Endocrinology and Metabolism

Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and COVID-19-Related Deaths among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies: Dimitrios Patoulias, Michael Doumas; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):904-908. Published online July 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1048

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains an unbeaten enemy. Unfortunately, no targeted treatment option is available. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased odds for severe or fatal disease, as demonstrated in recent observational studies. There is an ongoing discussion regarding the impact of different antidiabetic drug classes on outcomes of interest among affected subjects. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been placed at the epicenter, since the DPP-4 enzyme seems to be implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Herein we present an updated meta-analysis of observational studies addressing the risk of COVID-19 death among patients with T2DM on prior DPP-4 inhibitor treatment. We pooled data from 10 observational studies, showing that DPP-4 inhibitors produce a non-significant decrease in the risk for COVID-19-related death. However, when administered in the inpatient setting, DPP-4 inhibitors decrease the risk for COVID-19-related death by 50%. Ongoing randomized controlled trials will shed further light.

Citations

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Noninsulin‐based antihyperglycemic medications in patients with diabetes and COVID ‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mahmoud Nassar, Hazem Abosheaishaa, Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Anoop Misra, Zachary Bloomgarden
Journal of Diabetes.2023; 15(2): 86. CrossRef
COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome
Harsha Dissanayake
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Current management of diabetes patients with COVID-19
Arup Kumar Misra, Gaurav Rangari, Madhavrao C, Sushil Sharma
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 18(2): 199. CrossRef
Current management of diabetes patients with COVID-19
Arup Kumar Misra, Gaurav Rangari, Madhavrao C, Sushil Sharma
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and COVID- 19 Outcomes
Andreana Foresta, Luisa Ojeda-Fernandez, Giulia Macaluso, Maria Carla Roncaglioni, Mauro Tettamanti, Ida Fortino, Olivia Leoni, Stefano Genovese, Marta Baviera
Clinical Therapeutics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
DPP-4 Inhibitors as a savior for COVID-19 patients with diabetes
Snehasish Nag, Samanwita Mandal, Oindrila Mukherjee, Suprabhat Mukherjee, Rakesh Kundu
Future Virology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitor was associated with mortality reduction in COVID-19 — A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ahmad Fariz Malvi Zamzam Zein, Wilson Matthew Raffaello
Primary Care Diabetes.2022; 16(1): 162. CrossRef
Preadmission use of antidiabetic medications and mortality among patients with COVID-19 having type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Nam Nhat Nguyen, Dung Si Ho, Hung Song Nguyen, Dang Khanh Ngan Ho, Hung-Yuan Li, Chia-Yuan Lin, Hsiao-Yean Chiu, Yang-Ching Chen
Metabolism.2022; 131: 155196. CrossRef
The Association Between Antidiabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis
Yidan Chen, Xingfei Lv, Sang Lin, Mohammad Arshad, Mengjun Dai
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Cristina Rey-Reñones, Sara Martinez-Torres, Francisco M. Martín-Luján, Carles Pericas, Ana Redondo, Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Angela Dominguez, María Grau
Biomedicines.2022; 10(9): 2089. CrossRef
Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology
Alba Sebastián-Martín, Belén G. Sánchez, José M. Mora-Rodríguez, Alicia Bort, Inés Díaz-Laviada
Biomedicines.2022; 10(8): 2026. CrossRef
Non-Insulin Novel Antidiabetic Drugs Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Teodor Salmen, Valeria-Anca Pietroșel, Bianca-Margareta Mihai, Ioana Cristina Bica, Claudiu Teodorescu, Horia Păunescu, Oana Andreia Coman, Doina-Andrada Mihai, Anca Pantea Stoian
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Antidiabetic treatment and COVID-19 Outcomes: A population-based cohort study in primary health care in Catalonia during the first wave of the pandemic
Dan Ouchi, Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Vanessa de Dios, Maria Giner-Soriano, Rosa Morros
Primary Care Diabetes.2022; 16(6): 753. CrossRef
Immunotropic effects of hypoglycemic agents on coronavirus infection: a view from the perspective of pharmacogenetics
Konstantin G. Gurevich, Yulia A. Sorokina, Alexander L. Urakov, Snezhana D. Sinyushkina, Maria I. Pryazhnikova, Alyona V. Gorinova, Lyubov V. Lovtsova, Olga V. Zanozina
Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy.2022; 20(3): 269. CrossRef
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in COVID-19: Beyond glycemic control
Niya Narayanan, Dukhabandhu Naik, Jayaprakash Sahoo, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
World Journal of Virology.2022; 11(6): 399. CrossRef
Improvement of glycemic control and reduction of major cardiovascular events in 18 cardiovascular outcome trials: an updated meta-regression
Maria Ida Maiorino, Miriam Longo, Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Giuseppe Bellastella, Paolo Chiodini, Katherine Esposito, Dario Giugliano
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones: Bo Hye Kim, Yena Joo, Min-Seon Kim, Han Kyoung Choe, Qingchun Tong, Obin Kwon; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):745-756. Published online August 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.405

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Intermittent fasting has become an increasingly popular strategy in losing weight and associated reduction in obesity-related medical complications. Overwhelming studies support metabolic improvements from intermittent fasting in blood glucose levels, cardiac and brain function, and other health benefits, in addition to weight loss. However, concerns have also been raised on side effects including muscle loss, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Of particular concern, the effect of intermittent fasting on hormonal circadian rhythms has received little attention. Given the known importance of circadian hormonal changes to normal physiology, potential detrimental effects by dysregulation of hormonal changes deserve careful discussions. In this review, we describe the changes in circadian rhythms of hormones caused by intermittent fasting. We covered major hormones commonly pathophysiologically involved in clinical endocrinology, including insulin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids. Given that intermittent fasting could alter both the level and frequency of hormone secretion, decisions on practicing intermittent fasting should take more considerations on potential detrimental consequences versus beneficial effects pertaining to individual health conditions.

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Fasting intervention and its clinical effects on the human host and microbiome
Sofia K. Forslund
Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 293(2): 166. CrossRef
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Fatty Liver Disease Diets on Longevity
Melek Ece Öngel, Cennet Yildiz, Özge Başer, Bayram Yilmaz, Mustafa Özilgen
Entropy.2023; 25(2): 227. CrossRef
Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis, Palatable Food Intake, and Body Weight in Stressed Rats
Cinthia García-Luna, Ixchel Prieto, Paulina Soberanes-Chávez, Elena Alvarez-Salas, Iván Torre-Villalvazo, Gilberto Matamoros-Trejo, Patricia de Gortari
Nutrients.2023; 15(5): 1164. CrossRef
Possible homeostatic, glucose uptake mechanisms and hepato-pancreatic histological effects of intermittent fasting, exercise, starvation, and honey in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats
Ejime A. Chijiokwu, Eze K. Nwangwa, Mega O. Oyovwi, Benneth Ben-Azu, Alexander O. Naiho, Emuesiri Goodies Moke, Victor Emojevwe, Prosper A. Ehiwarior, Udoka S. Nwabuoku
Nutrire.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Mid-Point of the Active Phase Is Better to Achieve the Natriuretic Effect of Acute Salt Load in Mice
Momoko Imamura, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Katsuki Hayashi, Shigenobu Shibata
Nutrients.2023; 15(7): 1679. CrossRef
All That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Same Sleep Time, but Different Diabetogenic Outcomes
Bohye Kim, Obin Kwon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 78. CrossRef
The emerging role of circadian rhythms in the development and function of thermogenic fat
Xuemin Peng, Yong Chen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intermittent fasting, high-intensity interval training, or a combination of both have beneficial effects in obese mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Patrícia de Castro-de-Paiva, Thatiany de Souza Marinho, Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda, Marcia Barbosa Aguila
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2022; 104: 108997. CrossRef
Optimal Timing of Thyroid Hormone Replacement During Ramadan Fasting: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Prior Total Thyroidectomy
Khalid M. Al-Qahtani, Ibraheem Ahmed Aldeeri, Amal M. Alshaibi, Norah Salman Alshabib, Rakan M. Barghouthi, Ebtihal Y. Alyusuf, Anwar Ali Jammah
Thyroid.2022; 32(9): 1029. CrossRef
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Hadi Nobari, Saber Saedmocheshi, Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Ana Filipa Silva
Nutrients.2022; 14(15): 3197. CrossRef
Alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding may confer similar neuroprotective effects during aging in male rats
Sukanya Bhoumik, Rashmi Kesherwani, Raushan Kumar, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
Biogerontology.2022; 23(6): 757. CrossRef
Intermittent Fasting—A Healthy Dietary Pattern for Diabetic Nephropathy
Ming Yang, Wei Chen, Liyu He, Di Liu, Li Zhao, Xi Wang
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Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Efficacy and Safety of the New Appetite Suppressant, Liraglutide: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: Shinje Moon, Jibeom Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Hoon Yu, Chang-Myung Oh; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):647-660. Published online June 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.934

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved liraglutide as an anti-obesity drug for nondiabetic patients in 2014, it has been widely used for weight control in overweight and obese people. This study aimed to systematically analyze the effects of liraglutide on body weight and other cardiometabolic parameters.
Methods
We investigated articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to search randomized clinical trials that examined body weight changes with liraglutide treatment.
Results
We included 31 studies with 8,060 participants for this meta-analysis. The mean difference (MD) between the liraglutide group and the placebo group was −4.19 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.84 to −3.55), with a −4.16% change from the baseline (95% CI, −4.90 to −3.43). Liraglutide treatment correlated with a significantly reduced body mass index (MD: −1.55; 95% CI, −1.76 to −1.34) and waist circumference (MD: −3.11 cm; 95% CI, −3.59 to −2.62) and significantly decreased blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, MD: −2.85 mm Hg; 95% CI, −3.36 to −2.35; diastolic blood pressure, MD: −0.66 mm Hg; 95% CI, −1.02 to −0.30), glycated hemoglobin (MD: −0.40%; 95% CI, −0.49 to −0.31), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: –2.91 mg/dL; 95% CI, −5.28 to −0.53; MD: −0.87% change from baseline; 95% CI, −1.17 to −0.56).
Conclusion
Liraglutide is effective for weight control and can be a promising drug for cardiovascular protection in overweight and obese people.

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Side effect profile of pharmacologic therapies for liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Yilin Li, Rong Lei, Honglin Lei, Qin Xiong, Fengjiao Xie, Chengjiao Yao, Peimin Feng
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2023; 35(1): 1. CrossRef
Recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity in the Iraqi population
Hussein Ali Nwayyir, Esraa Majid Mutasher, Osama Mohammed Alabid, Muthana Abdulrazzaq Jabbar, Wefak Hasan Abdulraheem Al-Kawaz, Haider Ayad Alidrisi, Majid Alabbood, Muhammed Chabek, Munib AlZubaidi, Lujain Anwar Al-khazrajy, Ibtihal Shukri Abd Alhaleem,
Postgraduate Medicine.2023; : 1. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Review on Weight Loss Associated with Anti-Diabetic Medications
Fatma Haddad, Ghadeer Dokmak, Maryam Bader, Rafik Karaman
Life.2023; 13(4): 1012. CrossRef
Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, in individuals with obesity in clinical practice
Juyoung Shin, Raeun Kim, Hun-Sung Kim
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 49. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis
Ping Zhong, Hai Zeng, Miaochun Huang, Wenbin Fu, Zhixia Chen
Endocrine.2022; 75(3): 718. CrossRef
Pharmacological profile of once-weekly injectable semaglutide for chronic weight management
David C. W. Lau, Rachel L Batterham, Carel W. le Roux
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2022; 15(3): 251. CrossRef
Pharmacological Management of Obesity: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Peter Manu, Cristina-Mihaela Lăcătuşu, Liliana M. Rogozea, Simona Cernea
American Journal of Therapeutics.2022; 29(4): e410. CrossRef
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Katerina Horska, Jana Ruda-Kucerova, Silje Skrede
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Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity
Chantal A. Pileggi, Breana G. Hooks, Ruth McPherson, Robert R.M. Dent, Mary-Ellen Harper
Clinical Science.2022; 136(14): 1081. CrossRef
A Study on Weight Loss Cause as per the Side Effect of Liraglutide
Jin Yu, Jeongmin Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyung Cho, Hun-Sung Kim, Heng Zhou
Cardiovascular Therapeutics.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
The Effects of PPAR Agonists on Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in ApoE^−/−FXR^−/− Mice: Yenna Lee, Bo-Rahm Kim, Geun-Hyung Kang, Gwan Jae Lee, Young Joo Park, Haeryoung Kim, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1243-1253. Published online December 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1100

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Background
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid–activated nuclear receptor, is a potent regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as of bile acid metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that FXR deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FXR in atherosclerosis and NAFLD and the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists in mouse models with FXR deficiency.
Methods
En face lipid accumulation analysis, liver histology, serum levels of glucose and lipids, and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism were compared between apolipoprotein E (ApoE)^−/− and ApoE^−/−FXR^−/− mice. The effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonists were also compared in both groups of mice.
Results
Compared with ApoE^−/− mice, ApoE^−/−FXR^−/− mice showed more severe atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and higher levels of serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, accompanied by increased mRNA expression of FAS, ApoC2, TNFα, IL-6 (liver), ATGL, TGH, HSL, and MGL (adipocytes), and decreased mRNA expressions of CPT2 (liver) and Tfam (skeletal muscle). Treatment with a PPARα agonist, but not with a PPARγ agonist, partly reversed atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis, and decreased plasma triglyceride levels in the ApoE^−/−FXR^−/− mice, in association with increased mRNA expression of CD36 and FATP and decreased expression of ApoC2 and ApoC3 (liver).
Conclusion
Loss of FXR is associated with aggravation of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in ApoE-deficient mice, which could be reversed by a PPARα agonist through induction of fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, and triglyceride hydrolysis.

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World Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 29(12): 1765. CrossRef
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Tess Yntema, Debby P. Y. Koonen, Folkert Kuipers
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Alexandra C. Finney, Sandeep Das, Dhananjay Kumar, M. Peyton McKinney, Bishuang Cai, Arif Yurdagul, Oren Rom
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Miao Miao, Xue Wang, Tian Liu, Yan-Jie Li, Wen-Qian Yu, Tong-Mei Yang, Shou-Dong Guo
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Cabernet sauvignon dry red wine ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice by regulating inflammation and endothelial function, activating AMPK phosphorylation, and modulating gut microbiota
Xinlong Cheng, Xue Han, Liangfu Zhou, Yasai Sun, Qian Zhou, Xuan Lin, Zhe Gao, Jie Wang, Wen Zhao
Food Research International.2023; 169: 112942. CrossRef
Whey protein hydrolysate alleviated atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis by regulating lipid metabolism in apoE-/- mice fed a Western diet
Kai Wang, Zixin Fu, Xiaoyi Li, Hui Hong, Xin Zhan, Xiaohong Guo, Yongkang Luo, Yuqing Tan
Food Research International.2022; 157: 111419. CrossRef
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Zhou Du, Junjie Hu, Lisen Lin, Qingqing Liang, Mengqi Sun, Zhiwei Sun, Junchao Duan
Journal of Pineal Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Joon Ho Moon, Kyuho Kim, Sung Hee Choi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 575. CrossRef
The role of the gut microbiota in health and cardiovascular diseases
Lu Wang, Shiqi Wang, Qing Zhang, Chengqi He, Chenying Fu, Quan Wei
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Namgok Lecture 2021

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
The Influence of Obesity and Metabolic Health on Vascular Health: Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):1-8. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.101

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity should not be understood only as the accumulation of fat in the body, but instead as a phenomenon that exerts different effects on our health according to the place of fat deposition and its stability. Obesity is the starting point of most metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, and eventually cardiovascular disease. There are different kinds of obesity, ranging from simple obesity to sarcopenic obesity. The main purpose of intervening to address obesity is to decrease the ultimate consequence of obesity—namely, cardiovascular disease. The main mechanism through which obesity, especially abdominal obesity, increases cardiovascular risk is the obesity-induced derangement of metabolic health, leading to the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome, which are the main initiators of vascular damage. In this review, I discuss the influence of various types of obesity on the risk of metabolic diseases, and how these diseases increase cardiovascular disease risk.

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Original Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1007-1015. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1218

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Background
Metabolic abnormalities, such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), are dynamic phenomena; however, it is unclear whether the timing of IFG exposure and cumulative exposure to IFG are related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk.
Methods
Data were extracted from a nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea for adults (n=2,206,679) who were free of diabetes and had 4 years of consecutive health examination data. Fasting blood glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dL were defined as IFG, and the number of IFG diagnoses for each adult in the 4-year period was tabulated as the IFG exposure score (range, 0 to 4). Adults with persistent IFG for the 4-year period received a score of 4.
Results
The median follow-up was 8.2 years. There were 24,820 deaths, 13,502 cases of stroke, and 13,057 cases of myocardial infarction (MI). IFG exposure scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with all-cause mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.15; aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.20; aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.25; aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.25, respectively) compared with an IFG exposure score of 0. Adjusting for hypertension and dyslipidemia attenuated the slightly increased risk of MI or stroke associated with high IFG exposure scores, but significant associations for allcause mortality remained.
Conclusion
The intensity of IFG exposure was associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality, independent of cardiovascular risk factors. The association between IFG exposure and CVD risk was largely mediated by the coexistence of dyslipidemia and hypertension.

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Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
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Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Construction and Validation of a Model for Predicting Impaired Fasting Glucose Based on More Than 4000 General Population
Cuicui Wang, Xu Zhang, Chenwei Li, Na Li, Xueni Jia, Hui Zhao
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Myung Ji Nam, Hyunjin Kim, Yeon Joo Choi, Kyung-Hwan Cho, Seon Mee Kim, Yong-Kyun Roh, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Joo-Hyun Park, Do-Hoon Kim
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Review Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Recent Updates to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus: Jin Yu, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):26-37. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.105

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Guidelines for the management of patients with diabetes have become an important part of clinical practice that improve the quality of care and help establish evidence-based medicine in this field. With rapidly accumulating evidence on various aspects of diabetes care, including landmark clinical trials of treatment agents and newer technologies, timely updates of the guidelines capture the most current state of the field and present a consensus. As a leading academic society, the Korean Diabetes Association publishes practice guidelines biennially and the American Diabetes Association does so annually. In this review, we summarize the key changes suggested in the most recent guidelines. Some of the important updates include treatment algorithms emphasizing comorbid conditions such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease in the selection of anti-diabetic agents; wider application of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), insulin pump technologies and indices derived from CGM such as time in range; more active screening of subjects at high-risk of diabetes; and more detailed individualization in diabetes care. Although there are both similarities and differences among guidelines and some uncertainty remains, these updates provide a good approach for many clinical practitioners who are battling with diabetes.

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A nationwide cohort study on diabetes severity and risk of Parkinson disease
Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
npj Parkinson's Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level for Primary Prevention in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 42. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin versus dapagliflozin added to metformin plus gemigliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, comparator-active study: ENHANCE-D study
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Diabetes & Metabolism.2023; 49(4): 101440. CrossRef
Finerenone: Efficacy of a New Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist in Treatment of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
Subo Dey, Jasmine Garg, Andy Wang, Eva Holzner, William H. Frishman, Wilbert S. Aronow
Cardiology in Review.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of mental disorders on the risk of heart failure among Korean patients with diabetes: a cohort study
Tae Kyung Yoo, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronic disease management program applied to type 2 diabetes patients and prevention of diabetic complications: a retrospective cohort study using nationwide data
Min Kyung Hyun, Jang Won Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Zinc Chloride Enhances the Antioxidant Status, Improving the Functional and Structural Organic Disturbances in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats
Irina Claudia Anton, Liliana Mititelu-Tartau, Eliza Gratiela Popa, Mihaela Poroch, Vladimir Poroch, Ana-Maria Pelin, Liliana Lacramioara Pavel, Ilie Cristian Drochioi, Gina Eosefina Botnariu
Medicina.2022; 58(11): 1620. CrossRef

Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Attenuate Renal Fibrosis and Enhance Autophagy of Renal Tubular Cells in Diabetic Mice Through the HDAC2/ULK1 Axis: Xiaoying Ma, Qiong Wang; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):432-443. Published online May 16, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1336

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Background
This study investigated the effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on diabetes in a mouse model.
Methods
Autophagy in Akita mice and streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice was determined by Western blots and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blots, IHC, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and picrosirius red staining were conducted to detect whether autophagy and renal function improved in Akita mice and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice after treatment of SCFAs. Western blots, IHC, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to determine whether SCFAs affected diabetic mice via the histone deacetylase (HDAC2)/unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) axis. Diabetic mice with kidney-specific knockout of HDAC2 were constructed, and IHC, Masson staining, and Western blots were carried out to detect whether the deletion of endogenous HDAC2 contributed to the improvement of autophagy and renal fibrosis in diabetic mice.
Results
Reduced autophagy and severe fibrosis were observed in Akita mice and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Increased autophagy and reduced renal cell fibrosis were found in SCFA-treated Akita diabetic mice and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Diabetic mice treated with SCFAs had lower HDAC2 expression and more enriched binding of ULK1 promoter sequences to H3K27Ac. Endogenous knockout of HDAC2 caused enhanced autophagy and decreased renal fibrosis in diabetic mice treated with SCFAs.
Conclusion
SCFAs enhanced autophagy of renal tubular cells and attenuated renal fibrosis in diabetic mice through the HDAC2/ULK1 axis.

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Epigenetic and post-translational modifications in autophagy: biological functions and therapeutic targets
Feng Shu, Han Xiao, Qiu-Nuo Li, Xiao-Shuai Ren, Zhi-Gang Liu, Bo-Wen Hu, Hong-Sheng Wang, Hao Wang, Guan-Min Jiang
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Ekaterina Fock, Rimma Parnova
Cells.2023; 12(4): 657. CrossRef
The Role of Histone Modifications in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Christodoula Kourtidou, Konstantinos Tziomalos
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(6): 6007. CrossRef
Mechanism of histone deacetylase HDAC2 in FOXO3-mediated trophoblast pyroptosis in preeclampsia
Jia Liu, Weihui Yang
Functional & Integrative Genomics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms of histone deacetylases and inhibitors in renal fibrosis progression
Jiayu Wang, Jiaxing Li, Xin Zhang, Min Zhang, Xiaopeng Hu, Hang Yin
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Sacubitril/Valsartan contributes to improving the diabetic kidney disease and regulating the gut microbiota in mice
Peipei Wang, Ruixue Guo, Xiwen Bai, Wen Cui, Yiding Zhang, Huangmin Li, Jin Shang, Zhanzheng Zhao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent advances and potentiality of postbiotics in the food industry: Composition, inactivation methods, current applications in metabolic syndrome, and future trends
Yujie Zhong, Tao Wang, Ruilin Luo, Jiayu Liu, Ruyi Jin, Xiaoli Peng
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2022; : 1. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Increased Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Individuals with High Weight Variability: Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Mi Yeon Lee, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):845-854. Published online August 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1098

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Background
Weight loss through lifestyle modification is recommended for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies have suggested that repeated loss and gain of weight is associated with worse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the association between weight variability and the risk of NAFLD in patients without diabetes.
Methods
We examined the health-checkup data of 30,708 participants who had undergone serial examinations between 2010 and 2014. Weight variability was assessed using coefficient of variation and the average successive variability of weight (ASVW), which was defined as the sum of absolute weight changes between successive years over the 5-year period divided by 4. The participants were classified according to the baseline body mass index and weight difference over 4 years.
Results
On dividing the participants into four groups according to ASVW quartile groups, those in the highest quartile showed a significantly increased risk of NAFLD compared to those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63 to 2.19). Among participants without obesity at baseline, individuals with high ASVW showed increased risk of NAFLD (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.01). Participants with increased weight over 4 years and high ASVW demonstrated higher risk of NAFLD compared to those with stable weight and low ASVW (OR, 4.87; 95% CI, 4.29 to 5.53).
Conclusion
Regardless of participant baseline obesity status, high weight variability was associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD. Our results suggest that further effort is required to minimize weight fluctuations after achieving a desirable body weight.

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Weight variability, physical functioning and incident disability in older adults
Katie J. McMenamin, Tamara B. Harris, Joshua F. Baker
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dulaglutide Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Activating FAM3A Signaling Pathway
Jinmi Lee, Seok-Woo Hong, Min-Jeong Kim, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(1): 74. CrossRef
Triglyceride and glucose index is a simple and easy‐to‐calculate marker associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Kyung‐Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Hong‐Yup Ahn, Cheol‐Young Park
Obesity.2022; 30(6): 1279. CrossRef
Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in individuals of normal weight
Mohammed Eslam, Hashem B. El-Serag, Sven Francque, Shiv K. Sarin, Lai Wei, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Jacob George
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2022; 19(10): 638. CrossRef
Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance in Adults: A before and after Pandemic Lockdown Longitudinal Study
Ángel Arturo López-González, Bárbara Altisench Jané, Luis Masmiquel Comas, Sebastiana Arroyo Bote, Hilda María González San Miguel, José Ignacio Ramírez Manent
Nutrients.2022; 14(14): 2795. CrossRef
Higher Weight Variability Could Bring You a Fatty Liver
Yeoree Yang, Jae-Hyoung Cho
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 766. CrossRef
Autonomic Imbalance Increases the Risk for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Inha Jung, Da Young Lee, Mi Yeon Lee, Hyemi Kwon, Eun-Jung Rhee, Cheol-Young Park, Ki-Won Oh, Won-Young Lee, Sung-Woo Park, Se Eun Park
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Cardiovascular Outcomes of Obesity According to Menopausal Status: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Bo Kyung Koo, Sang-Hyun Park, Kyungdo Han, Min Kyong Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1029-1041. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1197

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Background
We estimated the effect of obesity on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in women according to menopausal status.
Methods
Women aged 40 to 69 years under routine health check-ups provided by the National Health Insurance Service in 2009 were followed up till 2018 (n=2,208,559).
Results
In premenopausal women, a significant increment of mortality rate was found in underweight and obesity class II (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.67; and HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.39) compared to normal body mass index (BMI); overweight and obesity class I did not affect mortality rate. In postmenopausal women, obesity as well as overweight status reduced the risk of mortality compared to normal BMI (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88; and HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.86). By contrast, there was a linear association between CVD and BMI above the normal range irrespective of menopausal status, which was attenuated in diabetic women.
Conclusion
The current study replicated the J-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality, being more prominent in the postmenopausal group. The risk of CVD was linearly increased as BMI was increased above the normal range irrespective of menopausal status.

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A nationwide cohort study on diabetes severity and risk of Parkinson disease
Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
npj Parkinson's Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular Outcomes according to Comorbidities and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Korean People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Min Kyong Moon, Junghyun Noh, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sang Hyun Park, Hyeon Chang Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Seonghoon Choi, Jin Oh Na, Young Youl Hyun, Bum Joon Kim, Kyung-Do Han, In-Kyung Jeong
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 45. CrossRef
The effect of menopause on cardiovascular risk factors according to body mass index in middle-aged Korean women
Do Kyeong Song, Young Sun Hong, Yeon-Ah Sung, Hyejin Lee, Aysha Almas
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(3): e0283393. CrossRef
Low‐quality muscle mass rather than normal‐quality muscle mass determines fibrosis progression in biopsy‐proven NAFLD
Yun Kyu Lee, Bo Kyung Koo, Sae Kyung Joo, Dong Hyeon Lee, Heejoon Jang, Jee Won Chai, Myoung Seok Lee, Si Won Jang, Young Ho So, Jeong Hwan Park, Mee Soo Chang, Won Kim
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of exercise initiation and smoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus on risk of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Non-pharmacologic treatment for obesity
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(7): 400. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Human Leukocyte Antigens and Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: Hidefumi Inaba, Yosuke Kaido, Saya Ito, Tomonao Hirobata, Gen Inoue, Takakazu Sugita, Yuki Yamamoto, Masatoshi Jinnin, Hiroaki Kimura, Tomoko Kobayashi, Shintaro Iwama, Hiroshi Arima, Takaaki Matsuoka; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):84-95. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1282

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Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI-T1DM) is a rare critical entity. However, the etiology of ICI-T1DM remains unclear.
Methods
In order to elucidate risk factors for ICI-T1DM, we evaluated the clinical course and immunological status of patients with ICI-T1DM who had been diagnosed during 2016 to 2021.
Results
Seven of 871 (0.8%, six men and one woman) patients developed ICI-T1DM. We revealed that the allele frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DPA1*02:02 and DPB1*05:01 were significantly higher in the patients with ICI-T1DM In comparison to the controls who received ICI (11/14 vs. 10/26, P=0.022; 11/14 vs. 7/26, P=0.0027, respectively). HLA-DRB1*04:05, which has been found to be a T1DM susceptibility allele in Asians, was also observed as a high-risk allele for ICI-T1DM. The significance of the HLA-DPB1*05:01 and DRB1*04:05 alleles was confirmed by an analysis of four additional patients. The absolute/relative neutrophil count, neutrophils-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil-eosinophil ratio increased, and the absolute lymphocyte count and absolute/relative eosinophil count decreased at the onset as compared with 6 weeks before. In two patients, alterations in cytokines and chemokines were found at the onset.
Conclusion
Novel high-risk HLA alleles and haplotypes were identified in ICI-T1DM, and peripheral blood factors may be utilized as biomarkers.

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Almog Shalit, Panagiotis Sarantis, Evangelos Koustas, Eleni-Myrto Trifylli, Dimitris Matthaios, Michalis V. Karamouzis
Cancers.2023; 15(2): 375. CrossRef
Predictive Biomarkers for Checkpoint Inhibitor Immune-Related Adverse Events
Iñigo Les, Mireia Martínez, Inés Pérez-Francisco, María Cabero, Lucía Teijeira, Virginia Arrazubi, Nuria Torrego, Ana Campillo-Calatayud, Iñaki Elejalde, Grazyna Kochan, David Escors
Cancers.2023; 15(5): 1629. CrossRef
Amino acid polymorphisms in human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class II and proinsulin epitope have impacts on type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors
Hidefumi Inaba, Shuhei Morita, Daisuke Kosugi, Yuki Asai, Yosuke Kaido, Saya Ito, Tomonao Hirobata, Gen Inoue, Yuki Yamamoto, Masatoshi Jinnin, Hiroaki Kimura, Masao Ota, Yuko Okudaira, Hiroyasu Nakatani, Tomoko Kobayashi, Shintaro Iwama, Hiroshi Arima, T
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical characteristics and human leukocyte antigens in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes and pituitary dysfunction: a single center prospective study
Natsuko Hara, Hirotsugu Suwanai, Fumiyoshi Yakou, Keitaro Ishii, Hajime Iwasaki, Hironori Abe, Jumpei Shikuma, Hiroyuki Sakai, Takashi Miwa, Ryo Suzuki
Endocrine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Majd Issa, Joy Tang, Yizhen Guo, Chris Coss, Thomas A. Mace, Jason Bischof, Mitch Phelps, Carolyn J Presley, Dwight H Owen
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2022; 22(8): 861. CrossRef
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Adithya Chennamadhavuni, Laith Abushahin, Ning Jin, Carolyn J. Presley, Ashish Manne
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Flash Glucose Monitoring and Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Approach to Clinical Practice
Pablo Rodríguez de Vera-Gómez, Ana Piñar-Gutiérrez, Raquel Guerrero-Vázquez, Virginia Bellido, Cristóbal Morales-Portillo, María Pilar Sancho-Márquez, Pablo Espejo-García, Noelia Gros-Herguido, Gema López-Gallardo, María Asunción Martínez-Brocca, Alfonso
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass at the Third Lumbar Vertebral Level Measured by Computed Tomography in a Healthy Korean Population: Ja Kyung Yoon, Sunyoung Lee, Kyoung Won Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Jeong Ah Hwang, Taeyong Park, Jeongjin Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):672-677. Published online June 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1041

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Background
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and is associated with negative clinical outcomes. This study aimed to establish sex-specific cutoff values for the skeletal muscle area (SMA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the third lumbar vertebral (L3) level using computed tomography (CT) imaging to identify sarcopenia in healthy Korean liver donors.
Methods
This retrospective study included 659 healthy liver donors (408 men and 251 women) aged 20 to 60 years who had undergone abdominal CT examinations between January 2017 and December 2018. Assessment of body composition was performed with an automated segmentation technique using a deep-learning system. Sex-specific SMA and SMI distributions were assessed, and cutoff values for determining sarcopenia were defined as values at either two standard deviations (SDs) below the mean reference value or below the fifth percentile.
Results
Using the SD definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 117.04 cm² and 39.33 cm²/m², respectively, in men and 71.39 cm² and 27.77 cm²/m², respectively, in women. Using the fifth percentile definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 126.88 cm² and 40.96 cm²/m², respectively, in men and 78.85 cm² and 30.60 cm²/m², respectively, in women.
Conclusion
Our data provide sex-specific cutoff values for the SMA and SMI at the L3 level measured by CT imaging in a healthy Korean population, which may be applicable for identifying sarcopenia in this population.

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Eun Jeong Choi, Dong Hoon Baek, Hong Sub Lee, Geun Am Song, Tae Oh Kim, Yong Eun Park, Chang Min Lee, Jong Hoon Lee
BMC Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimation of Muscle Mass Using Creatinine/Cystatin C Ratio in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older People
Hiroshi Kusunoki, Yasuharu Tabara, Shotaro Tsuji, Yosuke Wada, Kayoko Tamaki, Koutatsu Nagai, Masako Itoh, Kyoko Sano, Manabu Amano, Hatsuo Maeda, Hideyuki Sugita, Yoko Hasegawa, Hiromitsu Kishimoto, Soji Shimomura, Michiya Igase, Ken Shinmura
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2022; 23(5): 902.e21. CrossRef
Defining reference values for low skeletal muscle index at the L3 vertebra level based on computed tomography in healthy adults: A multicentre study
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Clinical Nutrition.2022; 41(2): 396. CrossRef
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Ying-Tzu Huang, Yi-Shan Tsai, Peng-Chan Lin, Yu-Min Yeh, Ya-Ting Hsu, Pei-Ying Wu, Meng-Ru Shen, Zhongjie Shi
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Bo Kyung Koo
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Computed Tomography-Derived Skeletal Muscle Radiodensity Is an Early, Sensitive Marker of Age-Related Musculoskeletal Changes in Healthy Adults
Yeon Woo Jung, Namki Hong, Joon Chae Na, Woong Kyu Han, Yumie Rhee
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Review Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics: Jong Hyeon Yoon, Ki-Sun Kwon; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):478-490. Published online June 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1081

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Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. The molecular mechanisms of the pathophysiology of sarcopenia form a complex network due to the involvement of multiple interconnected signaling pathways. Therefore, signaling receptors are major targets in pharmacological strategies in general. To provide a rationale for pharmacological interventions for sarcopenia, we herein describe several druggable signaling receptors based on their role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and changes in their activity with aging. A brief overview is presented of the efficacy of corresponding drug candidates under clinical trials. Strategies targeting the androgen receptor, vitamin D receptor, Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and ghrelin receptor primarily focus on promoting anabolic action using natural ligands or mimetics. Strategies involving activin receptors and angiotensin receptors focus on inhibiting catabolic action. This review may help to select specific targets or combinations of targets in the future.

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Saniya Khan, Sunil Kumar, Sourya Acharya, Anil Wanjari
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Alverine citrate promotes myogenic differentiation and ameliorates muscle atrophy
Jong Hyeon Yoon, Seung-Min Lee, Younglang Lee, Min Ju Kim, Jae Won Yang, Jeong Yi Choi, Ju Yeon Kwak, Kwang-Pyo Lee, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ki-Sun Kwon
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Gastric Mobility and Gastrointestinal Hormones in Older Patients with Sarcopenia
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Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
The Clinical Characteristics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A National Health Information Database Study: Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):628-636. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.948

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Background
To investigate the clinical characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea, using a nationwide database.
Methods
We analyzed 417,139 women who gave birth between 2011 and 2015 using the Korean National Health Information Database. They underwent the Korean National Health Screening Program within one year before pregnancy and were not prescribed drugs for diabetes nor diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before 280 days antepartum. Patients with GDM were defined as those who visited the outpatient clinic more than twice with GDM codes.
Results
The prevalence of GDM was 12.70% and increased with increasing maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (P for trend <0.05). As compared with those aged <25 years, the odds ratio for women with GDM aged ≥40 years were 4.804 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.436 to 5.203) after adjustment for covariates. Women with prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m² were at 1.898 times (95% CI, 1.736 to 2.075) greater risk for GDM than those with prepregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m². Women with WC of ≥95 cm were at 1.158 times (95% CI, 1.029 to 1.191) greater risk for GDM than women with WC of less than 65 cm. High FPG, high income, smoking, and drinking were associated with an elevated risk of GDM.
Conclusion
The prevalence of GDM in Korean women increased up to 12.70% during 2011 to 2015. These data suggest the importance of GDM screening and prevention in high-risk groups in Korea.

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Ying Yuan, Wenyin He, Xuejiao Fan, Junyu Liang, Zhen Cao, Lei Li
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Joon Ho Moon, Hak Chul Jang
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Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
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Kyung-Soo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(6): 966. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Musclin Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Body Composition, but Not to Body Mass Index or Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Adults: Yeliana L. Sánchez, Manuela Yepes-Calderón, Luis Valbuena, Andrés F. Milán, María C. Trillos-Almanza, Sergio Granados, Miguel Peña, Mauricio Estrada-Castrillón, Juan C. Aristizábal, Raúl Narvez-Sanchez, Jaime Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1055-1068. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1104

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Background
We studied whether musclin function in humans is related to glycemic control, body composition, and cardiorespiratory capacity.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed in sedentary adults with or without metabolic syndrome (MS). Serum musclin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle composition by measuring carnosine in the thigh, a surrogate of fiber types, through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through direct ergospirometry.
Results
The control (n=29) and MS (n=61) groups were comparable in age (51.5±6.5 years old vs. 50.7±6.1 years old), sex (72.4% vs. 70.5% women), total lean mass (58.5%±7.4% vs. 57.3%±6.8%), and peak oxygen consumption (VO_peak) (31.0±5.8 mL O2./kg.min vs. 29.2±6.3 mL O2/kg.min). Individuals with MS had higher body mass index (BMI) (30.6±4.0 kg/m² vs. 27.4± 3.6 kg/m²), HOMA-IR (3.5 [95% confidence interval, CI, 2.9 to 4.6] vs. 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0]), and musclin (206.7 pg/mL [95% CI, 122.7 to 387.8] vs. 111.1 pg/mL [95% CI, 63.2 to 218.5]) values than controls (P˂0.05). Musclin showed a significant relationship with HOMA-IR (β=0.23; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.33; P˂0.01), but not with VO_peak, in multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, lean mass, and physical activity. Musclin was significantly associated with insulin, glycemia, visceral fat, and regional muscle mass, but not with BMI, VCO2peak, maximum heart rate, maximum time of work, or carnosine.
Conclusion
In humans, musclin positively correlates with insulinemia, IR, and a body composition profile with high visceral adiposity and lean mass, but low body fat percentage. Musclin is not related to BMI or cardiorespiratory capacity.

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