Wang, Fang Gao, Xiaoqing Liu
Thoracic Cancer.2023; 14(20): 1980. CrossRef
Multiomics Approach to Acromegaly: Unveiling Translational Insights for Precision Medicine
Kyungwon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 463. CrossRef
Hotspots of Somatic Genetic Variation in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors
Mariana Torres-Morán, Alexa L. Franco-Álvarez, Rosa G. Rebollar-Vega, Laura C. Hernández-Ramírez
Cancers.2023; 15(23): 5685. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Lactate Dehydrogenase A as a Potential New Biomarker for Thyroid Cancer: Eun Jeong Ban, Daham Kim, Jin Kyong Kim, Sang-Wook Kang, Jandee Lee, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Woong Youn Chung, Kunhong Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):96-105. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.819

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210 Download
21 Web of Science
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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Several cancers show increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which are associated with cancer progression. However, it remains unclear whether LDHA levels are associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) aggressiveness or with the presence of the PTC prognostic marker, the BRAFV^600E mutation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of LDHA as a PTC prognostic marker.
Methods
LDHA expression was examined in 83 PTC tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry. Human thyroid cell lines were genetically manipulated to overexpress BRAFV^600E or were treated with a BRAF-specific short hairpin RNA (shBRAF), whose effects on LDHA expression were evaluated by Western blotting. Data from 465 PTC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and analyzed to validate the in vitro results.
Results
LDHA was aberrantly overexpressed in PTC. Intense immunostaining for LDHA was observed in PTC specimens carrying mutated BRAF, whereas the intensity was less in wild-type BRAF samples. Overexpression of BRAFV^600E resulted in LDHA upregulation, whereas treatment with shBRAF downregulated LDHA in human thyroid cell lines. Furthermore, LDHA mRNA expression was significantly elevated and associated with BRAFV^600E expression in thyroid cancer tissues from TCGA database. Additionally, LDHA overexpression was found to be correlated with aggressive clinical features of PTC, such as lymph node metastases and advanced tumor stages.
Conclusion
LDHA overexpression is associated with the BRAFV^600E mutation and an aggressive PTC behavior. Therefore, LDHA may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target in PTC.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Emerging Potential of Metabolomics in Thyroid Cancer—A Comprehensive Review
Sonam Kumari, Andrew Makarewicz, Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
Cancers.2025; 17(6): 1017. CrossRef
The Influence of Glycolytic Enzyme Expression on the Aggressiveness of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Using TCGA Data
Won Woong Kim, Daham Kim, Jin Kyong Kim, Sang-Wook Kang, Jandee Lee, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Woong Youn Chung
Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2025; 25(1): 13. CrossRef
Emerging Mechanisms of Lactate Regulation of Biological Processes
Emma C. Fink, Edward T. Chouchani
Annual Review of Cancer Biology .2025; 9(1): 307. CrossRef
Integrated proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of papillary thyroid cancer with different recurrence risks
Ning Qu, Di Chen, Ben Ma, Lijun Zhang, Qiuping Wang, Yuting Wang, Hongping Wang, Zhaoxian Ni, Wen Wang, Tian Liao, Jun Xiang, Yulong Wang, Shi Jin, Dixin Xue, Weili Wu, Yu Wang, Qinghai Ji, Hui He, Hai-long Piao, Rongliang Shi
Nature Communications.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Fibroblast growth factor pathway promotes glycolysis by activating LDHA and suppressing LDHB in a STAT1-dependent manner in prostate cancer
Yongkang Ye, Fukan Yang, Zhanhao Gu, Wenxuan Li, Yinjiao Yuan, Shaoqian Liu, Le Zhou, Bo Han, Ruinian Zheng, Zhengguo Cao
Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Lactate Dehydrogenase A is Associated with Elevated FDG Metabolism, Radioiodine Non-avidity, and Poor Prognosis in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Tian Tian, Hongyuan Dai, Mengni Zhang, Minggang Su, Xueqin Chen, Rui Huang
Academic Radiology.2024; 31(10): 4011. CrossRef
Peripheral lymphocytes and lactate dehydrogenase correlate with response and survival in head and neck cancers treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Cassie Pan, Qian Vicky Wu, Jenna Voutsinas, Jeffrey J. Houlton, Brittany Barber, Zain H. Rizvi, Emily Marchiano, Neal Futran, George E. Laramore, Jay J. Liao, Upendra Parvathaneni, Renato G. Martins, Jonathan R. Fromm, Cristina P. Rodriguez
Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(8): 9384. CrossRef
LncRNA GLTC targets LDHA for succinylation and enzymatic activity to promote progression and radioiodine resistance in papillary thyroid cancer
Liang Shi, Rui Duan, Zhenhua Sun, Qiong Jia, Wenyu Wu, Feng Wang, Jianjun Liu, Hao Zhang, Xue Xue
Cell Death & Differentiation.2023; 30(6): 1517. CrossRef
Integrated analysis of circulating and tissue proteomes reveals that fibronectin 1 is a potential biomarker in papillary thyroid cancer
Guochao Ye, Xiaomei Zhang, Mansheng Li, Zixiang Lin, Yongcan Xu, Haoru Dong, Jie Zhou, Jiaqi Zhang, Sheng Wang, Yunping Zhu, Xiaobo Yu, Xu Qian
BMC Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting metabolism by B-raf inhibitors and diclofenac restrains the viability of BRAF-mutated thyroid carcinomas with Hif-1α-mediated glycolytic phenotype
Marianna Aprile, Simona Cataldi, Caterina Perfetto, Antonio Federico, Alfredo Ciccodicola, Valerio Costa
British Journal of Cancer.2023; 129(2): 249. CrossRef
circNFATC3 facilitated the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the miR-520h/LDHA axis
Hongguo Xie, Xiaopeng Lu
Open Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential role of reprogrammed glucose metabolism: an emerging actionable codependent target in thyroid cancer
Sai-li Duan, Min Wu, Zhe-Jia Zhang, Shi Chang
Journal of Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
CENPE and LDHA were potential prognostic biomarkers of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Hui-feng Wu, Hao Liu, Zhe-wei Zhang, Ji-min Chen
European Journal of Medical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Classification for Staging and Managing Patients with Biopolymer-induced Human Adjuvant Disease
Jaime Eduardo Pachón Suárez, Marcela C. Salazar, Victor Z. Rizo
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open.2022; 10(2): e4137. CrossRef
Development of Metabolic Synthetic Lethality and Its Implications for Thyroid Cancer
Sang-Hyeon Ju, Seong Eun Lee, Yea Eun Kang, Minho Shong
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(1): 53. CrossRef
Drug delivery for metabolism targeted cancer immunotherapy
Taravat Khodaei, Sahil Inamdar, Abhirami P. Suresh, Abhinav P. Acharya
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Sulfur quantum dot based fluorescence assay for lactate dehydrogenase activity detection
Shengnan Fan, Xiaoqing Li, Fanghui Ma, Minghui Yang, Juan Su, Xiang Chen
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry.2022; 430: 113989. CrossRef
STAT3/LINC00671 axis regulates papillary thyroid tumor growth and metastasis via LDHA-mediated glycolysis
Nan Huo, Rui Cong, Zhi-jia Sun, Wen-chao Li, Xiang Zhu, Chun-yuan Xue, Zhao Chen, Lu-yuan Ma, Zhong Chu, Yu-chen Han, Xiao-feng Kang, Song-hao Jia, Nan Du, Lei Kang, Xiao-jie Xu
Cell Death & Disease.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
80MAP17 promotes the tumorigenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma by reducing the stability of p53
Kun Yu, Hongjiang Lu, Yanhong Chen, Ying Xin, Zhuo Tan, Qiong Yang
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Case Report

1-34 PTH Could Reverse Impaired Bone Mineralization Induced By the Overdose of Bisphosphonate.: Kyeong Hye Park, Kwang Joon Kim, Han Seok Choi, Kyoung Min Kim, Eun Young Lee, Seonhui Han, Hyun Sil Kim, Daham Kim, Hannah Seok, Eun Yeong Choe, Yumie Rhee, Sung Kil Lim; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):247-250. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.247

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Abstract PDF: Bisphosphonates are the mainstay of osteoporosis treatment. Despite the fact that bisphosphonates have a relatively good safety record and are tolerated well by the majority of patients, serious adverse events have been associated with their use. A 41-year-old man had been diagnosed with osteoporosis and had taken etidronate 200 mg/day daily for 2 years due to the judgmental error. He was referred for the management of refractory bone pain and generalized muscle ache. Serum calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were within normal range. Plain X-ray showed multiple fractures. Whole body bone scan confirmed multiple sites of increased bone uptakes. Tetracycline-labeled bone biopsy showed typical findings of osteomalacia. He was diagnosed with iatrogenic, etidronate-induced osteomalacia. The patient received daily parathyroid hormone (PTH) injection for 18 months. PTH effectively reverses impaired bone mineralization caused by etidronate misuse. Currently, he is doing well without bone pain. Bone mineral density significantly increased, and the increased bone uptake was almost normalized after 18 months. This case seems to suggest that human PTH (1-34) therapy, possibly in association with calcium and vitamin D, is associated with important clinical improvements in patients with impaired bone mineralization due to the side effect of bisphosphonate.

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