Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volume 21(2); April 2006

Review Articles

New Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.: Brixen Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):91-100. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.91

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Demountable Bolted Shear Connector for Easy Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Concrete Slabs in Steel–Concrete Bridges
Dae-Sung Jung, Se-Hyun Park, Tae-Hyeong Kim, Jong-Wook Han, Chul-Young Kim
Applied Sciences.2022; 12(3): 1508. CrossRef

Diabetes Mellitus and Disorder of Lipid Metabolism.: Hong Keun Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):101-105. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.101

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Correlation between Serum Osmolarity and Creatinine in Health Check-Up Subjects (Examinees) with Diabetes
Mi-Kyung Park, Geum-Seon Lee, Sun-Hee Kim, Mi-Eun Yun
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(2): 237. CrossRef
Effects of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation in a Diabetes Rabbit Model
Gi-Beum Kim
Journal of Diabetes and Obesity.2016; 3(3): 1. CrossRef
Effects of the C3G/D3G anthocyanins-rich black soybean testa extracts on improvement of lipid profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats
So Young Park, Sujeong Pak, Song Joo Kang, Na Young Kim, Da Saem Kim, Min Jin Kim, Seon Ah Kim, Ji Young Kim, So Yeon Park, So Hyun Park, Cho Rong Youn, Bo Ram Lee, Hyo Eun Lee, So Young Choi, Hee Won Choi, Jin Yeo Heo, A Yeong Hwang, Myoung Sook Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(4): 299. CrossRef
Effects of Soluble Collagen Peptides Extract Derived from Mugil cephalus Scale on the Blood Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Rats

Journal of Life Science.2009; 19(12): 1794. CrossRef
Effects of the Feral Peach (Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max) Extract on the Lipid Compositions and Blood Pressure Level in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Han-Soo Kim
Journal of Life Science.2006; 16(7): 1071. CrossRef
The Effects of Saururus chinensis Baill Extract Administration on the Blood Glucose, Electrolyte and Lipid Metabolism in STZ-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Journal of Life Science.2006; 16(6): 911. CrossRef

Original Articles

Transcriptional Regulation of the Estrogen Receptor alpha Gene by Testosterone in Cultures of Primary Rat Sertoli Cells.: Sang Kuk Yang, Kyung Ah Yoon, Eun Jin Yun, Kyoung Sub Song, Jong Seok Kim, Young Rae Kim, Jong Il Park, Seung Kiel Park, Byung Doo Hwang, Kyu Lim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):106-115. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.106

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
We wanted to identify the presence of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha in Sertoli cells and gain insight on the regulation of the ER alpha gene expression by testosterone in Sertoli cells. The transcriptional regulation of the ER alpha gene was investigated in primary Sertoli cell cultures by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS: Primary Sertoli cell culture was performed. The expression levels of ER alpha and ER beta mRNA in Sertoli cells were detected by Northern blot, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The ovary, testis and epididymis showed a moderate to high expression of ER alpha while the prostate, ovary and LNCap cells showed the ER beta expression. ER alpha mRNA and protein were detected in the germ cells and Sertoli cells by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The level of ER alpha mRNA was gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner after testosterone treatment, and the changes of ER alpha mRNA were dependent on the concentration of testosterone. Androgen binding protein and testosterone-repressive prostate message-2 (TRPM-2) mRNA were reduced at 24 hour by estradiol, while the transferrin mRNA was not affected. ER alpha mRNA was strongly detectable in the testes of 7 days-old-rats, but it was gradually decreased from 14 to 21 days of age. The primary Sertoli cells also showed the same pattern. The ER alpha gene expression was also regulated by testosterone in the Sertoli cells prepared from the 14- and 21-day old rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ER alpha is transcriptionally regulated by testosterone and it may play some role in the Sertoli cells.

Expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in Graves'Disease.: Eun Sook Kim, Hyo Won Jung, Il Sung Nam-Goong, Soon Joo Woo, Jung Il Choi, Young Il Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):116-124. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.116

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BACKGROUND
4-1BB mediated costimulatory signal is a recently identified immunotherapeutic strategy for treating autoimmune diseases without depressing the immune response. In this study, we investigated the expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and we assessed whether the serum levels of soluble (s) 4-1BB and s4-1BBL in the patients with Graves' disease (GD) and compared them with normal subjects. METHODS: Expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL on PBMC of GD patients was determined by flow cytometry. The concentrations of s4-1BB and s4-1BBL were assessed in the sera of GD patients by performing ELISA. RESULTS: 4-1BB was constitutively expressed on naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of the GD patients and this was increased by stimulation. 4-1BBL was also expressed on the antigen-presenting cells such as CD19+ B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells in GD patients. The serum levels of s4-1BB and s4-1BBL were significantly higher in GD patients than those in controls, and these levels were significantly correlated with the serum levels of thyroid-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin and free T4. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that effector T cells of GD patients can be activated through the 4-1BB-mediated costimulatory signal. Elevated s4-1BB and s4-1BBL levels in the sera of GD patients may affect modulation of the clinical course in GD patients.

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Suppression of Pathogenic Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells by CD137-mediated Expansion of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Graves' Disease
Eun Sook Kim, Hyo Won Jung, Jung Il Choi, Il Seung Nam-Goong, Soon Hyung Hong, Young IL Kim
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(5): 332. CrossRef

Role of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside in the Growth Regulation of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells Lines.: Ja Young Song, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Yoon Soo Rhee, Ji Hye Suck, Suck Joon Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):125-131. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.21.2.125

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers with a median survival of only 6 months. Local surgical tumor debulking combined with radio-chemotherapy is generally used to treat this malady, but the low success rate has prompted the search for new therapeutic targets. We used 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) as an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator to induce growth suppression and apoptosis in the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. METHODS: We investigated the effect of AICAR on the proliferation of thyroid cancer cell lines (ARO, WRO and FRO) by performing methyl-thiazoletetrazolium bromide assay. We wanted to see the effect of AICAR on the apoptosis and cell cycle of the thyroid cancer cells, and we wanted to determine the mechanism of these changes. RESULTS: The proliferation of all thyroid cancer cell lines was significantly inhibited by administration of AICAR. FRO was the most susceptible cell line to AICAR treatment and so further studies were then performed with this cell line. The suppressive effect of AICAR on cell proliferation was related with phosphorylation of AMPK and the increased apoptosis. Also, cell cycle analysis revealed that progression to the G2-M phase was arrested (S-phase arrest) by AICAR treatment. S-phase arrest was associated with the increased protein expression of p21. CONCLUSION: In the anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines, AICAR inhibited proliferation due to the arrest in the S-phase; this was accompanied with the increased expression of p21. Overall, AMPK activation by AICAR or any other pharmacological agent could be a tempting potential target for thyroid cancer therapy.

Clinical Characteristics of Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid and Comparison of Its Survival to the Tall Cell and Columnar Cell Variants of Papillary Carcinoma.: Tae Sik Jung, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Lyun Oh, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Kyung Won Kim, Young Joo Park, Bo Youn Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):132-141. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.132

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDC) of the thyroid includes tall and columnar cell variants (TCV) of the papillary carcinoma as well as the thyroid carcinoma with trabecular, insular and solid (TIS) growth patterns. There have been a few clinical studies on the PDC of the thyroid. We evaluated the clinical characteristics and the outcome of the PDC. METHODS: We investigated the clinicopathologic features of the thyroid carcinoma with TIS growth patterns (n = 46) and TCV of the papillary carcinoma (n = 14). We investigated the clinical features of ten patients diagnosed as PDC of the thyroid who had been undergone thyroidectomy for well differentiated carcinoma previously and compared these outcome with those of patients primarily diagnosed as PDC of the thyroid (n = 60). RESULTS: The clinical course of the thyroid carcinoma with TIS growth patterns was slightly more aggressive than that of TCV of the papillary carcinoma. However, disease-specific survivals of both cancers were not significantly different. Disease-specific survival was independently correlated with the presence of distant metastasis at diagnosis and high dose radioiodine therapy. The clinical features and outcome of the patients with PDC detected at recurred sites after operation for well-differentiated carcinoma were more aggressive than those diagnosed as PDC of the thyroid. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of the thyroid carcinoma with TIS growth patterns and TCV of the papillary carcinoma were similar. The PDC which was detected after thyroidectomy for well-differentiated carcinoma had worse prognosis than primarily diagnosed as PDC of the thyroid.

Case Reports

A Case of Acute Perithyroiditis with Transient Thyrotoxicosis in Childhood.: Soo Min Nam, Mi Yeong Lee, Jang Hyun Koh, Ki Joon Sung, Choon Hee Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):142-145. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.142

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Abstract PDF

Acute thyroiditis is a rare disease because of the sufficient supply of blood vessels and lymphatics in thyroid tissue, the high concentration of iodide in the thyroid tissue and the nearly completely isolated structure of the thyroid gland from the surrounding tissue via its capsule. The most common route of infection is from a pyriform sinus fistula and then the inflammation spreads from the sinus to the perithyroidal space. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show a low echogenic mass encircling thyroid gland and swelling of the perithyroidal tissue in acute suppurative thyroiditis. We experienced a case of acute perithyroiditis with thyrotoxicosis that developed in a 13-year old boy and he was diagnosed by the CT findings. The patient had complained of a low graded fever and neck swelling. The laboratory diagnosis and clinical course was like that of subacute thyroiditis, but the CT finding showed a show low echogenic mass encircling the thyroid glands and swelling of the perithyroidal tissue. Therefore, we diagnosed this patient with acute perithyroiditis. After treatment with antibiotics, he displayed clinical improvement and was discharged.

Citations

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A Case of Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis with Thyrotoxicosis in an Elderly Patient
Bo Sang Kim, Kil Woo Nam, Jeong Eun Kim, Ji Hoon Park, Jun Sik Yoon, Jung Hwan Park, Sang Mo Hong, Chang Bum Lee, Yong Soo Park, Woong Hwan Choi, You Hern Ahn, Dong Sun Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2013; 28(1): 50. CrossRef
Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis Caused by Methicillin - ResistantStaphylococcus Aureusin Healthy Children
Soo hee Jee, Eun Young Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology.2011; 16(2): 128. CrossRef

Reversible Pituitary Dysfunction in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome due to Adrenal Adenoma.: Jee Hyun Kong, Kyung Wook Kim, Hei Jin Kim, Ji Sun Nam, Jin A Park, Jong Sook Park, Chul Sik Kim, Byung Soo Moon, Soon Won Hong, Chul Woo Ahn, Kyung Rae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):146-152. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.146

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Abstract PDF: A 45-year-old woman who complained of weight gain and irregular menstruation was diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome due to a 3 cm sized left adrenal adenoma. She underwent left adrenalectomy, and she also underwent combined anterior pituitary tests before and 9 months after the surgery. The growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels failed to respond to hypoglycemia before the surgery, but their responses recovered after the surgery. Cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone failed to respond to hypoglycemia and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) before the surgery, respectively, but these were improved after the surgery. Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and prolactin adequately responded to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and TRH, respectively, before and after the surgery. However, the basal levels of these hormones were higher after adrenalectomy, suggesting that hypercortisolemia had a significant influence on all the pituitary hormones.

A Case of Pituitary Macroadenoma Accompanied with CRH Deficiency.: Yoo Jung Nahm, Jin Soo Kim, Keun Jong Cho, Uk Hyun Kil, Sung Yong Woo, Sung Rae Kim, Soon Jib Yoo, Sung Koo Kang, Ho Young Son; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):153-157. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.153

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Abstract PDF: Pituitary tumor can be accompanied with various pituitary hormone abnormalities. Pituitary tumors can be divided into functioning or nonfunctioning tumors. A functioning pituitary tumor, via the oversecretion of pituitary hormones, causes diverse clinical features. A nonfunctioning pituitary tumor can be accompanied with pituitary dysfunction and this may be due to compression or destruction of normal pituitary tissue, suppression of the pituitary portal system or direct damage to the hypothalamus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) deficiency, which is caused by defects in the synthesis or release of CRH, is a cause of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. The clinical presentations are hypoglycemia, weight loss, anemia, weakness, nausea, vomiting and hyponatremia. Acquired CRH deficiency has also been suggested to occur based on a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but there is a normal ACTH response to exogenous CRH. We experienced a case of a woman with pituitary macroadenoma accompanied with CRH deficiency. We report here on this case with the review of the literature.

A Case of Atypical McCune-Albright Syndrome Associated with Hyperthyroidism.: Yi Sun Jang, Seok Hui Kang, Woong Ryoung Jung, Woo Tae Kim, Hye Soo Kim, Jong Min Lee, Sung Dae Moon, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):158-164. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.158

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Abstract PDF: McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic disease that's characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, cafe-au-lait pigmentation of the skin, and multiple endocrinopathies, including sexual precocity, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, and hypercortisolism. Recent evidence has shown that the clinical manifestations are caused by a postzygotic activating missense mutation in the gene coding for the alpha-subunit of Gs protein that stimulates c-AMP formation in the affected tissues. Substitution of the Arg(201) residue in Gsalpha with cysteine or histidine have been identified in many MAS patients and Arg(201) to Gly or Leu mutations have also been recently identified. We identified the Arg(201) to His mutation in the gene encoding Gsalpha in the thyroid tissue from a 36-year-old man who was suffering with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and hyperthyroidism.

A Case of Early Gastric Cancer Coincidentally Developed in a Patient with Acromegaly.: Kyun Woo Park, So Young Lee, Hye Suk Son, Yi Sun Jang, Hye Soo Kim, Jong Min Lee, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):165-169. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.165

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Abstract PDF: Acromegaly is associated with an increased risk for a variety of cancers such as colon cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. However, there have been few reports of gastric cancer developing in an acromegaly patient. A 66-year-old man suffered with diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 15 years, and he visited the endocrinology department due to dizziness. On physical examination, the biochemical studies and the sella MRI, he showed the typical features of acromegaly with pituitary microadenoma. During the cancer screening studies to find the cause of anemia, early gastric cancer was diagnosed by pathologic examination of the tissue biopsies. We described the summary of characteristics of the patient and reviewed literature.

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