Endocrinology and Metabolism

Special Article

Miscellaneous
COVID-19 Vaccination for Endocrine Patients: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society: Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chang Ho Ahn, Jun Sung Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Hee Kyung Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Eun Roh, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):757-765. Published online August 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.404

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Since the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ongoing efforts have been made to discover an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19 to combat the pandemic. In most countries, both mRNA and DNA vaccines have been administered, and their side effects have also been reported. The clinical course of COVID-19 and the effects of vaccination against COVID-19 are both influenced by patients’ health status and involve a systemic physiological response. In view of the systemic function of endocrine hormones, endocrine disorders themselves and the therapeutics used to treat them can influence the outcomes of vaccination for COVID-19. However, there are very limited data to support the development of clinical guidelines for patients with specific medical backgrounds based on large clinical trials. In the current severe circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, position statements made by clinical specialists are essential to provide appropriate recommendations based on both medical evidence and clinical experiences. As endocrinologists, we would like to present the medical background of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as precautions to prevent the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with specific endocrine disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypogonadism, and pituitary disorders.

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Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Development Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination
Hyeyeon Moon, Sunghwan Suh, Mi Kyoung Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prior immunization status of COVID-19 patients and disease severity: A multicenter retrospective cohort study assessing the different types of immunity
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Vaccine.2023; 41(2): 598. CrossRef
Mortality and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients with Long-Term Glucocorticoid Therapy: A Korean Nationwide Cohort Study
Eu Jeong Ku, Keeho Song, Kyoung Min Kim, Gi Hyeon Seo, Soon Jib Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(2): 253. CrossRef
Neue Aspekte der Glukokortikoidsubstitution bei Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz
Tina Kienitz, Gesine Meyer
Der Internist.2022; 63(1): 12. CrossRef
Endocrine Follow-up During Post-Acute COVID-19: Practical Recommendations Based on Available Clinical Evidence
Rimesh Pal, Ameya Joshi, Sanjay K. Bhadada, Mainak Banerjee, Suresh Vaikkakara, Satinath Mukhopadhyay
Endocrine Practice.2022; 28(4): 425. CrossRef
Safety of Inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Among Patients Treated for Hypothyroidism: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Xi Xiong, Carlos King Ho Wong, Ivan Chi Ho Au, Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai, Xue Li, Eric Yuk Fai Wan, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Esther Wai Yin Chan, Franco Wing Tak Cheng, Kristy Tsz Kwan Lau, Chi Ho Lee, Yu Cho Woo, David Tak Wai Lui, Ian Chi Kei Wong
Thyroid.2022; 32(5): 505. CrossRef
The New Entity of Subacute Thyroiditis amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Infection to Vaccine
Mihaela Popescu, Adina Ghemigian, Corina Maria Vasile, Andrei Costache, Mara Carsote, Alice Elena Ghenea
Diagnostics.2022; 12(4): 960. CrossRef
Adrenal Crisis Secondary to COVID-19 Vaccination in a Patient With Hypopituitarism
Nikolina Markovic, Anila Faizan, Chirag Boradia, Sridhar Nambi
AACE Clinical Case Reports.2022; 8(4): 171. CrossRef
The Effect of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on TRAB in Graves’ Disease
LingHong Huang, ZhengRong Jiang, JingXiong Zhou, YuPing Chen, HuiBin Huang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Osteoporosis in Patients With Respiratory Diseases
Yue Ma, Shui Qiu, Renyi Zhou
Frontiers in Physiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Pilot Findings on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Pituitary Diseases: A Mini Review from Diagnosis to Pathophysiology
Ach Taieb, El Euch Mounira
Vaccines.2022; 10(12): 2004. CrossRef
Forty Years Together, New Leap Forward! The 40th Anniversary of the Korean Endocrine Society
Jong Chul Won, Ki-Hyun Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 851. CrossRef
No need of glucocorticoid dose adjustment in patients with adrenal insufficiency before COVID-19 vaccine
Tania Pilli, Cristina Dalmiglio, Gilda Dalmazio, Alfonso Sagnella, Raffaella Forleo, Lucia Brilli, Fabio Maino, Cristina Ciuoli, Maria Grazia Castagna
European Journal of Endocrinology.2022; 187(1): K7. CrossRef
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine may trigger subacute thyroiditis
Mehmet Sözen, Ömercan Topaloğlu, Berrin Çetinarslan, Alev Selek, Zeynep Cantürk, Emre Gezer, Damla Köksalan, Taner Bayraktaroğlu
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2021; 17(12): 5120. CrossRef
Diabetes and COVID-19 Vaccination
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The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2021; 22(4): 221. CrossRef

Review Article

Miscellaneous
Quality Matters as Much as Quantity of Skeletal Muscle: Clinical Implications of Myosteatosis in Cardiometabolic Health: Hong-Kyu Kim, Chul-Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1161-1174. Published online December 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1348

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Although age-related changes in skeletal muscles are closely associated with decreases in muscle strength and functional decline, their associations with cardiometabolic diseases in the literature are inconsistent. Such inconsistency could be explained by the fact that muscle quality—which is closely associated with fatty infiltration of the muscle (i.e., myosteatosis)—is as important as muscle quantity in cardiometabolic health. However, muscle quality has been less explored compared with muscle mass. Moreover, the standard definition of myosteatosis and its assessment methods have not been established yet. Recently, some techniques using single axial computed tomography (CT) images have been introduced and utilized in many studies, as the mass and quality of abdominal muscles could be measured opportunistically on abdominal CT scans obtained during routine clinical care. Yet, the mechanisms by which myosteatosis affect metabolic and cardiovascular health remain largely unknown. In this review, we explore the recent advances in the assessment of myosteatosis and its changes associated with aging. We also review the recent literature on the clinical implication of myosteatosis by focusing on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and unanswered questions that need addressing to set myosteatosis as a therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

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Association of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase with myosteatosis assessed by muscle quality mapping using abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Clinical Imaging.2023; 93: 4. CrossRef
Increased visceral fat area to skeletal muscle mass ratio is positively associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in a Chinese natural population: A cross‐sectional study
Shi Zhang, Yaping Huang, Jing Li, Xincheng Wang, Xiaohe Wang, Minying Zhang, Yanju Zhang, Meiyang Du, Jingna Lin, Chunjun Li
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between hypertension and myosteatosis evaluated by abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Hypertension Research.2023; 46(4): 845. CrossRef
Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings
Jaime A. Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón
European Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 123(5): 945. CrossRef
Muscle fat infiltration in chronic kidney disease: a marker related to muscle quality, muscle strength and sarcopenia
Carla Maria Avesani, Aline Miroski de Abreu, Heitor S. Ribeiro, Torkel B. Brismar, Peter Stenvinkel, Alice Sabatino, Bengt Lindholm
Journal of Nephrology.2023; 36(3): 895. CrossRef
IDF2022-1139 Association Between Dyslipidemia And Myosteatosis Using Visual Muscular Quality Map In Computed Tomography
H.S. Kim, H.N. Jung, Y.K. Cho, E.H. Kim, M.J. Lee, W.J. Lee, J.Y. Park, H.K. Kim, C.H. Jung
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 197: 110467. CrossRef
The role of skeletal muscle mass on cardiovascular disease risk: an emerging role on modulating lipid profile
Evangelia Damigou, Matina Kouvari, Demosthenes Panagiotakos
Current Opinion in Cardiology.2023; 38(4): 352. CrossRef
Reference values for low muscle mass and myosteatosis using tomographic muscle measurements in living kidney donors
Lisa B. Westenberg, Marcel Zorgdrager, Tim D. A. Swaab, Marco van Londen, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, Alain R. Viddeleer, Robert A. Pol
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Association between sarcopenic obesity and poor muscle quality based on muscle quality map and abdominal computed tomography
Yun Kyung Cho, Han Na Jung, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong‐Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong‐Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Obesity.2023; 31(6): 1547. CrossRef
Assessment of Muscle Quantity, Quality and Function
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2022; 31(1): 9. CrossRef
Influence of cross‐sectional area and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles on analgesic efficacy of epidural steroid injection in elderly patients
Hee Jung Kim, Miribi Rho, Kyung Bong Yoon, Minju Jo, Dong Woo Lee, Shin Hyung Kim
Pain Practice.2022; 22(7): 621. CrossRef
Sarcopenia, Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity and Risk of Poor Nutritional Status in Polish Community-Dwelling Older People Aged 60 Years and Over
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Metabolic mechanisms for and treatment of NAFLD or NASH occurring after liver transplantation
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Original Article

Clinical Study
Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography in Predicting Primary Aldosteronism Subtype According to Age: Seung Hun Lee, Jong Woo Kim, Hyun-Ki Yoon, Jung-Min Koh, Chan Soo Shin, Sang Wan Kim, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):401-412. Published online March 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.901

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Background
Guidelines by the Endocrine Society Guideline on bypassing adrenal vein sampling (AVS) in patients <35 years old with marked primary aldosteronism (PA) (hypokalemia and elevated plasma aldosterone concentration [PAC]) and a unilateral lesion on computed tomography (CT) are based on limited number of studies. We aimed to determine the accuracy of CT in PA patients according to age.
Methods
In this retrospective study, we investigated the concordance between CT and AVS in 466 PA patients from two tertiary centers who successfully underwent AVS.
Results
CT had an overall accuracy of 64.4% (300/466). In the group with unilateral lesion, patients with hypokalemia had higher concordance than those without hypokalemia (85.0% vs. 43.6%, P<0.001). In the group with marked PA (hypokalemia and PAC >15.9 ng/dL) and unilateral lesion, accuracy of CT was 84.6% (11/13) in patients aged <35 years; 100.0% (20/20), aged 35 to 39 years; 89.4% (59/66), aged 40 to 49 years; and 79.8% (79/99), aged ≥50 years. Cut-off age and PAC for concordance was <50 years and >29.6 ng/dL, respectively. The significant difference in accuracy of CT in 198 patients with marked PA and a unilateral lesion between the <50-year age group and ≥50-year age group (90.9% vs. 79.8%, P=0.044) disappeared in 139 of 198 patients with PAC > 30.0 ng/dL (91.9% vs. 87.7%, P=0.590).
Conclusion
Patients with hypokalemia, PAC >30.0 ng/dL, and unilateral lesion were at high risk of unilateral PA regardless of age.

Citations

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Best Practices: Indications and Procedural Controversies of Adrenal Vein Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism
Keith B. Quencer, Abhilasha Singh, Anu Sharma
American Journal of Roentgenology.2023; 220(2): 190. CrossRef
Accuracy of Gallium-68 Pentixafor Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography for Subtyping Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism
Jinbo Hu, Tingting Xu, Hang Shen, Ying Song, Jun Yang, Aipin Zhang, Haoyuan Ding, Naiguo Xing, Zhuoyuan Li, Lin Qiu, Linqiang Ma, Yi Yang, Zhengping Feng, Zhipeng Du, Wenwen He, Yue Sun, Jun Cai, Qifu Li, Yue Chen, Shumin Yang, Mei Mei, Suxin Luo, Kangla
JAMA Network Open.2023; 6(2): e2255609. CrossRef
Indices of ACTH‐stimulated adrenal venous sampling as predictors of postsurgical outcomes in primary aldosteronism
Seung Hun Lee, Jong Woo Kim, Hyun‐Ki Yoon, Sang Wan Kim, Su Jin Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Yu‐Mi Lee, Tae‐Yon Sung, Suck Joon Hong, Chan Soo Shin, Jung‐Min Koh, Jung Hee Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2022; 96(4): 521. CrossRef
Expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in adrenal adenoma correlates with clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism
Chang Ho Ahn, Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park, Hyeong Won Yu, Su‐Jin Kim, June Young Choi, Kyu Eun Lee, Sang Wan Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jung Hee Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2022; 96(1): 30. CrossRef
Letter to the Editor From Singhania et al: “Increasing Incidence of Primary Aldosteronism in Western Sweden During 3 Decades—Yet an Underdiagnosed Disorder”
Pankaj Singhania, Rana Bhattacharjee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(3): e1315. CrossRef
Development and validation of model for sparing adrenal venous sampling in diagnosing unilateral primary aldosteronism
Ying Song, Jun Yang, Hang Shen, Elisabeth Ng, Peter J. Fuller, Zhengping Feng, Jinbo Hu, Linqiang Ma, Yi Yang, Zhipeng Du, Yue Wang, Ting Luo, Wenwen He, Qifu Li, Fei-Fei Wu, Shumin Yang
Journal of Hypertension.2022; 40(9): 1692. CrossRef
Validation of Existing Clinical Prediction Tools for Primary Aldosteronism Subtyping
Barbora Kološová, Petr Waldauf, Dan Wichterle, Jan Kvasnička, Tomáš Zelinka, Ondřej Petrák, Zuzana Krátká, Lubomíra Forejtová, Jan Kaván, Jiří Widimský, Robert Holaj
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Fully automatic volume measurement of the adrenal gland on CT using deep learning to classify adrenal hyperplasia
Taek Min Kim, Seung Jae Choi, Ji Yeon Ko, Sungwan Kim, Chang Wook Jeong, Jeong Yeon Cho, Sang Youn Kim, Young-Gon Kim
European Radiology.2022; 33(6): 4292. CrossRef
Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography in Predicting Primary Aldosteronism Subtype According to Age (Endocrinol Metab 2021;36:401-12, Seung Hun Lee et al.)
Seung Hun Lee, Jong Woo Kim, Hyun-Ki Yoon, Jung-Min Koh, Chan Soo Shin, Sang Wan Kim, Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 914. CrossRef
Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography in Predicting Primary Aldosteronism Subtype According to Age (Endocrinol Metab 2021;36:401-12, Seung Hun Lee et al.)
Pankaj Singhania
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 912. CrossRef

Review Article

Miscellaneous
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Potential Biomarkers of Endocrine Dysfunction Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Shintaro Iwama, Tomoko Kobayashi, Hiroshi Arima; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):312-321. Published online April 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1007

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Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting the endocrine glands are among the most frequent irAEs induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and include hypopituitarism, primary adrenal insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Since the incidence and clinical features of endocrine irAEs vary according to the ICI used, it is important to understand the characteristics of these irAEs and to manage each one appropriately. Since some endocrine irAEs, including adrenal crisis and diabetic ketoacidosis, are potentially life-threatening, predicting the risk of endocrine irAEs before their onset is critical. Several autoantibodies have been detected in patients who develop endocrine irAEs, among which anti-thyroid antibodies may be predictive biomarkers of thyroid dysfunction. In this review, we describe the clinical features of each endocrine irAE induced by ICIs and discuss their potential biomarkers, including autoantibodies.

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Recovery from insulin dependence in immune checkpoint inhibitor‐associated diabetes mellitus: A case report
Marie Okubo, Yuji Hataya, Kanta Fujimoto, Toshio Iwakura, Naoki Matsuoka
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2023; 14(1): 147. CrossRef
Case Report: A Rising Cause of New-Onset Endocrinopathies After Immunotherapy
Charity Tan, Sarah Hendricks, Kristina Hernandez, Martha Benavides, Rupinderjit Samra
The Journal for Nurse Practitioners.2023; 19(5): 104582. CrossRef
Risk of Thyroid Dysfunction in PD-1 Blockade Is Stratified by the Pattern of TgAb and TPOAb Positivity at Baseline
Xin Zhou, Shintaro Iwama, Tomoko Kobayashi, Masahiko Ando, Hiroshi Arima
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Increased Risk of Thyroid Dysfunction by PD-1 and CTLA-4 Blockade in Patients Without Thyroid Autoantibodies at Baseline
Shintaro Iwama, Tomoko Kobayashi, Yoshinori Yasuda, Takayuki Okuji, Masaaki Ito, Masahiko Ando, Xin Zhou, Ayana Yamagami, Takeshi Onoue, Yohei Kawaguchi, Takashi Miyata, Mariko Sugiyama, Hiroshi Takagi, Daisuke Hagiwara, Hidetaka Suga, Ryoichi Banno, Tets
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(4): e1620. CrossRef
Biomarkers and risk factors for the early prediction of immune-related adverse events: a review
Ying Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, Weiling Li, Yunyi Du, Wenqing Hu, Jun Zhao
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Threat to the Hypothalamus–Pituitary Axis: A Completed Puzzle
Agnese Barnabei, Andrea Corsello, Rosa Maria Paragliola, Giovanni Maria Iannantuono, Luca Falzone, Salvatore Maria Corsello, Francesco Torino
Cancers.2022; 14(4): 1057. CrossRef
Elevated TSH Level, TgAb, and Prior Use of Ramucirumab or TKIs as Risk Factors for Thyroid Dysfunction in PD-L1 Blockade
Tomoko Kobayashi, Shintaro Iwama, Ayana Yamagami, Yoshinori Yasuda, Takayuki Okuji, Masaaki Ito, Xin Zhou, Masahiko Ando, Takeshi Onoue, Takashi Miyata, Mariko Sugiyama, Daisuke Hagiwara, Hidetaka Suga, Ryoichi Banno, Tetsunari Hase, Masahiro Morise, Taka
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(10): e4115. CrossRef
Preconditioning of the immune system modulates the response of papillary thyroid cancer to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Fabiana Pani, Yoshinori Yasuda, Sylvie T Rousseau, Kevin C Bermea, Solmaz Roshanmehr, Rulin Wang, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Patrizio Caturegli, Luigi Adamo
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Survival benefit of endocrine dysfunction following immune checkpoint inhibitors for nonthyroidal cancers
Anupam Kotwal, Mabel Ryder
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2021; 28(5): 517. CrossRef

Special Article

Adrenal gland
Diagnosis for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Joint Position Statement of the Korean Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Task Force: Eu Jeong Ku, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Chang Ho Ahn, Kyung Ae Lee, Seung Hun Lee, You-Bin Lee, Kyeong Hye Park, Yun Mi Choi, Namki Hong, A Ram Hong, Sang-Wook Kang, Byung Kwan Park, Moon-Woo Seong, Myungshin Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Chan Kwon Jung, Young Seok Cho, Jin Chul Paeng, Jae Hyeon Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Yumie Rhee, Chong Hwa Kim, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):322-338. Published online April 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.908

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Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors but can be life-threatening. Although most PPGLs are benign, approximately 10% have metastatic potential. Approximately 40% cases are reported as harboring germline mutations. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of PPGLs is crucial. For more than 130 years, clinical, molecular, biochemical, radiological, and pathological investigations have been rapidly advanced in the field of PPGLs. However, performing diagnostic studies to localize lesions and detect metastatic potential can be still challenging and complicated. Furthermore, great progress on genetics has shifted the paradigm of genetic testing of PPGLs. The Korean PPGL task force team consisting of the Korean Endocrine Society, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Korean Society of Pathologists, and the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine has developed this position statement focusing on the comprehensive and updated diagnosis for PPGLs.

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Evaluation and Management of Bone Health in Patients with Thyroid Diseases: A Position Statement of the Korean Thyroid Association
A Ram Hong, Ho-Cheol Kang
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(2): 175. CrossRef
KSNM60 in Nuclear Endocrinology: from the Beginning to the Future
Chae Moon Hong, Young Jin Jeong, Hae Won Kim, Byeong-Cheol Ahn
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2022; 56(1): 17. CrossRef
Change of Computed Tomography-Based Body Composition after Adrenalectomy in Patients with Pheochromocytoma
Yousun Ko, Heeryoel Jeong, Seungwoo Khang, Jeongjin Lee, Kyung Won Kim, Beom-Jun Kim
Cancers.2022; 14(8): 1967. CrossRef
Evaluation and Management of Bone Health in Patients with Thyroid Diseases: a Position Statement from the Korean Thyroid Association
A Ram Hong, Hwa Young Ahn, Bu Kyung Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, So Young Park, Min-Hee Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Ho-Cheol Kang
International Journal of Thyroidology.2022; 15(1): 1. CrossRef
Pheochromocytoma with Retroperitoneal Metastasis: A Case Report
建新崔
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2021; 11(05): 2239. CrossRef

Original Article

Adrenal Gland
Contralateral Suppression at Adrenal Venous Sampling Is Associated with Renal Impairment Following Adrenalectomy for Unilateral Primary Aldosteronism: Ye Seul Yang, Seung Hun Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Jee Hee Yoo, Jung Hyun Lee, Seo Young Lee, A Ram Hong, Dong-Hwa Lee, Jung-Min Koh, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):875-884. Published online August 11, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1047

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Background
Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is performed to distinguish the subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA). The clinical implication of contralateral suppression (CS; aldosterone/cortisol_nondominantperipheral) at AVS remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of CS and its impact on postoperative outcomes after unilateral adrenalectomy.
Methods
In this retrospective observational multi-center study, we analyzed PA patients who underwent both successful adrenocorticotropin hormone-stimulated AVS and unilateral adrenalectomy. Successful cannulation was defined as the selectivity index (cortisol_adrenal/ cortisol_peripheral) ≥3. Clinical and biochemical outcomes after unilateral adrenalectomy were evaluated based on the international Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome consensus.
Results
Among 263 patients analyzed, 247 had CS (93.9%). Patients with CS had lower serum potassium levels, higher plasma aldosterone concentration, higher aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR), and larger adenoma size than those without CS. Those with CS showed significantly higher lateralization index than those without CS (P<0.001). Although postoperative blood pressure and ARR significantly decreased in those with CS, clinical and biochemical outcomes were comparable in both groups. When the cut-off value of age was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, patients aged ≥50 years old with contralateral suppression index (CSI; the ratio between aldosterone/cortisol_nondominant and aldosterone/cortisol_peripheral) ≤0.26 had greater odds ratio (6.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.30 to 31.69) of incident chronic kidney disease than those aged <50 years with CSI >0.26 after adjusting for other factors.
Conclusion
CS may not predict postoperative clinical and biochemical outcomes in subjects with unilateral aldosterone excess, but it is associated with postsurgical deterioration of renal function in subjects over 50 years with CSI ≤0.26.

Citations

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Prognostic value of contralateral suppression on kidney function after surgery in patients with primary aldosteronism
Nathalie Voss, Sara Mørup, Caroline Clausen, Claus larsen Feltoft, Jan Viberg Jepsen, Mads Hornum, Mikkel Andreassen, Jesper Krogh
Clinical Endocrinology.2023; 98(3): 306. CrossRef
Factors Predicting Long-term Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decrease, a Reliable Indicator of Renal Function After Adrenalectomy in Primary Aldosteronism
Qiyu He, Zhimin Tan, Yu Liu, Liang Zhou
Endocrine Practice.2023; 29(3): 199. CrossRef
Prognostic value of contralateral suppression for remission after surgery in patients with primary aldosteronism
Sara Mørup, Nathalie Voss, Caroline Clausen, Claus Larsen Feltoft, Mikkel Andreassen, Jesper Krogh
Clinical Endocrinology.2022; 96(6): 793. CrossRef
Contralateral Suppression at Adrenal Venous Sampling Is Associated with Renal Impairment Following Adrenalectomy for Unilateral Primary Aldosteronism (Endocrinol Metab 2021;36:875-84, Ye Seul Yang et al.)
Zhimin Tan, Qiyu He, Liang Zhou
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 951. CrossRef
Contralateral Suppression at Adrenal Venous Sampling Is Associated with Renal Impairment Following Adrenalectomy for Unilateral Primary Aldosteronism (Endocrinol Metab 2021;36:875-84, Ye Seul Yang et al.)
Ye Seul Yang, Sang Wan Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 953. CrossRef

Review Article

Adrenal Gland
Long-Term Outcomes of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Anna Nordenström, Svetlana Lajic, Henrik Falhammar; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(4):587-598. Published online July 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1528

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A plethora of negative long-term outcomes have been associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The causes are multiple and involve supra-physiological gluco- and mineralocorticoid replacement, excess adrenal androgens both intrauterine and postnatal, elevated steroid precursor and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, living with a congenital condition as well as the proximity of the cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2 (CYP21A2) gene to other genes. This review aims to discuss the different long-term outcomes of CAH.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: New biomarkers and adult treatments
Bleuenn Dreves, Yves Reznik, Antoine Tabarin
Annales d'Endocrinologie.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kyriakie Sarafoglou, Deborah P Merke, Nicole Reisch, Hedi Claahsen-van der Grinten, Henrik Falhammar, Richard J Auchus
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Approach of Heterogeneous Spectrum Involving 3beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency
Andreea Gabriela Nicola, Mara Carsote, Ana-Maria Gheorghe, Eugenia Petrova, Alexandru Dan Popescu, Adela Nicoleta Staicu, Mihaela Jana Țuculină, Cristian Petcu, Ionela Teodora Dascălu, Tiberiu Tircă
Diagnostics.2022; 12(9): 2168. CrossRef
Effetti di Crinecerfont sulla secrezione di ACTH nell’iperplasia surrenalica congenita: uno studio di fase 2
Marianna Rita Stancampiano, Silvia Laura Carla Meroni, Giovanna Weber, Gianni Russo
L'Endocrinologo.2022; 23(6): 662. CrossRef

Original Articles

Endocrine Research
Effect of CCL11 on In Vitro Myogenesis and Its Clinical Relevance for Sarcopenia in Older Adults: Da Ae Kim, So Jeong Park, Jin Young Lee, Jeoung Hee Kim, Seungjoo Lee, Eunju Lee, Il-Young Jang, Hee-Won Jung, Jin Hoon Park, Beom-Jun Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):455-465. Published online April 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.942

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Background
The C-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11) has been receiving attention as a potential pro-aging factor. Accordingly, it may be involved in muscle metabolism and sarcopenia, a key component of aging phenotypes. To clarify this potential, we investigated the effects of CCL11 on in vitro muscle biology and its clinical relevance for sarcopenia parameters in older adults.
Methods
Myogenesis was induced in mouse C2C12 myoblasts with 2% horse serum. Human blood samples were collected from 79 participants who underwent a functional assessment. Thereafter, CCL11 level was measured using a quantikine ELISA kit. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian-specific guideline.
Results
Recombinant CCL11 treatment significantly stimulated myogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, and consistently increased the expression of myogenic differentiation markers. Among the C-C chemokine receptors (CCRs), CCR5, not CCR2 and CCR3, was predominantly expressed in muscle cells. Further, the CCR5 inhibitor blocked recombinant CCL11-stimulated myogenesis. In a clinical study, serum CCL11 level was not significantly different according to the status of sarcopenia, low muscle mass, weak muscle strength, and poor physical performance, and was not associated with skeletal muscle index, grip strength, short physical performance battery score, gait speed, and time to complete 5 chair stands, after adjusting for sex, age, and body mass index.
Conclusion
Contrary to expectations, CCL11 exerted beneficial effects on muscle metabolism at least in vitro system. However, its impact on human muscle health was not evident, suggesting that circulating CCL11 may not be a useful biomarker for sarcopenia risk assessment in older adults.

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C-C motif chemokine CCL11 is a novel regulator and a potential therapeutic target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Zhiwen Fan, Xinyue Sun, Xuelian Chen, Huimin Liu, Xiulian Miao, Yan Guo, Yong Xu, Jie Li, Xiaoping Zou, Zilong Li
JHEP Reports.2023; : 100754. CrossRef
C–C motif chemokine CCL11 is a novel regulator and a potential therapeutic target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Zhiwen Fan, Xinyue Sun, Xuelian Chen, Huimin Liu, Xiulian Miao, Yan Guo, Yong Xu, Jie Li, Xiaoping Zou, Zilong Li
JHEP Reports.2023; : 100805. CrossRef
Lumican Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption by Suppressing Akt Activity
Jin-Young Lee, Da-Ae Kim, Eun-Young Kim, Eun-Ju Chang, So-Jeong Park, Beom-Jun Kim
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(9): 4717. CrossRef
Aldosterone Inhibits In Vitro Myogenesis by Increasing Intracellular Oxidative Stress via Mineralocorticoid Receptor
Jin Young Lee, Da Ae Kim, Eunah Choi, Yun Sun Lee, So Jeong Park, Beom-Jun Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 865. CrossRef

Adrenal Gland
Aldosterone Inhibits In Vitro Myogenesis by Increasing Intracellular Oxidative Stress via Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Jin Young Lee, Da Ae Kim, Eunah Choi, Yun Sun Lee, So Jeong Park, Beom-Jun Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):865-874. Published online July 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1108

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Background
Despite clinical evidence indicating poor muscle health in subjects with primary aldosteronism (PA), it is still unclear whether the role of aldosterone in muscle metabolism is direct or mediated indirectly via factors, such as electrolyte imbalance or impaired glucose uptake. As one approach to clarify this issue, we investigated the effect of aldosterone on in vitro myogenesis and the potential mechanism explaining it.
Methods
Myogenesis was induced in mouse C2C12 myoblasts with 2% horse serum. Immunofluorescence, quantitative reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, viability, and migration analyses were performed for experimental research.
Results
Recombinant aldosterone treatment suppressed muscle differentiation from mouse C2C12 myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, and consistently reduced the expression of myogenic differentiation markers. Furthermore, aldosterone significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in myotubes, and treatment with N-acetyl cysteine, a potent biological thiol antioxidant, reversed the decrease of myotube area, myotube area per myotube, nucleus number per myotube, and fusion index due to aldosterone through decreasing oxidative stress. A binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) interacted with aldosterone in C2C12 myoblasts, while eplerenone, an MR inhibitor, blocked aldosterone-stimulated intracellular ROS generation during myogenesis and markedly attenuated the suppression of in vitro myogenesis by aldosterone.
Conclusion
These findings support the hypothesis that hypersecretion of aldosterone, like PA, directly contributes to muscular deterioration and suggest that antioxidants and/or MR antagonists could be effective therapeutic options to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in these patients.

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Role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal muscle: A transcriptomic perspective of cortisol action
Jorge E. Aedo, Rodrigo Zuloaga, Daniela Aravena-Canales, Alfredo Molina, Juan Antonio Valdés
Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of 11-Deoxycorticosterone in the Transcriptomic Response to Stress in Rainbow Trout Skeletal Muscle
Rodrigo Zuloaga, Daniela Aravena-Canales, Jorge Eduardo Aedo, Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba, Alfredo Molina, Juan Antonio Valdés
Genes.2023; 14(2): 512. CrossRef
The Role of Aldosterone in OSA and OSA-Related Hypertension
Yi Wang, Chuan Xiang Li, Ying Ni Lin, Li Yue Zhang, Shi Qi Li, Liu Zhang, Ya Ru Yan, Fang Ying Lu, Ning Li, Qing Yun Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Daiji Kawanami, Yuichi Takashi, Yoshimi Muta, Naoki Oda, Dai Nagata, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Makito Tanabe
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Adrenal Gland Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Epidemiology and Long-Term Adverse Outcomes in Korean Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Nationwide Study: Jung Hee Kim, Sunkyu Choi, Young Ah Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):138-147. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1328

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Background
Previous studies on the epidemiology and complications of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were conducted in Western countries and in children/adolescents. We aimed to explore the epidemiology of CAH, as well as the risk of comorbidities and mortality, in a Korean nationwide case-control study.
Methods
CAH patients (n=2,840) were included between 2002 and 2017 from the National Health Insurance Service database and the Rare Intractable Disease program. CAH patients were compared, at a 1:10 ratio, with age-, sex-, and index year-matched controls (n=28,400).
Results
The point prevalence of CAH patients in Korea was 1 in 18,745 persons in 2017. The annual incidence rate declined between 2003 and 2017 from 3.25 to 0.41 per 100,000 persons. CAH patients were at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 1.9), stroke (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.6 to 3.1), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.2 to 2.6), and psychiatric disorders (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.6). Fracture risk increased in CAH patients aged over 40 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7). CAH patients were at higher risk of mortality than controls (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0).
Conclusion
Our nationwide study showed a recent decline in the incidence of CAH and an elevated risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and psychiatric disorders in CAH patients. Lifelong management for comorbidity risk is a crucial component of treating CAH patients.

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Анализ распространенности и заболеваемости надпочечниковой недостаточностью в мире
М. Ю. Юкина, Н. Ф. Нуралиева, Е. А. Трошина
Ateroscleroz.2023; 18(4): 426. CrossRef
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef
Long-term cardiometabolic morbidity in young adults with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Beatrice Righi, Salma R. Ali, Jillian Bryce, Jeremy W. Tomlinson, Walter Bonfig, Federico Baronio, Eduardo C. Costa, Guilherme Guaragna-Filho, Guy T’Sjoen, Martine Cools, Renata Markosyan, Tania A. S. S. Bachega, Mirela C. Miranda, Violeta Iotova, Henrik
Endocrine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-Term Outcomes of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Anna Nordenström, Svetlana Lajic, Henrik Falhammar
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 587. CrossRef

Review Article

Adrenal gland
The Genotype-Based Morphology of Aldosterone-Producing Adrenocortical Disorders and Their Association with Aging: Xin Gao, Yuto Yamazaki, Yuta Tezuka, Kei Omata, Yoshikiyo Ono, Ryo Morimoto, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Fumitoshi Satoh, Hironobu Sasano; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):12-21. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.101

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Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, and is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. PA itself is clinically classified into the following two types: unilateral PA, mostly composed of aldosteroneproducing adenoma (APA); and bilateral hyperaldosteronism, consisting of multiple aldosterone-producing micronodules (APMs) and aldosterone-producing diffuse hyperplasia. Histopathologically, those disorders above are all composed of compact and clear cells. The cellular morphology in the above-mentioned aldosterone-producing disorders has been recently reported to be closely correlated with patterns of somatic mutations of ion channels including KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, and others. In addition, in non-pathological adrenal glands, APMs are frequently detected regardless of the status of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Aldosterone-producing nodules have been also proposed as non-neoplastic nodules that can be identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining. These non-neoplastic CYP11B2-positive nodules could represent possible precursors of APAs possibly due to the presence of somatic mutations. On the other hand, aging itself also plays a pivotal role in the development of aldosterone-producing lesions. For instance, the number of APMs was also reported to increase with aging. Therefore, recent studies indicated the novel classification of PA into normotensive PA (RAAS-independent APM) and clinically overt PA.

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Expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in adrenal adenoma correlates with clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism
Chang Ho Ahn, Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park, Hyeong Won Yu, Su‐Jin Kim, June Young Choi, Kyu Eun Lee, Sang Wan Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jung Hee Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2022; 96(1): 30. CrossRef
Pathology of Aldosterone Biosynthesis and its Action
Xin Gao, Yuto Yamazaki, Yuta Tezuka, Kei Omata, Yoshikiyo Ono, Ryo Morimoto, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Takashi Suzuki, Fumitoshi Satoh, Hironobu Sasano
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine.2021; 254(1): 1. CrossRef
Cellular Senescence in Adrenocortical Biology and Its Disorders
Xin Gao, Faping Li, Bin Liu, Yuxiong Wang, Yishu Wang, Honglan Zhou
Cells.2021; 10(12): 3474. CrossRef

Original Article

Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Morphology as an Indicator of Long-Term Disease Control in Adults with Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Taek Min Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Han Na Jang, Man Ho Choi, Jeong Yeon Cho, Sang Youn Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):124-137. Published online February 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1278

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Background
Monitoring adults with classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is challenging due to variation in clinical and laboratory settings. Moreover, guidelines for adrenal imaging in 21OHD are not yet available. We evaluated the relationship between adrenal morphology and disease control status in classical 21OHD.
Methods
This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 90 adult 21OHD patients and 270 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We assessed adrenal volume, width, and tumor presence using abdominal computed tomography and evaluated correlations of adrenal volume and width with hormonal status. We investigated the diagnostic performance of adrenal volume and width for identifying well-controlled status in 21OHD patients (17α-hydroxyprogesterone [17-OHP] <10 ng/mL).
Results
The adrenal morphology of 21OHD patients showed hypertrophy (45.6%), normal size (42.2%), and hypotrophy (12.2%). Adrenal tumors were detected in 12 patients (13.3%). The adrenal volume and width of 21OHD patients were significantly larger than those of controls (18.2±12.2 mL vs. 7.1±2.0 mL, 4.7±1.9 mm vs. 3.3±0.5 mm, P<0.001 for both). The 17-OHP and androstenedione levels were highest in patients with adrenal hypertrophy, followed by those with normal adrenal glands and adrenal hypotrophy (P<0.05 for both). Adrenal volume and width correlated positively with adrenocorticotropic hormone, 17-OHP, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, progesterone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in both sexes (r=0.33–0.95, P<0.05 for all). For identifying well-controlled patients, the optimal cut-off values of adrenal volume and width were 10.7 mL and 4 mm, respectively (area under the curve, 0.82–0.88; P<0.001 for both).
Conclusion
Adrenal volume and width may be reliable quantitative parameters for monitoring patients with classical 21OHD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Long-Term Outcomes of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Anna Nordenström, Svetlana Lajic, Henrik Falhammar
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 587. CrossRef
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in patients with adrenal tumors: a population-based case–control study
F. Sahlander, J. Patrova, B. Mannheimer, J. D. Lindh, H. Falhammar
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2022; 46(3): 559. CrossRef
Fully automatic volume measurement of the adrenal gland on CT using deep learning to classify adrenal hyperplasia
Taek Min Kim, Seung Jae Choi, Ji Yeon Ko, Sungwan Kim, Chang Wook Jeong, Jeong Yeon Cho, Sang Youn Kim, Young-Gon Kim
European Radiology.2022; 33(6): 4292. CrossRef

Review Articles

Adrenal Gland
Clinical and Technical Aspects in Free Cortisol Measurement: Man Ho Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(4):599-607. Published online August 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1549

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Accurate measurement of cortisol is critical in adrenal insufficiency as it reduces the risk associated with misdiagnosis and supports the optimization of stress dose. Comprehensive assays have been developed to determine the levels of bioactive free cortisol and their clinical and analytical efficacies have been extensively discussed because the level of total cortisol is affected by changes in the structure or circulating levels of corticoid-binding globulin and albumin, which are the main reservoirs of cortisol in the human body. Antibody-based immunoassays are routinely used in clinical laboratories; however, the lack of molecular specificity in cortisol assessment limits their applicability to characterize adrenocortical function. Improved specificity and sensitivity can be achieved by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic separation methods, which is a cutting-edge technology to measure individual as well as a panel of steroids in a single analytical run. The purpose of this review is to introduce recent advances in free cortisol measurement from the perspectives of clinical specimens and issues associated with prospective analytical technologies.

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Osteopathic Manipulation as a Method of Cortisol Modification: A Systematic Review
Dylan Thibaut, Valentine Santarlas, Joseph Hoppes, Alejandra Vásquez-Castillo, Alexa Morrow, Eddie Oviedo, James Toldi
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) in Humans; A Review of the Laboratory Medicine Perspective
Kade C. Flowers, Kate E. Shipman
Diagnostics.2023; 13(8): 1415. CrossRef
Corticotropin-stimulated steroid profiles to predict shock development and mortality in sepsis: From the HYPRESS study
Josef Briegel, Patrick Möhnle, Didier Keh, Johanna M. Lindner, Anna C. Vetter, Holger Bogatsch, Dorothea Lange, Sandra Frank, Ludwig C. Hinske, Djillali Annane, Michael Vogeser, Michael Bauer, Thorsten Brenner, Patrick Meybohm, Markus Weigand, Matthias Gr
Critical Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Independent Skeletal Actions of Pituitary Hormones: Se-Min Kim, Farhath Sultana, Funda Korkmaz, Daria Lizneva, Tony Yuen, Mone Zaidi; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):719-731. Published online September 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1573

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Over the past years, pituitary hormones and their receptors have been shown to have non-traditional actions that allow them to bypass the hypothalamus-pituitary-effector glands axis. Bone cells—osteoblasts and osteoclasts—express receptors for growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Independent skeletal actions of pituitary hormones on bone have been studied using genetically modified mice with haploinsufficiency and by activating or inactivating the receptors pharmacologically, without altering systemic effector hormone levels. On another front, the discovery of a TSH variant (TSH-βv) in immune cells in the bone marrow and skeletal action of FSHβ through tumor necrosis factor α provides new insights underscoring the integrated physiology of bone-immune-endocrine axis. Here we discuss the interaction of each pituitary hormone with bone and the potential it holds in understanding bone physiology and as a therapeutic target.

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New tools for bone health assessment in secreting pituitary adenomas
Meliha Melin Uygur, Stefano Frara, Luigi di Filippo, Andrea Giustina
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 34(4): 231. CrossRef
A Causality between Thyroid Function and Bone Mineral Density in Childhood: Abnormal Thyrotropin May Be Another Pediatric Predictor of Bone Fragility
Dongjin Lee, Moon Ahn
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The mechanism of oxytocin and its receptors in regulating cells in bone metabolism
Liu Feixiang, Feng Yanchen, Li Xiang, Zhang Yunke, Miao Jinxin, Wang Jianru, Lin Zixuan
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Advances in Pituitary Surgery: Yoon Hwan Byun, Ho Kang, Yong Hwy Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(4):608-616. Published online August 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1546

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Pituitary surgery has advanced considerably in recent years with the exploration and development of various endoscopic approaches and techniques. Different endoscopic skull base approaches are being applied to access sellar tumors in different locations. Moreover, extracapsular dissection and cavernous sinus exploration have enabled gross total resection of sellar tumors where it could not have been achieved in the past. Techniques for skull base reconstruction have also progressed, allowing surgeons to remove larger and more complicated tumors than before. This review article discusses different endoscopic skull base approaches, surgical techniques for removing pituitary adenomas, and reconstruction methods for repairing postoperative low-flow and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leakage.

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Seung Shin Park, Yong Hwy Kim, Ho Kang, Chang Ho Ahn, Dong Jun Byun, Man Ho Choi, Jung Hee Kim
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