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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):10-24.   Published online February 9, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.102
  • 8,419 View
  • 335 Download
  • 27 Web of Science
  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The Korean National Health Information Database (NHID) contains big data combining information obtained from the National Health Insurance Service and health examinations. Data are provided in the form of a cohort, and the NHID can be used to conduct longitudinal studies and research on rare diseases. Moreover, data on the cause and date of death are provided by Statistics Korea. Research and publications based on the NHID have increased explosively in the field of endocrine disorders. However, because the data were not collected for research purposes, studies using the NHID have limitations, particularly the need for the operational definition of diseases. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the Korean NHID, operational definitions of endocrine diseases used for research, and an overview of recent studies in endocrinology using the Korean NHID.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Different Associations between Lipid Levels and Risk for Heart Failure according to Diabetes Progression
    Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyu Na Lee, Jong-Chan Youn, Hun Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 105.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
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    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Reflections on the 2024 KTA Guideline and the Role of Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
    Minseok Suh, So Won Oh, Gi Jeong Cheon, June-Key Chung
    Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2025; 59(2): 95.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Pancreatitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Development of Pancreatic Cancer: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study
    Young-eun Kim, Min Heui Yu, Chung Mo Nam, Eun Seok Kang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 252.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020)
    Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 172.     CrossRef
  • Association between glycaemic status and the risk of acromegaly: a nationwide population-based cohort study
    Eun Roh, Ji Hye Heo, Han Na Jung, Kyung Do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm
    BMJ Open.2025; 15(3): e087884.     CrossRef
  • Associations Between Physical Activity and the Risk of Hip Fracture Depending on Glycemic Status: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Kyoung Min Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyungdo Han, Yumie Rhee
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1194.     CrossRef
  • Weight change in patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with remission: Comprehensive real‐world data
    Jinyoung Kim, Bongseong Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 567.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes severity and the risk of depression: A nationwide population-based study
    Yunjung Cho, Bongsung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 694.     CrossRef
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    Nobuyuki Horita, Kaoru Takase-Minegishi
    Journal of Thoracic Oncology.2024; 19(2): 348.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Duration, Cholesterol Levels, and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(12): e2317.     CrossRef
  • Risk of fracture in patients with myasthenia gravis: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
    Hye-Sun Park, Kyoungsu Kim, Min Heui Yu, Ha Young Shin, Yumie Rhee, Seung Woo Kim, Namki Hong
    Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2024; 39(6): 688.     CrossRef
  • All-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in individuals with diabetes living alone: A large-scale population-based cohort study
    Jae-Seung Yun, Kyungdo Han, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Yu-Bae Ahn, Yong-Moon Mark Park, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 217: 111876.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea
    Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(5): 678.     CrossRef
  • Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
    Ji Yoon Kim, Sojeong Park, Minae Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
    JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(11): e2443918.     CrossRef
  • Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Thyroid Disease in 7 Million Adult and 0.2 Million Adolescent Vaccine Recipients
    Sungho Bea, Hwa Young Ahn, Jieun Woo, Ju-Young Shin, Sun Wook Cho
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
    Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
    Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Research on obesity using the National Health Information Database: recent trends
    Eun-Jung Rhee
    Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 35.     CrossRef
  • Pituitary Diseases and COVID-19 Outcomes in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Jeonghoon Ha, Kyoung Min Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Keeho Song, Gi Hyeon Seo
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(14): 4799.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
    Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soon Jib Yoo
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 426.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study
    Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 436.     CrossRef
  • Is Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms? A Population-Based, Nested Case–Control Study from Korea
    Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
    Thyroid®.2023; 33(12): 1483.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525.     CrossRef
  • Risk of depression in patients with acromegaly in Korea (2006-2016): a nationwide population-based study
    Shinje Moon, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
    European Journal of Endocrinology.2023; 189(3): 363.     CrossRef
  • Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
    Jin Yu, Kyu-Na Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770.     CrossRef
  • Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
    Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 690.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Renal Protection of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, Finerenone, in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Dong-Lim Kim, Seung-Eun Lee, Nan Hee Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):43-55.   Published online February 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1629
  • 13,070 View
  • 1,157 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases; therefore, its prevention and treatment are important. The prevention of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can be achieved through intensive glycemic control and blood pressure management. Additionally, DKD treatment aims to reduce albuminuria and improve kidney function. In patients with T2DM, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can delay the progression of DKD. Hence, there is a need for novel treatments that can effectively suppress DKD progression. Finerenone is a first-in-class nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with clinically proven efficacy in improving albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and risk of cardiovascular events in early and advanced DKD. Therefore, finerenone is a promising treatment option to delay DKD progression. This article reviews the mechanism of renal effects and major clinical outcomes of finerenone in DKD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Finerenona no Tratamento da Nefropatia Diabética: Perspectivas Atuais e Evidências Clínicas
    Rosana Maciel Schmidt, Luis Alberto Batista Peres, Alfredo Casagrande Laude
    Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo.2025; 17(3): e7760.     CrossRef
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    International Urology and Nephrology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shadi Bazzazzadehgan, Zia Shariat-Madar, Fakhri Mahdi
    Biomolecules.2025; 15(3): 414.     CrossRef
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    Tomomi Shirai, Sakiko Inaba, Miyu Maemura, Maki Saho, Miyu Sato, Mariko Sanada, Yoko Tsukamoto, Gaku Inoue, Taichi Nagahisa, Shinichi Tanaka, Hajime Tanaka, Hideaki Kurata, Takeshi Katsuki, Toshihide Kawai, Satoru Yamada
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    CardioVasc.2024; 24(1): 33.     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(18): 10051.     CrossRef
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Close layer
Original Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study
Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):406-417.   Published online August 3, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1703
  • 10,303 View
  • 293 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
While the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a measure of insulin resistance, its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been well elucidated. We evaluated the TyG index for prediction of CVDs in a prospective large communitybased cohort.
Methods
Individuals 40 to 70 years old were prospectively followed for a median 15.6 years. The TyG index was calculated as the Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. CVDs included any acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate CVD risks according to quartiles of the TyG index and plotted the receiver operating characteristics curve for the incident CVD.
Results
Among 8,511 subjects (age 51.9±8.8 years; 47.5% males), 931 (10.9%) had incident CVDs during the follow-up. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, exercise, and C-reactive protein, subjects in the highest TyG quartile had 36% increased risk of incident CVD compared with the lowest TyG quartile (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.68). Carotid plaque, assessed by ultrasonography was more frequent in subjects in the higher quartile of TyG index (P for trend=0.049 in men and P for trend <0.001 in women). The TyG index had a higher predictive power for CVDs than the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (area under the curve, 0.578 for TyG and 0.543 for HOMA-IR). Adding TyG index on diabetes or hypertension alone gave sounder predictability for CVDs.
Conclusion
The TyG index is independently associated with future CVDs in 16 years of follow-up in large, prospective Korean cohort.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Elevated triglyceride-glucose index as a predictor of carotid plaque incidence: Insights from a comprehensive meta-analysis
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Close layer
Review Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update
Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):12-22.   Published online February 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1942
  • 17,970 View
  • 716 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths with numbers continuing to increase worldwide. In the last 20 years, the emergence of pharmacological treatments for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones has transformed the therapeutic landscape. The successful development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, followed by the synergistic combined effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists achieved remarkable weight loss and glycemic control in those with the diseases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The multiple cardiometabolic benefits include improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, blood pressure, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. The 2023 phase 2 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (retatrutide) in patients with the disease of obesity reported 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks with 12 mg retatrutide. This review evaluates the current available evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists with a focus on GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonists and discusses the potential future benefits and research directions.

Citations

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    André J. Scheen
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  • Retatrutide
    Nathan Ramsbacher
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Close layer
Original Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Efficacy and Safety of Omarigliptin, a Novel Once-Weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Samir Kumar Talukder, Deep Dutta, Shahjada Selim
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):109-126.   Published online January 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1839
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  • 133 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
No recent meta-analysis has holistically analyzed and summarized the efficacy and safety of omarigliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a meta-analysis to address this knowledge gap.
Methods
Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included patients with T2DM who received omarigliptin in the intervention arm. The control arm consisted of either a placebo (passive control group [PCG]) or an active comparator (active control group [ACG]). The primary outcome assessed was changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), while secondary outcomes included variations in glucose levels, achievement of glycemic targets, adverse events (AEs), and hypoglycemic events.
Results
From 332 initially screened articles, data from 16 RCTs involving 8,804 subjects were analyzed. Omarigliptin demonstrated superiority over placebo in reducing HbA1c levels (mean difference, –0.58%; 95% confidence interval, –0.75 to –0.40; P<0.00001; I2=91%). Additionally, omarigliptin outperformed placebo in lowering fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and in the percentage of participants achieving HbA1c levels below 7.0% and 6.5%. The glycemic efficacy of omarigliptin was similar to that of the ACG across all measures. Although the omarigliptin group experienced a higher incidence of hypoglycemic events compared to the PCG, the overall AEs, serious AEs, hypoglycemia, and severe hypoglycemia were comparable between the omarigliptin and control groups (PCG and ACG).
Conclusion
Omarigliptin has a favorable glycemic efficacy and safety profile for managing T2DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Once-Weekly Tirzepatide Versus Once-Daily Basal Insulin in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Oral anti-Hyperglycemic Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Shahjada Selim, Faria Afsana, Lakshmi Nagendra, Rezwana Ahmed, Deep Dutta
    Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(3): 315.     CrossRef
  • Renal effects and safety of tirzepatide in subjects with and without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    A B M Kamrul-Hasan, Shinjan Patra, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, AFM Muntahi-Reza, Sanja Borozan, Joseph M Pappachan
    World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Tirzepatide and Cancer Risk in Individuals with and without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Deep Dutta, Thanikai Sasikanth, Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona, Lakshmi Nagendra
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 112.     CrossRef
  • Reasons for discontinuing tirzepatide in randomized controlled trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Abul Bashar Mohammad Kamrul-Hasan, Joseph M Pappachan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammad Shafi Kuchay, Nitin Kapoor
    World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Role of flibanserin in managing hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona, Lakshmi Nagendra, Shahjada Selim, Deep Dutta
    Medicine.2024; 103(25): e38592.     CrossRef
  • Teneligliptin: A potential therapeutic approach for diabetic cardiomyopathy
    Ashraf Al Madhoun
    World Journal of Diabetes.2024; 15(8): 1654.     CrossRef
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    Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
    Antioxidants.2024; 13(9): 1033.     CrossRef
  • Safety and Efficacy of the Novel RNA Interference Therapies for Hypertriglyceridemia and Mixed Hyperlipidemia Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Sunetra Mondal, Saptarshi Bhattacharya, Sanjay Kalra
    Endocrine Practice.2024; 30(11): 1103.     CrossRef
  • Hepatobiliary effects and safety of tirzepatide: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    A. B. M. Kamrul‐Hasan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammad Shafi Kuchay, Md. Saiful Islam, Joseph M. Pappachan
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(12): 6074.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and Safety of Ertugliflozin Compared to Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
    A. B. M. Kamrul-Hasan, Muhammad Shah Alam, Samir Kumar Talukder, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Shahjada Selim, Eusebio Chiefari
    Journal of Diabetes Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Optimal Use of Once-Weekly Basal Insulin Efsitora Alfa in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Manoj Kumar, A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Saptarshi Bhattacharya
    Endocrine Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Neuropsychiatric Effects of Tirzepatide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan, Sanja Borozan, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Dina Shrestha, Joseph M. Pappachan
    Endocrine Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pancreatic Safety of Tirzepatide and Its Effects on Islet Cell Function: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
    A. B. M. Kamrul‐Hasan, Sunetra Mondal, Deep Dutta, Lakshmi Nagendra, Mohammed Ruhul Kabir, Joseph M. Pappachan
    Obesity Science & Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Close layer
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Inhibition of Fatty Acid β-Oxidation by Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 Induces Ferroptosis in HK2 Cells Under High Glucose Conditions
Jiasi Chen, Keping Wu, Yan Lei, Mingcheng Huang, Lokyu Cheng, Hui Guan, Jiawen Lin, Ming Zhong, Xiaohua Wang, Zhihua Zheng
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):226-244.   Published online April 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1604
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  • 238 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Ferroptosis, which is caused by an iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, is a type of cell death linked to diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Previous research has shown that fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is involved in the regulation of ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy. The present study was constructed to explore the role of FABP4 in the regulation of ferroptosis in DKD.
Methods
We first detected the expression of FABP4 and proteins related to ferroptosis in renal biopsies of patients with DKD. Then, we used a FABP4 inhibitor and small interfering RNA to investigate the role of FABP4 in ferroptosis induced by high glucose in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HG-HK2) cells.
Results
In kidney biopsies of DKD patients, the expression of FABP4 was elevated, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CP-T1A), glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain, and ferritin light chain showed reduced expression. In HG-HK2 cells, the induction of ferroptosis was accompanied by an increase in FABP4. Inhibition of FABP4 in HG-HK2 cells changed the redox state, sup-pressing the production of reactive oxygen species, ferrous iron (Fe2+), and malondialdehyde, increasing superoxide dismutase, and reversing ferroptosis-associated mitochondrial damage. The inhibition of FABP4 also increased the expression of CPT1A, reversed lipid deposition, and restored impaired fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, the inhibition of CPT1A could induce ferroptosis in HK2 cells.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that FABP4 mediates ferroptosis in HG-HK2 cells by inhibiting fatty acid β-oxidation.

Citations

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  • Enhanced cell survival in prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreserved with membrane lipids and antioxidants rich cryopreservation medium
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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sleep Duration and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study with a 16-Year Follow-up
Da Young Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Seung Ku Lee, Chol Shin, Nan Hee Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):146-155.   Published online February 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1582
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We aimed to investigate the moderating effects of obesity, age, and sex on the association between sleep duration and the development of diabetes in Asians.
Methods
We analyzed data from a cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study conducted from 2001 to 2020. After excluding shift workers and those with diabetes at baseline, 7,407 participants were stratified into three groups according to sleep duration: ≤5 hours/night, >5 to 7 hours/night (reference), and >7 hours/night. The Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subgroup analyses were performed according to obesity, age, and sex.
Results
During 16 years of follow-up, 2,024 cases of T2DM were identified. Individuals who slept ≤5 h/night had a higher risk of incident diabetes than the reference group (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.33). The subgroup analysis observed a valid interaction with sleep duration only for obesity. A higher risk of T2DM was observed in the ≤5 hours/night group in non-obese individuals, men, and those aged <60 years, and in the >7 hours/night group in obese individuals (HRs were 1.34 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.61], 1.22 [95% CI, 1 to 1.49], and 1.18 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.39], respectively).
Conclusion
This study confirmed the effect of sleep deprivation on the risk of T2DM throughout the 16-year follow-up period. This impact was confined to non-obese or young individuals and men. We observed a significant interaction between sleep duration and obesity.

Citations

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Close layer
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk for Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after COVID-19 among Korean Adults: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study
Jong Han Choi, Kyoung Min Kim, Keeho Song, Gi Hyeon Seo
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):245-252.   Published online April 5, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1662
  • 4,492 View
  • 156 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause various extrapulmonary sequelae, including diabetes. However, it is unclear whether these effects persist 30 days after diagnosis. Hence, we investigated the incidence of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the post-acute phase of COVID-19.
Methods
This cohort study used data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, a representative national healthcare database in Korea. We established a cohort of 348,180 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 without a history of diabetes between January 2020 and September 2021. The control group consisted of sex- and age-matched individuals with neither a history of diabetes nor COVID-19. We assessed the hazard ratios (HR) of newly diagnosed T2DM patients with COVID-19 compared to controls, adjusted for age, sex, and the presence of hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Results
In the post-acute phase, patients with COVID-19 had an increased risk of newly diagnosed T2DM compared to those without COVID-19 (adjusted HR, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 1.33). The adjusted HRs of non-hospitalized, hospitalized, and intensive care unit-admitted patients were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.19), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.38), and 1.78 (95% CI, 1.59 to 1.99), respectively. The risk of T2DM in patients who were not administered glucocorticoids also increased (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.32).
Conclusion
COVID-19 may increase the risk of developing T2DM beyond the acute period. The higher the severity of COVID-19 in the acute phase, the higher the risk of newly diagnosed T2DM. Therefore, T2DM should be included as a component of managing long-term COVID-19.

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Close layer
Review Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Intrarenal Mechanisms of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Natriuresis
Eun Sil Koh, Gheun-Ho Kim, Sungjin Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):359-372.   Published online July 24, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1764
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
When sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were first introduced a decade ago, no one expected them to have substantial effects beyond their known glucose-lowering effects, until the emergence of evidence of their robust renal and cardiovascular benefits showing that they could attenuate progression of kidney disease, irrespective of diabetes, as well as prevent the development of acute kidney injury. Still, the precise and elaborate mechanisms underlying the major organ protection of SGLT2 inhibitors remain unclear. SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and glucose in the proximal tubule of the kidney and then recovers tubuloglomerular feedback, whereby SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glomerular hyperfiltration. This simple demonstration of their beneficial effects has perplexed experts in seeking more plausible and as yet undisclosed explanations for the whole effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, including metabolism reprogramming and the modulation of hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Given that the renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with kidney disease but without diabetes were comparable to those seen in patients with diabetes, it may be reasonable to keep the emphasis on their hemodynamic actions. In this context, the aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of renal hemodynamics in individuals with diabetes who are treated with SGLT2 inhibitors, with a focus on natriuresis associated with the regulation of tubuloglomerular feedback and potential aquaresis. Throughout the discussion of alterations in renal sodium and water transports, particular attention will be given to the potential enhancement of adenosine and its receptors following SGLT2 inhibition.

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    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mustafa Arici, Samir Helmy Assaad-Khalil, Marcello Casaccia Bertoluci, Jason Choo, Yau-Jiunn Lee, Magdalena Madero, Guillermo Javier Rosa Diez, Vicente Sánchez Polo, Sungjin Chung, Teerawat Thanachayanont, Carol Pollock
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    Eun Sil Koh, Sungjin Chung
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    Veraprapas Kittipibul, Zachary L. Cox, Supavit Chesdachai, Mona Fiuzat, JoAnn Lindenfeld, Robert J. Mentz
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    Roxana Brata, Andrei Vasile Pascalau, Ovidiu Fratila, Ioana Paul, Mihaela Mirela Muresan, Andreea Camarasan, Tiberia Ilias
    Healthcare.2024; 12(23): 2464.     CrossRef
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    Sungjin Chung
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Original Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Committee of Big Data, Korean Endocrine Society
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):525-537.   Published online September 7, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1765
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study investigated the risk of cause-specific mortality according to glucose tolerance status in elderly South Koreans.
Methods
A total of 1,292,264 individuals aged ≥65 years who received health examinations in 2009 were identified from the National Health Information Database. Participants were classified as normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, newly-diagnosed diabetes, early diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agents ≤2), or advanced diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agents ≥3 or insulin). The risk of system-specific and disease-specific deaths was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Results
During a median follow-up of 8.41 years, 257,356 deaths were recorded. Diabetes was associated with significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 1.60); death due to circulatory (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.46 to 1.52), respiratory (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.47 to 1.55), and genitourinary systems (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 2.10 to 2.35); and neoplasms (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.32). Diabetes was also associated with a significantly higher risk of death due to ischemic heart disease (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.76), cerebrovascular disease (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.50), pneumonia (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.76), and acute or chronic kidney disease (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 2.09 to 2.38). There was a stepwise increase in the risk of death across the glucose spectrum (P for trend <0.0001). Stroke, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease increased the risk of all-cause mortality at every stage of glucose intolerance.
Conclusion
A dose-dependent association between the risk of mortality from various causes and severity of glucose tolerance was noted in the elderly population.

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  • Inverse association between obesity and suicidal death risk
    Joonyub Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee-Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Jae-Seung Yun, Yeoree Yang, Kun-Ho Yoon, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Chi-Un Pae, Kyungdo Han, Jang Won Son
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    Joonyub Lee, Kun‐Ho Yoon
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Review Article
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Overcoming Therapeutic Inertia as the Achilles’ Heel for Improving Suboptimal Diabetes Care: An Integrative Review
Boon-How Chew, Barakatun-Nisak Mohd-Yusof, Pauline Siew Mei Lai, Kamlesh Khunti
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):34-42.   Published online February 16, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1649
  • 5,986 View
  • 309 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The ultimate purpose of diabetes care is achieving the outcomes that patients regard as important throughout the life course. Despite advances in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, psychoeducational programs, information technologies, and digital health, the levels of treatment target achievement in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) have remained suboptimal. This clinical care of people with DM is highly challenging, complex, costly, and confounded for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems. One key underlying problem is clinical inertia in general and therapeutic inertia (TI) in particular. TI refers to healthcare providers’ failure to modify therapy appropriately when treatment goals are not met. TI therefore relates to the prescribing decisions made by healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. The known causes of TI include factors at the level of the physician (50%), patient (30%), and health system (20%). Although TI is often multifactorial, the literature suggests that 28% of strategies are targeted at multiple levels of causes, 38% at the patient level, 26% at the healthcare professional level, and only 8% at the healthcare system level. The most effective interventions against TI are shorter intervals until revisit appointments and empowering nurses, diabetes educators, and pharmacists to review treatments and modify prescriptions.

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Editorial
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
No More NAFLD: The Term Is Now MASLD
Ji Cheol Bae
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):92-94.   Published online February 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.103
  • 3,643 View
  • 134 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
PDFPubReader   ePub   

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Review Articles
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Benefits Of Continuous Glucose Monitoring In Pregnancy
Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):472-481.   Published online October 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1805
  • 11,442 View
  • 470 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Previous studies have consistently demonstrated the positive effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic outcomes and complications of diabetes in people with type 1 diabetes. Guidelines now consider CGM to be an essential and cost-effective device for managing type 1 diabetes. As a result, insurance coverage for it is available. Evidence supporting CGM continues to grow and expand to broader populations, such as pregnant people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes treated only with basal insulin therapy, and even type 2 diabetes that does not require insulin treatment. However, despite the significant risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, which leads to complications in more than half of affected newborns, CGM indications and insurance coverage for those patients are unresolved. In this review article, we discuss the latest evidence for using CGM to offer glycemic control and reduce perinatal complications, along with its cost-effectiveness in pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. In addition, we discuss future prospects for CGM coverage and indications based on this evidence.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Therapy: From Discovery to Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond
Adie Viljoen, Stephen C. Bain
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):25-33.   Published online February 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1642
  • 7,140 View
  • 393 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The therapeutic benefits of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), for people with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, are now firmly established. The evidence-base arising from head-to-head comparative effectiveness studies in people with type 2 diabetes, as well as the recommendations by professional guidelines suggest that GLP1 receptor agonists should replace more traditional treatment options such as sulfonylureas and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Furthermore, their benefits in reducing cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes beyond improvements in glycaemic control has led to numerous clinical trials seeking to translate this benefit beyond type 2 diabetes. Following early trial results their therapeutic benefit is currently being tested in other conditions including fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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  • The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update
    Agnieszka Jakubowska, Carel W. le Roux, Adie Viljoen
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Brief Report
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Performance of Simple Fibrosis Score in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Seung Min Chung, Min Kyu Kang, Jun Sung Moon, Jung Gil Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):277-281.   Published online March 13, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1635
  • 3,920 View
  • 127 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
This cross-sectional study enrolled 267 patients with metabolic risk factors and established non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the prospective cohort. The performance of fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score (≥1.3) to diagnose advanced fibrosis using transient elastography (liver stiffness measurement [LSM] ≥8 kPa) was analyzed. Comparing patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n=87) and without (n=180), not FIB-4, but LSM was significantly higher in T2D (P=0.026). The prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 17.2% in T2D and 12.8% in non-T2D. FIB-4 exhibited higher proportion of false negatives in T2D patients (10.9%) than those without (5.2%). The diagnostic performance of FIB-4 was suboptimal in T2D (area under curve [AUC], 0.653; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.462 to 0.844) compared to that in non-T2D (AUC, 0.826; 95% CI, 0.724 to 0.927). In conclusion, patients with T2D might be beneficial to conduct transient elastography without screening to avoid missing advanced fibrosis.

Citations

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  • The effect of semaglutide combined with metformin on liver inflammation and pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    Rong Ren, Yanxia Pei, Lufei Kong, Yixin Shi
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    Eun-Jung Rhee
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