Endocrinology and Metabolism

Won Gu Kim (Kim WG)

41 Articles

Thyroid
Recent Changes in the Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Korea between 2005 and 2018: Analysis of Korean National Data: Yun Mi Choi, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):791-799. Published online October 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1533

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Background
In this study, we evaluated the recent changes in the standardized, age-specific, stage-specific incidence rates (IRs) of thyroid cancer in Korea and compared them with the incidence data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.
Methods
The analysis was conducted using the incidence data (2005 to 2018) from the Statistics Korea and Korea Central Cancer Registry.
Results
The age-standardized IR (SIR) of thyroid cancer increased from 24.09 per 100,000 in 2005 to 74.83 in 2012 (annual percent change [APC], 14.5). From 2012 to 2015, the SIR decreased to 42.52 (APC, –17.9) and then remained stable until 2018 (APC, 2.1). This trend was similar in both men and women. Regarding age-specific IRs, the IRs for ages of 30 years and older showed a trend similar to that of the SIR; however, for ages below 30 years, no significant reduction was observed from the vertex of IR in 2015. Regarding stage-specific IRs, the increase was more prominent in those with regional disease (APC, 17.4) than in those with localized disease until 2012; then, the IR decreased until 2015 (APC, –16.1). The average APC from 2005 to 2018 increased in men, those under the age of 30 years, and those with regional disease.
Conclusion
The SIR in Korea peaked in 2012 and decreased until 2015 and then remained stable until 2018. However, in young individuals under the age of 30 years, the IR did not significantly decrease but tended to increase again. In terms of stage-specific IRs, the sharpest increase was seen among those with regional disease.

Thyroid
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Thyroid Disease: A Single-Center Experience and Literature Review: Meihua Jin, Bictdeun Kim, Ahreum Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Young Jun Choi, Yu-Mi Lee, Dong Eun Song, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):312-322. Published online April 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1318

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Background
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is an entity that can involve the thyroid gland. The spectrum of IgG4-related thyroid disease (IgG4-RTD) includes Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and its fibrotic variant, Riedel thyroiditis, as well as Graves’ disease. The early diagnosis of IgG4-RTD is important because it is a medically treatable disease, and a delay in the diagnosis might result in unnecessary surgery. We present a case series of IgG4-RTD with a review of the literature.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentation and the radiological and pathological findings of patients diagnosed with IgG4-RTD between 2017 and 2021 at a tertiary medical center in Korea. We also conducted a literature review of IgG4-RTD.
Results
Five patients were diagnosed with IgG4-RTD during the study period. The patients’ age ranged from 31 to 76 years, and three patients were men. Most patients visited the clinic for a neck mass, and hypoechogenic nodular lesions were observed on neck ultrasonography. Three patients had IgG4 HT, and two patients had IgG4 Riedel thyroiditis. All patients developed hypothyroidism that necessitated L-thyroxine replacement. The diagnosis of IgG4-RTD was confirmed after a pathological examination of the surgical specimen in the first two cases. However, the early diagnosis was possible after a core needle biopsy in three clinically suspected patients.
Conclusion
The diagnosis of IgG4-RTD requires clinical suspicion combined with serology and histological analyses using IgG4 immunostaining. The early diagnosis of IgG4-RTD is difficult; thus, biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining and serum IgG4 measurements will help diagnose patients suspected of having IgG4-RTD.

Miscellaneous
Active Surveillance as an Effective Management Option for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):180-180. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.103; Corrects: Endocrinol Metab 2021;36(4):717

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Lateral Involvement in Different Sized Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Patients with Central Lymph Node Metastasis: A Multi-Center Analysis
Yu Heng, Zheyu Yang, Pengyu Cao, Xi Cheng, Lei Tao
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(17): 4975. CrossRef

Thyroid
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study in South Korea: Meihua Jin, Eun Sook Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Yea Eun Kang, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1078-1085. Published online October 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1151

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Background
Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC), a type of thyroid carcinoma, is rare in South Korea, and few studies have investigated its prognosis.
Methods
This long-term multicenter retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in patients with HCC who underwent thyroid surgery between 1996 and 2009.
Results
The mean age of the 97 patients included in the study was 50.3 years, and 26.8% were male. The mean size of the primary tumor was 3.2±1.8 cm, and three (3.1%) patients had distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. Ultrasonographic findings were available for 73 patients; the number of nodules with low-, intermediate-, and high suspicion was 28 (38.4%), 27 (37.0%), and 18 (24.7%), respectively, based on the Korean-Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System. Preoperatively, follicular neoplasm (FN) or suspicion for FN accounted for 65.2% of the cases according to the Bethesda category, and 13% had malignancy or suspicious for malignancy. During a median follow-up of 8.5 years, eight (8.2%) patients had persistent/recurrent disease, and none died of HCC. Older age, gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE), and widely invasive types of tumors were significantly associated with distant metastasis (all P<0.01). Gross ETE (hazard ratio [HR], 27.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 346.4; P=0.01) and widely invasive classification (HR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 39.4; P=0.04) were independent risk factors for poor disease-free survival (DFS).
Conclusion
The long-term prognosis of HCC is relatively favorable in South Korea from this study, although this is not a nation-wide data, and gross ETE and widely invasive cancer are significant prognostic factors for DFS. The diagnosis of HCC by ultrasonography and cytopathology remains challenging.

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Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Single Center Analysis and Considerations for Surgical Management Based on the Recent Literature
Costanza Chiapponi, Milan J.M. Hartmann, Matthias Schmidt, Michael Faust, Christiane J. Bruns, Anne M. Schultheis, Hakan Alakus
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
Active Surveillance as an Effective Management Option for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):717-724. Published online August 11, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1042; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2022;37(1):180

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Active surveillance (AS) for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has been accepted worldwide as safe and effective. Despite the growing acceptance of AS in the management of low-risk PTMCs, there are barriers to AS in real clinical settings, and it is important to understand and establish appropriate AS protocol from initial evaluation to follow-up. PTMC management strategies should be decided upon after careful consideration of patient and tumor characteristics by a multidisciplinary team of thyroid cancer specialists. Patients should understand the risks and benefits of AS, participate in decision-making and follow structured monitoring strategies. In this review, we discuss clinical outcomes of AS from previous studies, optimal indications and follow-up strategies for AS, and unresolved questions about AS.

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Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Active Surveillance Against Surgery. Considerations of an Italian Working Group From a Systematic Review
Giuseppina Orlando, Gregorio Scerrino, Alessandro Corigliano, Irene Vitale, Roberta Tutino, Stefano Radellini, Francesco Cupido, Giuseppa Graceffa, Gianfranco Cocorullo, Giuseppe Salamone, Giuseppina Melfa
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognosis of Patients with 1–4 cm Papillary Thyroid Cancer Who Underwent Lobectomy: Focus on Gross Extrathyroidal Extension Invading Only the Strap Muscles
Ahreum Jang, Meihua Jin, Won Woong Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Tae-Yon Sung, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Ki-Wook Chung, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Yu-Mi Lee, Won Gu Kim
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2022; 29(12): 7835. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Gender-Dependent Reference Range of Serum Calcitonin Levels in Healthy Korean Adults: Eyun Song, Min Ji Jeon, Hye Jin Yoo, Sung Jin Bae, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Hong-Kyu Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):365-373. Published online April 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.939

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Background
Serum calcitonin measurement contains various clinical and methodological aspects. Its reference level is wide and unclear despite sensitive calcitonin kits are available. This study aimed to identify the specific reference range in the healthy Korean adults.
Methods
Subjects were ≥20 years with available calcitonin (measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay) data by a routine health checkup. Three groups were defined as all eligible subjects (group 1, n=10,566); subjects without self or family history of thyroid disease (group 2, n=5,152); and subjects without chronic kidney disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, medication of proton pump inhibitor/H2 blocker/steroid, or other malignancies (group 3, n=4,638).
Results
This study included 6,341 male and 4,225 female subjects. Males had higher mean calcitonin than females (2.3 pg/mL vs. 1.9 pg/mL, P<0.001) in group 1. This gender difference remained similar in groups 2 and 3. Calcitonin according to age or body mass index was not significant in both genders. Higher calcitonin in smoking than nonsmoking men was observed but not in women. Sixty-nine subjects had calcitonin higher than the upper reference limit (10 pg/mL) and 64 of them had factors associated with hypercalcitoninemia besides medullary thyroid cancer. Our study suggests the reference intervals for men who were non, ex-, current smokers, and women (irrespective of smoking status) as <5.7, <7.1, <7.9, and <3.6 pg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion
Specific calcitonin reference range should be provided considering for sex and smoking status. Taking account for several factors known to induce hypercalcitoninemia can help interpret the gray zone of moderately elevated calcitonin.

Citations

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Presence or severity of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis does not influence basal calcitonin levels: observations from CROHT biobank
M. Cvek, A. Punda, M. Brekalo, M. Plosnić, A. Barić, D. Kaličanin, L. Brčić, M. Vuletić, I. Gunjača, V. Torlak Lovrić, V. Škrabić, V. Boraska Perica
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2022; 45(3): 597. CrossRef
Environmental Factors That Affect Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin Levels
Mirjana Babić Leko, Nikolina Pleić, Ivana Gunjača, Tatijana Zemunik
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 23(1): 44. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes after Early and Delayed Radioiodine Remnant Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Propensity Score Matching Analysis: Jonghwa Ahn, Meihua Jin, Eyun Song, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Jin-Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ji Min Han, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):830-837. Published online November 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.747

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Background
The clinical outcomes of delayed radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) therapy in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of the interval between total thyroidectomy (TT) and RRA therapy in patients with low-risk PTC.
Methods
We included 526 patients who underwent TT and RRA for low-risk PTC with a primary tumor size of >1 cm between 2000 and 2012. Patients were divided into the early (<90 days) and the delayed (≥90 days) RRA groups based on the interval between TT and RRA. The results of diagnostic whole-body scan (DxWBS), ongoing risk stratification (ORS; response to therapy), and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated before and after propensity score matching (PSM).
Results
Among the 526 patients, 75 (14.3%) patients underwent delayed RRA; they had more cervical lymph node metastasis and received a higher RRA dose than those who underwent early RRA. The median follow-up period was 9.1 years after initial therapy, and the structural recurrence rate was 1.9%. In DxWBS, 60 patients had focal iodine uptake limited in operative bed, with no significant difference between groups. According to ORS, 78%, 20%, 1%, and 1% patients were classified into excellent, indeterminate, biochemical incomplete, and structural incomplete response groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in ORS or DFS between groups before and after PSM.
Conclusion
The timing of the first RRA had no clinical impact in patients with low-risk PTC. Thus, the clinical decision for RRA can be determined >3 months after TT considering other prognostic factors.

Citations

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Patient Preparation and Radiation Protection Guidance for Adult Patients Undergoing Radioiodine Treatment for Thyroid Cancer in the UK
J. Wadsley, N. Armstrong, V. Bassett-Smith, M. Beasley, R. Chandler, L. Cluny, A.J. Craig, K. Farnell, K. Garcez, N. Garnham, K. Graham, A. Hallam, S. Hill, H. Hobrough, F. McKiddie, M.W.J. Strachan
Clinical Oncology.2023; 35(1): 42. CrossRef
Delay of initial radioactive iodine therapy beyond 3 months has no effect on clinical responses and overall survival in patients with thyroid carcinoma: A cohort study and a meta‐analysis
Fang Cheng, Juan Xiao, Fengyan Huang, Chunchun Shao, Shouluan Ding, Canhua Yun, Hongying Jia
Cancer Medicine.2022; 11(12): 2386. CrossRef
Delayed (>3 Months) Postoperative Radioactive Iodine Ablation Does Not Impact Clinical Response or Survival in Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
Tatiana Fedorova, Lilah F. Morris-Wiseman
Clinical Thyroidology.2022; 34(10): 456. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes of N1b Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated with Two Different Doses of Radioiodine Ablation Therapy: Meihua Jin, Jonghwa Ahn, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jin-Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):602-609. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.741

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Background
The optimal dose of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for N1b papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is controversial. We evaluated the clinical outcome of N1b PTC patients treated with either 100 or 150 mCi of RAI.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed N1b PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and postoperative RAI therapy at a tertiary referral center between 2012 and 2017. As the baseline characteristics differed between treatment groups, we performed exact matching for various pathological factors according to RAI dose. We evaluated the response to therapy and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the matched patients. Structural recurrent/persistent disease was defined as new structural disease detected after initial therapy, which was confirmed by cytology or pathology.
Results
Of the total 436 patients, 37 (8.5%) received 100 mCi of RAI and 399 (91.5%) received 150 mCi of RAI. After an exact 1:3 matching, 34 patients in the 100 mCi group and 100 patients in the 150 mCi group remained. There was no significant difference in response to therapy between the groups in the matched population (P=0.63). An excellent response was achieved in 70.6% (n=24) of patients in the 100 mCi group and 76.0% (n=76) in the 150 mCi group. Two (5.9%) patients in the 100 mCi group and four (4.0%) in the 150 mCi group had recurrence and there was no significant difference in RFS between the groups in the matched population (P=0.351).
Conclusion
There were no differences in response to therapy and RFS in N1b PTC patients according to RAI dose.

Clinical Study
Clinical Implication of World Health Organization Classification in Patients with Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma in South Korea: A Multicenter Cohort Study: Meihua Jin, Eun Sook Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):618-627. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.742

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Background
The study aimed to compare the prognostic value of the 4th edition of World Health Organization classification (WHO-2017) with the previous WHO classification (WHO-2004) for follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC).
Methods
This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 318 patients with FTC from five tertiary centers who underwent thyroid surgery between 1996 and 2009. We evaluated the prognosis of patients with minimally invasive (MI), encapsulated angioinvasive (EA), and widely invasive (WI) FTC according to WHO-2017. Further, we evaluated the proportion of variation explained (PVE) and Harrell’s C-index to compare the predictability of disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).
Results
In total, 227, 58, and 33 patients had MI-, EA-, and WI-FTC, respectively. During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 46 (14.5%) patients had disease recurrence and 20 (6.3%) patients died from FTC. The 10-year DFS rates of patients with MI-, EA-, and WI-FTC were 91.1%, 78.2%, and 54.9%, respectively (P<0.001, PVE=7.1%, C-index=0.649). The corresponding 10-year DSS rates were 95.9%, 93.5%, and 73.5%, respectively (P<0.001, PVE=2.6%, C-index=0.624). The PVE and C-index values were higher using WHO-2017 than using WHO-2004 for the prediction of DFS, but not for DSS. In multivariate analysis, older age (P=0.02), gross extrathyroidal extension (ETE) (P=0.003), and distant metastasis (P<0.001) were independent risk factors for DSS.
Conclusion
WHO-2017 improves the predictability of DFS, but not DSS, in patients with FTC. Distant metastasis, gross ETE and older age (≥55 years) were independent risk factors for DSS.

Citations

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The Prognostic Impact of Extent of Vascular Invasion in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
David Leong, Anthony J. Gill, John Turchini, Michael Waller, Roderick Clifton-Bligh, Anthony Glover, Mark Sywak, Stan Sidhu
World Journal of Surgery.2023; 47(2): 412. CrossRef
Molecular classification of follicular thyroid carcinoma based on TERT promoter mutations
Hyunju Park, Hyeong Chan Shin, Heera Yang, Jung Heo, Chang-Seok Ki, Hye Seung Kim, Jung-Han Kim, Soo Yeon Hahn, Yun Jae Chung, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Lyun Oh, Tae Hyuk Kim
Modern Pathology.2022; 35(2): 186. CrossRef
Whole-genome Sequencing of Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas Reveal Recurrent Mutations in MicroRNA Processing Subunit DGCR8
Johan O Paulsson, Nima Rafati, Sebastian DiLorenzo, Yi Chen, Felix Haglund, Jan Zedenius, C Christofer Juhlin
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 106(11): 3265. CrossRef
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study in South Korea
Meihua Jin, Eun Sook Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Yea Eun Kang, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(5): 1078. CrossRef

Association of Serum Progranulin Levels with Progression of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):288-289. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.288

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Can serum progranulin level be used as a prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer?
Nevin Taci Hoca, Ebru Ünsal, Koza Murat, Arzu Ertürk, Nermin Çapan
Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical Study
Quality of Life in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma According to Treatment: Total Thyroidectomy with or without Radioactive Iodine Ablation: Jonghwa Ahn, Min Ji Jeon, Eyun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):115-121. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.115

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Background

Recently, there has been some controversy regarding the role of radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation in the treatment of low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), especially papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). This study aimed to compare quality of life (QoL) parameters between patients with PTMC who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) alone and those who underwent TT with RAI ablation.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, patients with PTMC who underwent TT with/without RAI remnant ablation were prospectively enrolled between June 2016 and October 2017. All patients completed three questionnaires: the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12), thyroid cancer-specific quality of life (THYCA-QoL) questionnaire, and fear of progression (FoP) questionnaire.

Results

The TT and TT with RAI groups comprised 107 and 182 patients, respectively. The TT with RAI group had significantly lower serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels than the TT group. However, after matching for TSH levels between the groups (n=100 in both groups), there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. According to the SF-12, the score for general health was significantly lower in the TT with RAI group than in the TT group (P=0.047). The THYCA-QoL also showed a significant difference in the “felt chilly” score between groups (P=0.023). No significant differences in FoP scores were observed between the groups.

Conclusion

Patients with PTMC who underwent TT with RAI ablation experienced more health-related problems than those managed with TT alone. These findings support the idea that RAI ablation should be carefully considered in patients with low-risk DTCs.

Citations

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Review: Improving quality of life in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Pia Pace-Asciak, Jonathon O. Russell, Ralph P. Tufano
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Health-Related Quality of Life and Thyroid Cancer-Specific Symptoms in Patients Treated for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Survey from Mainland China
Changlian Chen, Jiayan Cao, Yueyang Wang, Xuya Han, Yaju Zhang, Shumei Zhuang
Thyroid.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Young Women with Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Shinje Moon, Ka Hee Yi, Young Joo Park
Cancers.2022; 14(10): 2382. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life following FDG-PET/CT for cytological indeterminate thyroid nodules
Elizabeth J de Koster, Olga Husson, Eveline W C M van Dam, G Sophie Mijnhout, Romana T Netea-Maier, Wim J G Oyen, Marieke Snel, Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei, Dennis Vriens, _ _
Endocrine Connections.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Is a four-week hormone suspension necessary for thyroid remnant ablation in low and intermediate risk patients? A pilot study with quality-of-life assessment
Poliane A.L. Santos, Maria E.D.M. Flamini, Felipe A. Mourato, Fernando R.A. Lima, Joelan A.L. Santos, Fabiana F. Lima, Estelita T.B. Albuquerque, Alexandra C. De Freitas, Simone C.S. Brandão
Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences.2022; 10(4): 1. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life after transoral robotic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Chang Myeon Song, Hyang Sook Bang, Hyung Gu Kim, Hae Jin Park, Kyung Tae
Surgery.2021; 170(1): 99. CrossRef
Protocol for a Korean Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance or Surgery (KoMPASS) in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Yea Eun Kang, Jae Hoon Moon, Dong Jun Lim, Chang Yoon Lee, Yong Sang Lee, Sun Wook Kim, Min-Hee Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Minho Shong, Sun Wook Cho, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(2): 359. CrossRef

Unmet Clinical Needs in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Cancer: Won Bae Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):14-25. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.14

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The increased incidence of thyroid cancer is a worldwide phenomenon; however, the issue of overdiagnosis has been most prominent in South Korea. The age-standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer in Korea steeply increased from 1985 to 2004 (from 0.17 per 100,000 to 0.85 per 100,000), and then decreased until 2015 to 0.42 per 100,000, suggesting that early detection reduced mortality. However, early detection of thyroid cancer may be cost-ineffective, considering its very high prevalence and indolent course. Therefore, risk stratification and tailored management are vitally important, but many prognostic markers can only be evaluated postoperatively. Discovery of preoperative marker(s), especially for small cancers, is the most important unmet clinical need for thyroid cancer. Herein, we discuss some such factors that we recently discovered. Another unmet clinical need is better treatment of radioiodine-refractory (RAIR) differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and undifferentiated cancers. Although sorafenib and lenvatinib are available, better drugs are needed. We found that phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, a critical enzyme for serine biosynthesis, could be a novel therapeutic target, and that the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio is a prognostic marker of survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or RAIR DTC. Deeper insights are needed into tumor-host interactions in thyroid cancer to improve treatment.

Citations

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Lenvatinib Compared with Sorafenib as a First-Line Treatment for Radioactive Iodine-Refractory, Progressive, Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Real-World Outcomes in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Mijin Kim, Meihua Jin, Min Ji Jeon, Eui Young Kim, Dong Yeob Shin, Dong Jun Lim, Bo Hyun Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Hee Kyung Kim, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2023; 33(1): 91. CrossRef
Transcriptomic Analysis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Focus on Immune-Subtyping, Oncogenic Fusion, and Recurrence
Seung-Jin Park, Yea Eun Kang, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Jong-Lyul Park, Seon-Kyu Kim, Seung-Woo Baek, In Sun Chu, Shinae Yi, Seong Eun Lee, Young Joo Park, Eun-Jae Chung, Jin Man Kim, Hye Mi Ko, Je-Ryong Kim, Seung-Nam Jung, Ho-Ryun Won, Jae Won Chang, Bon Seok Koo
Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology.2022; 15(2): 183. CrossRef
Prognosis of Patients with 1–4 cm Papillary Thyroid Cancer Who Underwent Lobectomy: Focus on Gross Extrathyroidal Extension Invading Only the Strap Muscles
Ahreum Jang, Meihua Jin, Won Woong Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Tae-Yon Sung, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Ki-Wook Chung, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Yu-Mi Lee, Won Gu Kim
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2022; 29(12): 7835. CrossRef
Carboxy terminus of HSP70 ‐interacting protein ( CHIP ) attenuates the stemness of thyroid cancer cells through decreasing OCT4 protein stability
Ying Xu, Gang Xu, Huimin Dang, Wei Qu, Dan Chang, Xin He, Minmin Li, Qian Wang
Environmental Toxicology.2021; 36(4): 686. CrossRef
Lactate Dehydrogenase A as a Potential New Biomarker for Thyroid Cancer
Eun Jeong Ban, Daham Kim, Jin Kyong Kim, Sang-Wook Kang, Jandee Lee, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Woong Youn Chung, Kunhong Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 96. CrossRef
Clinical implications of age and excellent response to therapy in patients with high‐risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Meihua Jin, Jonghwa Ahn, Yu‐Mi Lee, Tae‐Yon Sung, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Ki‐Wook Chung, Jin‐Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2021; 95(6): 882. CrossRef
CD73 Overexpression Promotes Progression and Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Young Mun Jeong, Haejin Cho, Tae-Min Kim, Yourha Kim, Sora Jeon, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung
Cancers.2020; 12(10): 3042. CrossRef
The Role of Exosomes in Thyroid Cancer and Their Potential Clinical Application
Kaixiang Feng, Runsheng Ma, Lele Zhang, Hongqiang Li, Yifeng Tang, Gongbo Du, Dongpeng Niu, Detao Yin
Frontiers in Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical Study
Modification of the Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma by Considering Extra-Thyroidal Extension and Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis: Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Eun Sook Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ho-Cheol Kang, Tae Yong Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):149-156. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.149

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Background

Concerns have arisen about the classification of extra-thyroidal extension (ETE) and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis (N1b) in the 8th edition of the tumor-node-metastasis staging system (TNM-8). This study evaluated the prognostic validity of a modified-TNM staging system, focusing on ETE and N1b, in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients.

Methods

This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 4,878 DTC patients from five tertiary hospitals. In the modified-TNM, T3b in TNM-8 was down-staged to T2, and stage II was subdivided into stages IIA and IIB. Older patients with N1b were reclassified as stage IIB.

Results

The modified-TNM resulted in staging migration in 540 patients (11%) classified as stage II according to the TNM-8, with 75 (14%), 381 (71%), and 84 patients (16%) classified as stages I, IIA, and IIB, respectively. The 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates in patients classified as stages I, II, III, and IV by TNM-8 were 99.8%, 95.9%, 81.0%, and 41.6%, respectively. The DSS rates of patients classified as stages I, IIA, IIB, III, and IV according to the modified-TNM were 99.8%, 96.4%, 93.3%, 81.0%, and 41.6%, respectively. DSS curves between stages on TNM-8 (P<0.001) and modified-TNM (P<0.001) differed significantly, but the modified-TNM discriminated better than TNM-8. The proportions of variation explained values of TNM-8 and modified-TNM were 6.3% and 6.5%, respectively.

Conclusion

Modification of the TNM staging system focusing on ETE and N1b could improve the prediction of DSS in patients with DTC. Further researches are needed to validate the prognostic accuracy of this modified-TNM staging system.

Citations

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Thyroid Collision Tumors: The Presence of the Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Component Negatively Influences the Prognosis
Ion Negura, Victor Ianole, Mihai Danciu, Cristina Preda, Diana Gabriela Iosep, Radu Dănilă, Alexandru Grigorovici, Delia Gabriela Ciobanu Apostol
Diagnostics.2023; 13(2): 285. CrossRef
Prognostic Impact of Microscopic Extra-Thyroidal Extension (mETE) on Disease Free Survival in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC)
Nadia Bouzehouane, Pascal Roy, Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci, Mireille Bertholon-Grégoire, Chantal Bully, Agnès Perrin, Helene Lasolle, Jean-Christophe Lifante, Françoise Borson-Chazot, Claire Bournaud
Cancers.2022; 14(11): 2591. CrossRef
Impacts of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system on outcomes of differentiated thyroid cancer in Thai patients
Yotsapon Thewjitcharoen, Waralee Chatchomchuan, Krittadhee Karndumri, Sriurai Porramatikul, Sirinate Krittiyawong, Ekgaluck Wanothayaroj, Siriwan Butadej, Soontaree Nakasatien, Veekij Veerasomboonsin, Auchai Kanchanapituk, Rajata Rajatanavin, Thep Himatho
Heliyon.2021; 7(3): e06624. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Expression of NF2 Modulates the Progression of BRAF^V600E Mutated Thyroid Cancer Cells: Mi-Hyeon You, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):203-212. Published online June 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.203

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Background

We previously reported the frequent neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancers in association with the BRAF^V600E mutation. We aimed to investigate the role of NF2 in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation.

Methods

To identify the function of NF2 in thyroid cancers, we investigated the changes in cell proliferation, colon formation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells (8505C, BHT101, and KTC-1) with BRAF^V600E mutation after overexpression and knock-down of NF2. We also examined how cell proliferation changed when NF2 was mutagenized. Human NF2 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was analyzed using the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data.

Results

First, NF2 was overexpressed in 8505C and KTC-1 cells. Compared to control, NF2 overexpressed group of both thyroid cancer cells showed significant inhibition in cell proliferation and colony formation. These results were also confirmed by cell migration and invasion assay. After knock-down of NF2 in 8505C cells, there were no significant changes in cell proliferation and colony formation, compared with the control group. However, after mutagenized S288^* and Q470^* sites of NF2 gene, the cell proliferation increased compared to NF2 overexpression group. In the analysis of TCGA data, the mRNA expression of NF2 was significantly decreased in PTCs with lateral cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis compared with PTCs without LN metastasis.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that NF2 might play a role as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism how NF2 acts in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation.

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Gene Editing with CRISPR/Cas Methodology and Thyroid Cancer: Where Are We?
Cesar Seigi Fuziwara, Diego Claro de Mello, Edna Teruko Kimura
Cancers.2022; 14(3): 844. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles as Signal Carriers in Malignant Thyroid Tumors?
Małgorzata Grzanka, Anna Stachurska-Skrodzka, Anna Adamiok-Ostrowska, Ewa Gajda, Barbara Czarnocka
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(6): 3262. CrossRef
Mitofusin-2 modulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer progression
Mi-Hyeon You, Min Ji Jeon, Seong ryeong Kim, Woo Kyung Lee, Sheue-yann Cheng, Goo Jang, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
High Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Expression Induces Stemness and Aggressiveness in Thyroid Cancer
Min Ji Jeon, Mi-Hyeon You, Ji Min Han, Soyoung Sim, Hyun Ju Yoo, Woo Kyung Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Dong Eun Song, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2020; 30(11): 1625. CrossRef

Clinical Outcomes of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients with Local Recurrence or Distant Metastasis Detected in Old Age: Ji Min Han, Ji Cheol Bae, Hye In Kim, Sam Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):459-465. Published online November 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.459

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Background

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) shows a very good prognosis, but older patients have a higher recurrence rate and those show poor prognosis than younger patients. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer patients who experienced recurrence in old age according to the treatment strategy used.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among DTC patients with no evidence of disease after initial treatment, we enrolled 86 patients who experienced recurrence at an age >65 years from 1994 to 2012. Sixty-nine patients had local recurrence and 17 patients showed distant metastasis.

Results

The mean age of patients at recurrence was 72 years. Patients were followed up for a median of 4.1 years after recurrence. Sixty-three of the 69 patients with local recurrence received additional treatment, while the other six received conservative care. The cancer-specific mortality rate was 15.5% in the local recurrence group. Airway problems were the main cause of death in patients who did not receive further treatment for local recurrence. Among the 17 patients with distant metastasis, 10 underwent specific treatment for metastasis and seven received only supportive management. Seven of those 17 patients died, and the cancer-specific mortality rate was 35% in the distant metastasis group.

Conclusion

The overall cancer-specific mortality rate was 20% in DTC patients in whom recurrence was first detected at an age >65 years. Mortality due to uncontrolled local disease occurred frequently in patients who did not receive definitive management for recurrence.

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Identification of Circulating Tumor Cell Phenotype in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Huiling Wang, Mian Lv, Yonghong Huang, Xiaoming Pan, Changyuan Wei
Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering.2022; 12(4): 813. CrossRef
Long-Term Outcomes and Prognoses of Elderly Patients (≥65-Years-Old) With Distant Metastases From Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer During Radioiodine Therapy and Follow-Up
Zhong-Ling Qiu, Chen-Tian Shen, Zhen-Kui Sun, Hong-Jun Song, Chuang Xi, Guo-Qiang Zhang, Yang Wang, Quan-Yong Luo
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Head-to-Head Comparison of Neck 18F-FDG PET/MR and PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Patients after Comprehensive Treatment
Yangmeihui Song, Fang Liu, Weiwei Ruan, Fan Hu, Muhsin H. Younis, Zairong Gao, Jie Ming, Tao Huang, Weibo Cai, Xiaoli Lan
Cancers.2021; 13(14): 3436. CrossRef
Highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a protein-polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite for human thyroglobulin
Maria Oneide Silva de Moraes, João de Deus Pereira de Moraes Segundo, Marcos Marques da Silva Paula, Maria Goreti Ferreira Sales, Walter Ricardo Brito
Bioelectrochemistry.2021; 142: 107888. CrossRef

Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma with Initial Distant Metastasis: A Multicenter Study in Korea: Hosu Kim, Hye In Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jaehoon Jung, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Ji Min Han, Yoon Young Cho, Tae Hyuk Kim, Jae Hoon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):287-295. Published online June 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.287

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Background

Most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have a favorable prognosis. However, patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis have not been commonly found, and their clinical characteristics have seldom been reported. In this study, we analyzed the clinical features and prognosis of patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis in Korea.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 242 patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis treated from 1994 to 2013, collected from five tertiary hospitals in Korea.

Results

The patients' median age was 51 years, and 65% were women. They were followed for a median of 7 years. Lung was the most common site of distant metastasis: only lung 149 patients (62%), only bone 49 (20%), other single site one (pleura), and combined sites 43 (40 were lung and bone, two were bone and other site, and one was lung and other site). At the time of diagnosis, 50 patients (21%) had non-radioactive iodine (RAI) avidity. Five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 85% and 10-year DSS was 68%, which were better than those in previous studies. After multivariate analysis, old age, male sex, metastatic site, and histologic type (follicular type) were significant factors for poor prognosis. However, negative RAI avidity status was not a significant prognostic factor after adjusting for other variables.

Conclusion

The prognosis of Korean patients with DTC and initial distant metastasis was better than in previous studies. Old age, male sex, metastasis site, and histologic type were significant prognostic factors.

Citations

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Differentiating pulmonary metastasis from benign lung nodules in thyroid cancer patients using dual-energy CT parameters
Taeho Ha, Wooil Kim, Jaehyung Cha, Young Hen Lee, Hyung Suk Seo, So Young Park, Nan Hee Kim, Sung Ho Hwang, Hwan Seok Yong, Yu-Whan Oh, Eun-Young Kang, Cherry Kim
European Radiology.2022; 32(3): 1902. CrossRef
Feasibility of Recombinant Human TSH as a Preparation for Radioiodine Therapy in Patients with Distant Metastases from Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Comparison of Long-Term Survival Outcomes with Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal
Hsi-Chen Tsai, Kung-Chu Ho, Shih-Hsin Chen, Jing-Ren Tseng, Lan-Yan Yang, Kun-Ju Lin, Ju-Chin Cheng, Miaw-Jene Liou
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Long-Term Quality of Life (5-15 Years Post-Thyroidectomy) of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals
Mohammed Yousef Alyousef, Mohammed Khaled Ghandour, Mohammed Al-Mohawes, Mosaad Alnwaisir, Tahera Islam, Khalid Al Qahtani
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Evaluation of Lipocalin-2 and Twist expression in thyroid cancers and its relationship with epithelial mesenchymal transition
Pınar Celepli, İrem Bigat, Sefika Karabulut, Salih Celepli, Sema Hücümenoğlu
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Clinical study of ultrasonic evaluation of T/N staging of differentiated thyroid carcinoma using AJCC 8th staging criteria
Yu Liang, Xingxiang Huang, Zhe Song, Yang Yang, Ju Lei, Mei Ren, Li Tan, Hui Zhang, Francis Moore
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Claudio Spinelli, Beatrice Sanna, Marco Ghionzoli, Elisabetta Micelli
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Juan Antonio Vallejo Casas, Marcel Sambo, Carlos López López, Manuel Durán-Poveda, Julio Rodríguez-Villanueva García, Rita Joana Santos, Marta Llanos, Elena Navarro-González, Javier Aller, Virginia Pubul, Sonsoles Guadalix, Guillermo Crespo, Cintia Gonzál
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Male sex is not an independent risk factor for recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer: a propensity score-matching study
Joonseon Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim
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Evaluation of the 2015 ATA Guidelines in Patients With Distant Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Evert F S van Velsen, Merel T Stegenga, Folkert J van Kemenade, Boen L R Kam, Tessa M van Ginhoven, W Edward Visser, Robin P Peeters
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2020; 105(3): e457. CrossRef
Usefulness of a 3D-Printed Thyroid Cancer Phantom for Clinician to Patient Communication
Dayeong Hong, Sangwook Lee, Taehun Kim, Jung Hwan Baek, Won Woong Kim, Ki-Wook Chung, Namkug Kim, Tae-Yon Sung
World Journal of Surgery.2020; 44(3): 788. CrossRef
Estimating the Growth Rate of Lung Metastases in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors or Doubling Time?
Eyun Song, Jonghwa Ahn, Min Ji Jeon, Sang Min Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Jung Hwan Baek, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2020; 30(3): 418. CrossRef
Personalized management of differentiated thyroid cancer in real life – practical guidance from a multidisciplinary panel of experts
Alfredo Campennì, Daniele Barbaro, Marco Guzzo, Francesca Capoccetti, Luca Giovanella
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Unusual metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers: A multicenter study in Korea
Jee Hee Yoon, Min Ji Jeon, Mijin Kim, A. Ram Hong, Hee Kyung Kim, Dong Yeob Shin, Bo Hyun Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ho-Cheol Kang, Domenico Albano
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(8): e0238207. CrossRef
Extended Real-World Observation of Patients Treated with Sorafenib for Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma and Impact of Lenvatinib Salvage Treatment: A Korean Multicenter Study
Hye-Seon Oh, Dong Yeob Shin, Mijin Kim, So Young Park, Tae Hyuk Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Eui Young Kim, Won Bae Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Kee Shong, Dong Jun Lim, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2019; 29(12): 1804. CrossRef
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with no less than three distant organ system metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Xin-Yun Zhang, Jian-Wen Sun, Zhong-Ling Qiu, Yang Wang, Xiao-Yue Chen, Jin-Hua Zhao, Quan-Yong Luo
Endocrine.2019; 66(2): 254. CrossRef
Molecular Profile and Clinical Outcomes in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients Presenting with Bone Metastasis
Nilma Malik, Alyaksandr V. Nikitski, Elie Klam, Jason Hunt, Benjamin Witt, Barbara Chadwick, Yuri E. Nikiforov, Devaprabu Abraham
Endocrine Practice.2019; 25(12): 1255. CrossRef
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Hosu Kim, So Young Park, Jaehoon Jung, Jung-Han Kim, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Young Lyun Oh, Man Ki Chung, Hye In Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Hyuk Kim
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Unusual metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma: analysis of 36 cases
Anabela Zunino, Fabián Pitoia, Eduardo Faure, Adriana Reyes, Mónica Sala, Rosana Sklate, Verónica Ilera, Inés Califano
Endocrine.2019; 65(3): 630. CrossRef
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Young Ki Lee, Daham Kim, Dong Yeob Shin, Cho Rok Lee, Eun Jig Lee, Sang-Wook Kang, Jandee Lee, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Woong Youn Chung, Cheong Soo Park
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2019; 26(7): 2200. CrossRef
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Shin Dol Jo, Joon-Hyop Lee, Suk Ha Kang, Yun Yeong Kim, Yong Soon Chun, Heung Kyu Park, Sang Tae Choi, Jin Mo Kang, Yoo Seung Chung
Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2019; 19(1): 1. CrossRef
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Houwei Zhu, Yanqing Qu
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Clinical Outcomes of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients with Local Recurrence or Distant Metastasis Detected in Old Age
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Comparison of Immunohistochemistry and Direct Sanger Sequencing for Detection of the BRAF^V600E Mutation in Thyroid Neoplasm: Hye-Seon Oh, Hyemi Kwon, Suyeon Park, Mijin Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Jene Choi, Won Gu Kim, Dong Eun Song; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):62-69. Published online January 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.62

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Background

The BRAF^V600E mutation is the most common genetic alteration identified in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Because of its costs effectiveness and sensitivity, direct Sanger sequencing has several limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as an alternative method to detect the BRAF^V600E mutation in preoperative and postoperative tissue samples.

Methods

We evaluated 71 patients who underwent thyroid surgery with the result of direct sequencing of the BRAF^V600E mutation. IHC staining of the BRAF^V600E mutation was performed in 49 preoperative and 23 postoperative thyroid specimens.

Results

Sixty-two patients (87.3%) had PTC, and of these, BRAF^V600E was confirmed by direct sequencing in 57 patients (91.9%). In 23 postoperative tissue samples, the BRAF^V600E mutation was detected in 16 samples (70%) by direct sequencing and 18 samples (78%) by IHC. In 24 fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples, BRAF^V600E was detected in 18 samples (75%) by direct sequencing and 16 samples (67%) by IHC. In 25 core needle biopsy (CNB) samples, the BRAF^V600E mutation was detected in 15 samples (60%) by direct sequencing and 16 samples (64%) by IHC. The sensitivity and specificity of IHC for detecting the BRAF^V600E mutation were 77.8% and 66.7% in FNA samples and 99.3% and 80.0% in CNB samples.

Conclusion

IHC could be an alternative method to direct Sanger sequencing for BRAF^V600E mutation detection both in postoperative and preoperative samples. However, application of IHC to detect the BRAF^V600E mutation in FNA samples is of limited value compared with direct sequencing.

Citations

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An effective approach for BRAF V600E mutation analysis of routine thyroid fine needle aspirates
Tanupriya Agrawal, Liqiang Xi, Winnifred Navarro, Mark Raffeld, Snehal B. Patel, Mark J. Roth, Joanna Klubo‐Gwiezdzinska, Armando C. Filie
Cytopathology.2022; 33(3): 344. CrossRef
A dual identification strategy based on padlock ligation and CRISPR/Cas14a for highly specific detection of BRAF V600E mutation in clinical samples
Weicheng Shi, Yao Gong, Decai Zhang, Tiantian Yang, Ming Yi, Jingyi Tan, Shijia Ding, Wei Cheng
Analytical Methods.2022; 14(19): 1913. CrossRef
Research Progress of BRAF V600E Gene Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
延泽刘
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2022; 12(09): 8499. CrossRef
VE1 immunohistochemistry is an adjunct tool for detection of BRAF V600E mutation: Validation in thyroid cancer patients
Faiza A. Rashid, Sobia Tabassum, Mosin S. Khan, Hifzur R. Ansari, Muhammad Asif, Ahmareen K. Sheikh, Syed Aga
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
BRAF testing in a South African cohort of MLH1 deficient endometrial carcinomas: lessons learnt
Reubina Wadee, Wayne Grayson
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Association between mutation profiles and clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with thyroid cancer
Changwen Jing, Haixia Cao, Rong Ma, Jianzhong Wu, Zhuo Wang
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Development of a Molecular Assay for Detection and Quantification of the BRAF Variation in Residual Tissue From Thyroid Nodule Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Specimens
Guodong Fu, Ronald S. Chazen, Christina MacMillan, Ian J. Witterick
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Variations in MAP kinase gladiators and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Faiza Rashid, Ghulam Bhat, Mosin Khan, Sobia Tabassum, Mohammad Bhat
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Evaluation of the expression levels of BRAFV600E mRNA in primary tumors of thyroid cancer using an ultrasensitive mutation assay
Tien Viet Tran, Kien Xuan Dang, Quynh Huong Pham, Ung Dinh Nguyen, Nhung Thi Trang Trinh, Luong Van Hoang, Son Anh Ho, Ba Van Nguyen, Duc Trong Nguyen, Dung Tuan Trinh, Dung Ngoc Tran, Arto Orpana, Ulf-Håkan Stenman, Jakob Stenman, Tho Huu Ho
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Sonam Choden, Somboon Keelawat, Chan Kwon Jung, Andrey Bychkov
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Ranjit Singarayer, Ozgur Mete, Laure Perrier, Lehana Thabane, Sylvia L. Asa, Stan Van Uum, Shereen Ezzat, David P. Goldstein, Anna M. Sawka
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Comparison of droplet digital PCR and direct Sanger sequencing for the detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Zhuo Wang, Kejing Sun, Changwen Jing, Haixia Cao, Rong Ma, Jianzhong Wu
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Immunohistochemistry is a feasible method to screen BRAF V600E mutation in colorectal and papillary thyroid carcinoma
Xiangyan Zhang, Lili Wang, Jigang Wang, Han Zhao, Jie Wu, Shuhong Liu, Lu Zhang, Yujun Li, Xiaoming Xing
Experimental and Molecular Pathology.2018; 105(1): 153. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Disease-Specific Mortality of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients in Korea: A Multicenter Cohort Study: Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Eun Sook Kim, Hosu Kim, Young Nam Kim, Eun Heui Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(4):434-441. Published online November 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.4.434

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader Crossref - TDM

Background

Little is known regarding disease-specific mortality of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients and its risk factors in Korea.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a large multi-center cohort of thyroid cancer from six Korean hospitals and included 8,058 DTC patients who underwent initial surgery between 1996 and 2005.

Results

Mean age of patients at diagnosis was 46.2±12.3 years; 87% were females. Most patients had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; 97%) and underwent total thyroidectomy (85%). Mean size of the primary tumor was 1.6±1.0 cm. Approximately 40% of patients had cervical lymph node (LN) metastases and 1.3% had synchronous distant metastases. During 11.3 years of follow-up, 150 disease-specific mortalities (1.9%) occurred; the 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate was 98%. According to the year of diagnosis, the number of disease-specific mortality was not different. However, the rate of disease-specific mortality decreased during the study period (from 7.7% to 0.7%). Older age (≥45 years) at diagnosis, male, follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) versus PTC, larger tumor size (>2 cm), presence of extrathyroidal extension (ETE), lateral cervical LN metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage were independent risk factors of disease-specific mortality of DTC patients.

Conclusion

The rate of disease-specific mortality of Korean DTC patients was 1.9%; the 10-year DSS rate was 98% during 1996 to 2005. Older age at diagnosis, male, FTC, larger tumor size, presence of ETE, lateral cervical LN metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stages were significant risk factors of disease-specific mortality of Korean DTC patients.

Citations

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Response: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Reference Range and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2015 (Endocrinol Metab 2017;32:106-14, Won Gu Kim et al.): Won Gu Kim, Jae Hoon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):304-305. Published online June 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.304

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Prevalence of hypothyroidism in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients
Rena Yuasa, Yasushi Ohashi, Akinobu Saito, Kumiko Tsuboi, Seiichiro Shishido, Ken Sakai
Renal Failure.2020; 42(1): 572. CrossRef

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Reference Range and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2015: Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Gyeongji Woo, Hyejin Kim, Yumi Cho, Tae Yong Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Myung-Hee Shin, Jin Woo Park, Hai-Lin Park, Kyungwon Oh, Jae Hoon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):106-114. Published online January 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.106

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Background

No nationwide epidemiological study evaluating the prevalence of subclinical and overt forms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism has yet been conducted in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the reference range of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the national prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in Korea.

Methods

Nation-wide cross-sectional data were analyzed from a representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized Korean population (n=6,564) who underwent blood testing for thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013 to 2015).

Results

The reference interval of serum TSH in the Korean reference population was 0.62 to 6.68 mIU/L. Based on this reference interval, the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.73% (males 0.40%, females 1.10%) and 3.10% (males 2.26%, females 4.04%), respectively. The prevalence of hypothyroidism increased with age until the age group between 50 to 59 years. Positive TPOAb were found in 7.30% of subjects (males 4.33%, females 10.62%). The prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism TPOAb-positive subjects was 5.16% and 10.88%, respectively. The prevalence of overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.54% (males 0.30%, females 0.81%) and 2.98% (males 2.43%, females, 3.59%), respectively.

Conclusion

The Serum TSH reference levels in the Korean population were higher than the corresponding levels in Western countries. Differences were found in the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism according to age, sex, and TPOAb positivity. This study provides important baseline information for understanding patterns of thyroid dysfunction and diseases in Korea.

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Letter: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Reference Range and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2015 (Endocrinol Metab 2017;32:106-14, Won Gu Kim et al.)
Young Ki Lee, Dong Yeob Shin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(2): 302. CrossRef
Vitamin D deficiency affects thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in iodine-replete area: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
Mijin Kim, Eyun Song, Hye-Seon Oh, Suyeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Tae Yong Kim
Endocrine.2017; 58(2): 332. CrossRef
Viral Hepatitis in South Korea
Stella C Pak, Yaseen Alastal, Zubair Khan, Umar Darr
Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology.2017; 7(2): 163. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Molecular Diagnosis Using Residual Liquid-Based Cytology Materials for Patients with Nondiagnostic or Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Hyemi Kwon, Won Gu Kim, Markus Eszlinger, Ralf Paschke, Dong Eun Song, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):586-591. Published online November 4, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.586

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Background

Molecular analysis for common somatic mutations in thyroid cancer can improve diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the nondiagnostic or indeterminate category of thyroid nodules. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of molecular diagnosis from residual liquid-based cytology (LBC) material after cytological diagnosis.

Methods

This prospective study enrolled 53 patients with thyroid nodules diagnosed as nondiagnostic, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) after FNAC. DNAs and RNAs were isolated from residual LBC materials. BRAF^V600E and RAS point mutations, PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), RET/PTC1, and RET/PTC3 rearrangements were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing.

Results

All DNAs from 53 residual LBC samples could be analysed and point mutations were detected in 10 samples (19%). In 17 AUS nodules, seven samples (41%) had point mutations including BRAF (n=4), NRAS (n=2), and KRAS (n=1). In 20 FLUS nodules, three samples (15%) had NRAS point mutations. RNA from only one FLUS nodule could be analysed for rearrangements and there was no abnormality.

Conclusion

Molecular analysis for BRAF and RAS mutations was feasible in residual LBC materials and might be useful for diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Citations

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Kras Gene Analysis Using Liquid-Based Cytology Specimens Predicts Therapeutic Responses and Prognosis in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer
Masahiro Itonaga, Reiko Ashida, Shin-Ichi Murata, Yasunobu Yamashita, Keiichi Hatamaru, Takashi Tamura, Yuki Kawaji, Yuudai Kayama, Tomoya Emori, Manabu Kawai, Hiroki Yamaue, Ibu Matsuzaki, Hirokazu Nagai, Yuichi Kinoshita, Ke Wan, Toshio Shimokawa, Masay
Cancers.2022; 14(3): 551. CrossRef
From Traditional Histology to Next-Generation Pathology: A Review of The Workflow for the Characterisation and Molecular Profiling of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Samples

EMJ Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Preanalytic variables in quality and quantity of nucleic acids extracted from FNA specimens of thyroid gland nodules collected in CytoLyt: Cellularity and storage time
Jonas J. Heymann, Lorene M. Yoxtheimer, Hyeon Jin Park, Evan M. Fernandez, Kirk E. Facey, Susan A. Alperstein, Hung V. Tran, Inji Baek, Theresa Scognamiglio, Hanna Rennert, Momin T. Siddiqui, Wei Song
Cancer Cytopathology.2020; 128(9): 656. CrossRef
Diagnostic accuracy of molecular testing with three molecular markers on thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology with abnormal category
Hatice Seneldir, Gozde Kir, Tuce Soylemez, Rabia B. Girgin, Nurver Ozbay, Filiz Ozen, Handan Ankarali, Gurhan Bas, Orhan Alimoglu
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2020; 48(6): 507. CrossRef
Small but powerful: the promising role of small specimens for biomarker testing
Qiong Gan, Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri
Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.2020; 9(5): 450. CrossRef
Centrifuged supernatants from FNA provide a liquid biopsy option for clinical next‐generation sequencing of thyroid nodules
Wenrui Ye, Brette Hannigan, Stephanie Zalles, Meenakshi Mehrotra, Bedia A. Barkoh, Michelle D. Williams, Maria E. Cabanillas, Beth Edeiken‐Monroe, Peter Hu, Dzifa Duose, Ignacio I. Wistuba, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, John Stewart, Rajyalakshmi Luthra, Sinchita
Cancer Cytopathology.2019; 127(3): 146. CrossRef
Molecular testing of residual cytology samples: Rethink, reclaim, repurpose
Sinchita Roy‐Chowdhuri
Cancer Cytopathology.2019; 127(1): 15. CrossRef
K-ras mutation analysis of residual liquid-based cytology specimens from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration improves cell block diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Yoko Sekita-Hatakeyama, Takeshi Nishikawa, Mao Takeuchi, Kouhei Morita, Maiko Takeda, Kinta Hatakeyama, Tokiko Nakai, Tomoko Uchiyama, Hiroe Itami, Tomomi Fujii, Akira Mitoro, Masayuki Sho, Chiho Ohbayashi, Giancarlo Troncone
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(3): e0193692. CrossRef
Comparison of Immunohistochemistry and Direct Sanger Sequencing for Detection of theBRAFV600EMutation in Thyroid Neoplasm
Hye-Seon Oh, Hyemi Kwon, Suyeon Park, Mijin Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Jene Choi, Won Gu Kim, Dong Eun Song
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(1): 62. CrossRef
Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Gene Mutations That Are Predictive of Malignancy in Residual Needle Rinses Collected From Fine-Needle Aspirations of Thyroid Nodules
Maren Y. Fuller, Dina Mody, April Hull, Kristi Pepper, Heather Hendrickson, Randall Olsen
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2018; 142(2): 178. CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef
Loss of c-KIT expression in thyroid cancer cells
Sara Franceschi, Francesca Lessi, Federica Panebianco, Elena Tantillo, Marco La Ferla, Michele Menicagli, Paolo Aretini, Alessandro Apollo, Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato, Ivo Marchetti, Chiara Maria Mazzanti, Aamir Ahmad
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(3): e0173913. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Comparison of Thyroglobulin Measurements Using Three Different Immunoassay Kits: A BRAMHS Tg-Plus RIA Kit, a BRAMHS hTg Sensitive Kryptor Kit, and a Beckman Coulter ACCESS Immunoassay Kit: Mijin Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Jong Jin Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu, Eun-Jung Cho, Dae-Hyun Ko, Woochang Lee, Sail Chun, Won-Ki Min, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):462-468. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.462

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Background

Second-generation thyroglobulin immunometric assays (Tg-IMAs) have been developed with improved sensitivity. Our aim was to compare the diagnostic value of Tg-IMA measurements using a Kryptor (BRAHMS AG) kit (Tg-K) and an ACCESS (Beckman Coulter) kit (Tg-A) with that of the first-generation Tg measurement using a Tg-plus (BRAHMS AG) kit (Tg+).

Methods

We enrolled 82 differentiated thyroid cancer patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with radioactive iodine remnant ablation and who underwent diagnostic whole body scan using recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH). The Tg+, Tg-K, and Tg-A were measured before rhTSH administration during levothyroxine treatment (suppressed Tg) from the same sample. Serum Tg+ was measured after rhTSH stimulation (stimulated Tg).

Results

Suppressed Tg+ was more significantly correlated with suppressed Tg-K (R²=0.919, P<0.001) than with suppressed Tg-A (R²=0.536, P<0.001). The optimal cut-off values of suppressed Tg+, Tg-K, and Tg-A for predicting stimulated Tg+ of 1 ng/mL were 0.3, 0.2, and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of suppressed Tg+ were 67%, 100%, and 90%, respectively; those of suppressed Tg-K were 83%, 90%, and 88%; those of suppressed Tg-A were 96%, 82%, and 87%, respectively. The positive predictive and negative predictive values of Tg+ were 100% and 87%, respectively; those of Tg-K were 79% and 92%; and those of Tg-A were 73% and 98%.

Conclusion

We could not clearly demonstrate which kit had better diagnostic performance after comparison of first-generation Tg measurements with Tg-IMA measurements. Also, there were kit-to-kit variations between Tg-IMA kits. Suppressed Tg measured by Tg-IMA was insufficient to completely substitute for a stimulated Tg measurement.

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Comparison of the diagnostic performances of US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology and thyroglobulin measurement for lymph node metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis
Rong-Bin Liu, Da-Lei Zhou, Bo-Heng Xu, Xin-Hua Yang, Qing Liu, Xiao Zhang, Tao Tang, Zu-Lu Ye, Yue Li
European Radiology.2021; 31(5): 2903. CrossRef
Preoperative Serum Thyroglobulin and Its Correlation with the Burden and Extent of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Hosu Kim, So Young Park, Jun-Ho Choe, Jee Soo Kim, Soo Yeon Hahn, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Jaehoon Jung, Tae Hyuk Kim
Cancers.2020; 12(3): 625. CrossRef
Estimating the Growth Rate of Lung Metastases in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors or Doubling Time?
Eyun Song, Jonghwa Ahn, Min Ji Jeon, Sang Min Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Jung Hwan Baek, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2020; 30(3): 418. CrossRef
Impact of delayed radioiodine therapy in intermediate‐/high‐risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mijin Kim, Minkyu Han, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, In Joo Kim, Jin‐Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Tae Yong Kim, Bo Hyun Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2019; 91(3): 449. CrossRef
Tertiary Care Experience of Sorafenib in the Treatment of Progressive Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Korean Multicenter Study
Mijin Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Dong Yeob Shin, Dong Jun Lim, Eui Young Kim, Won Bae Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Kee Shong, Bo Hyun Kim, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2018; 28(3): 340. CrossRef
A Follow-Up Strategy for Patients with an Excellent Response to Initial Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Less Is Better
Min Ji Jeon, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Hye-Seon Oh, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2018; 28(2): 187. CrossRef
Preoperative serum thyroglobulin predicts initial distant metastasis in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Hosu Kim, Young Nam Kim, Hye In Kim, So Young Park, Jun-Ho Choe, Jung-Han Kim, Jee Soo Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Hyuk Kim, Sun Wook Kim
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical Study
Usefulness of Measuring Thyroid Stimulating Antibody at the Time of Antithyroid Drug Withdrawal for Predicting Relapse of Graves Disease: Hyemi Kwon, Won Gu Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Jin-Sook Ryu, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):300-310. Published online April 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.300

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Abstract PDF PubReader Crossref - TDM

Background

Hyperthyroidism relapse in Graves disease after antithyroid drug (ATD) withdrawal is common; however, measuring the thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) at ATD withdrawal in order to predict outcomes is controversial. This study compared measurement of thyroid stimulatory antibody (TSAb) and thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) at ATD withdrawal to predict relapse.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled patients with Graves disease who were treated with ATDs and whose serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were normal after receiving low-dose ATDs. ATD therapy was stopped irrespective of TRAb positivity after an additional 6 months of receiving the minimum dose of ATD therapy. Patients were followed using thyroid function tests and TSAb (TSAb group; n=35) or TBII (TBII group; n=39) every 3 to 6 months for 2 years after ATD withdrawal.

Results

Twenty-eight patients (38%) relapsed for a median follow-up of 21 months, and there were no differences in baseline clinical characteristics between groups. In the TSAb group, relapse was more common in patients with positive TSAb at ATD withdrawal (67%) than patients with negative TSAb (17%; P=0.007). Relapse-free survival was shorter in TSAb-positive patients. In the TBII group, there were no differences in the relapse rate and relapse-free survivals according to TBII positivity. For predicting Graves disease relapse, the sensitivity and specificity of TSAb were 63% and 83%, respectively, whereas those of TBII were 28% and 65%.

Conclusion

TSAb at ATD withdrawal can predict the relapse of Graves hyperthyroidism, but TBII cannot. Measuring TSAb at ATD withdrawal can assist with clinical decisions making for patients with Graves disease.

Citations

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Thyroid-Stimulatory Antibody as a Predictive Factor for Graves’ Disease Relapse
Tiago Da Silva Santos, José Carlos Oliveira, Cláudia Freitas, André Couto de Carvalho
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Prediction Model Using Thyroid-stimulating Immunoglobulin Bioassay For Relapse of Graves’ Disease
Han-Sang Baek, Jaejun Lee, Chai-Ho Jeong, Jeongmin Lee, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwanhoon Jo, Min-Hee Kim, Jae Hyoung Cho, Moo Il Kang, Dong-Jun Lim
Journal of the Endocrine Society.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of patients with Graves’ disease who benefit from high-dose radioactive iodine therapy
Shiro Watanabe, Shozo Okamoto, Kazumasa Akikawa, Noriyuki Miyamoto, Miyuki Okamura-Kawasaki, Yuko Uchiyama, Junki Takenaka, Takuya Toyonaga, Kenji Hirata, Kohsuke Kudo
Annals of Nuclear Medicine.2022; 36(11): 923. CrossRef
The relationship between atherosclerotic disease and relapse during ATD treatment
Xinxin Zhu, Yaguang Zhang, Xiaoyu Zhao, Xiaona Zhang, Zixuan Ru, Yanmeizhi Wu, Xu Yang, Boyu Hou, Hong Qiao
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Antithyroid Drug Treatment in Graves’ Disease
Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(3): 491. CrossRef
The prognostic value of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in the management of Graves’ disease
Yulin Zhou, Mengxi Zhou, Yicheng Qi, Weiqing Wang, Xinxin Chen, Shu Wang
Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 12: 204201882110449. CrossRef
Changes in Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Antibodies Might Be Associated with Graves' Disease Relapse after Antithyroid Drug Therapy
Yun Mi Choi, Mi Kyung Kwak, Sang Mo Hong, Eun-Gyoung Hong
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(3): 268. CrossRef
Graves' Disease: Can It Be Cured?
Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(1): 29. CrossRef
Medical Treatment of Graves' Disease
Hyun-Kyung Chung
International Journal of Thyroidology.2019; 12(2): 79. CrossRef
When should antithyroid drug therapy to reduce the relapse rate of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease be discontinued?
Suyeon Park, Eyun Song, Hye-Seon Oh, Mijin Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Doo Man Kim, Won Bae Kim
Endocrine.2019; 65(2): 348. CrossRef
Elevated Serum IL-17 Expression at Cessation Associated with Graves’ Disease Relapse
Jianhui Li, Xiaohua Sun, Danzhen Yao, Jinying Xia
International Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Active Surveillance for Patients With Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Single Center’s Experience in Korea
Hyemi Kwon, Hye-Seon Oh, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Dong Eun Song, Jung Hwan Baek, Ki-Wook Chung, Tae Yong Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2017; 102(6): 1917. CrossRef
Free Thyroxine, Anti-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibody Titers, and Absence of Goiter Were Associated with Responsiveness to Methimazole in Patients with New Onset Graves' Disease
Hoon Sung Choi, Won Sang Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(2): 281. CrossRef
The Second Antithyroid Drug Treatment Is Effective in Relapsed Graves' Disease Patients: A Median 11-Year Follow-Up Study
Ye An Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Hoon Sung Choi, Shinje Moon, Jae Hoon Moon, Kyung Won Kim, Do Joon Park, Ka Hee Yi, Young Joo Park, Bo Youn Cho
Thyroid.2017; 27(4): 491. CrossRef
The Recurrence Rate of Graves' Disease among Patients with Subclinical Thyrotoxicosis after Initial Remission with Antithyroid Agents
Myoung Sook Shim, Soo Min Nam, Jin Sae Yoo, Hae Kyung Kim, Sang Jun Lee, Mi Young Lee
International Journal of Thyroidology.2017; 10(2): 77. CrossRef
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Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Low Prevalence of Somatic TERT Promoter Mutations in Classic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Soyoung Sim, Seonhee Lim, Hyemi Kwon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):100-104. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.100

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Background

Transcriptional activating mutations of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are associated with more aggressive thyroid cancer. We evaluated the significance of TERT promoter mutations in Korean patients with classic papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Methods

Genomic DNA was isolated from four thyroid cancer cell lines and 35 fresh-frozen PTC tissues. TERT promoter mutations (C228T and C250T) and the BRAF V600E mutation were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing.

Results

The CC228229TT mutation in the TERT promoter was detected in BCPAP cells and the C250T mutation was found in 8505C cells. No TERT promoter mutation was observed in Cal-62 or ML-1 cells. The C228T mutation was found in only 1 of 35 (2.8%) PTCs and no C250T mutations were detected in any of the study subjects. The BRAF V600E mutation was found in 20 of 35 (57.1%) PTCs. One patient with the C228T TERT mutation also harbored the BRAF V600E mutation and developed a recurrence.

Conclusion

The prevalence of somatic TERT promoter mutations was low in Korean patients with classic PTC. Therefore, the prognostic role of TERT promoter mutations might be limited in this patient cohort.

Citations

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Risk Factors for TERT Promoter Mutations with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Jingxin Mao, Xingliang Huang, Mohammad K. Okla, Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud, Ayman Mubarak, Zahid Hameed, Razia Noreen, Aqsa Chaudhary, Shakira Ghazanfar, Yixuan Liao, Yasir Hameed, Chen Li, Min Tang
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in cancers derived from multiple organ sites among middle eastern population
Abdul K. Siraj, Rong Bu, Kaleem Iqbal, Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy, Nabil Siraj, Sarah Siraj, Mark Ranier F. Diaz, Dionne Rae Rala, Allianah D. Benito, Maria Angelita Sabido, Maha Al-Rasheed, Khadija A.S. Al-Obaisi, Wael Al-Haqawi, Ingrid G. Victoria, Waf
Genomics.2020; 112(2): 1746. CrossRef
Association between TERT promoter mutations and clinical behaviors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jing Yang, Yanping Gong, Shuping Yan, Hui Chen, Siqin Qin, Rixiang Gong
Endocrine.2020; 67(1): 44. CrossRef
The Combination of RET, BRAF and Demographic Data Identifies Subsets of Patients with Aggressive Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Jose R. W. Martínez, Sergio Vargas-Salas, Soledad Urra Gamboa, Estefanía Muñoz, José Miguel Domínguez, Augusto León, Nicolás Droppelmann, Antonieta Solar, Mark Zafereo, F. Christopher Holsinger, Hernán E. González
Hormones and Cancer.2019; 10(2-3): 97. CrossRef
Correlation between TERT C228T and clinic-pathological features in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma
Jiangqiao Geng, Yuanhu Liu, Yongli Guo, Huanmin Wang, Jun Tai, Yaqiong Jin, Jie Zhang, Yongbo Yu, Shengcai Wang, Yingluan Song, Xin Ni
Science China Life Sciences.2019; 62(12): 1563. CrossRef
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase in papillary thyroid cancer: gene expression, effects of silencing and regulation by BET inhibitors in thyroid cancer cells
Valentina Maggisano, Marilena Celano, Saverio Massimo Lepore, Marialuisa Sponziello, Francesca Rosignolo, Valeria Pecce, Antonella Verrienti, Federica Baldan, Catia Mio, Lorenzo Allegri, Marianna Maranghi, Rosa Falcone, Giuseppe Damante, Diego Russo, Stef
Endocrine.2019; 63(3): 545. CrossRef
BRAF and RAS Mutational Status in Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features and Invasive Subtype of Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea
Mijin Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Hye-Seon Oh, Suyeon Park, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Kyunggon Kim, Won Gu Kim, Dong Eun Song
Thyroid.2018; 28(4): 504. CrossRef
The role of TERT promoter mutations in postoperative and preoperative diagnosis and prognosis in thyroid cancer
Anqi Jin, Jianhao Xu, Yan Wang
Medicine.2018; 97(29): e11548. CrossRef
Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms in Cancer
Tiago Bordeira Gaspar, Ana Sá, José Manuel Lopes, Manuel Sobrinho-Simões, Paula Soares, João Vinagre
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Anti-hTERT siRNA-Loaded Nanoparticles Block the Growth of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Xenograft
Giovanni E. Lombardo, Valentina Maggisano, Marilena Celano, Donato Cosco, Chiara Mignogna, Federica Baldan, Saverio M. Lepore, Lorenzo Allegri, Sonia Moretti, Cosimo Durante, Giuseppe Damante, Massimo Fresta, Diego Russo, Stefania Bulotta, Efisio Puxeddu
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.2018; 17(6): 1187. CrossRef
Silencing of hTERT blocks growth and migration of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells
Valentina Maggisano, Marilena Celano, Giovanni Enrico Lombardo, Saverio Massimo Lepore, Marialuisa Sponziello, Francesca Rosignolo, Antonella Verrienti, Federica Baldan, Efisio Puxeddu, Cosimo Durante, Sebastiano Filetti, Giuseppe Damante, Diego Russo, St
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2017; 448: 34. CrossRef
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Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef
Telomerase: The Devil Inside
Mukesh Kumar, Andre Lechel, Çagatay Güneş
Genes.2016; 7(8): 43. CrossRef
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Tiantian Liu, Xiaotian Yuan, Dawei Xu
Genes.2016; 7(7): 38. CrossRef
Transcription Regulation of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Gene
Muhammad Ramlee, Jing Wang, Wei Toh, Shang Li
Genes.2016; 7(8): 50. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis and Polymorphisms of the ADRB2, AR, and GABRA3 Genes in Men with Graves Disease: Suyeon Park, Tae Yong Kim, Soyoung Sim, Seonhee Lim, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):142-146. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.142

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Background

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare complication of thyrotoxicosis characterized by acute attacks of muscle weakness and hypokalemia. Recently, variation in several genes was suggested to be associated with TPP. This study evaluated the genetic predisposition to TPP in terms of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), androgen receptor (AR), and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor α3 subunit (GABRA3) genes.

Methods

This study enrolled 48 men with Graves disease (GD) and TPP, and 48 GD patients without TPP. We compared the frequencies of candidate polymorphisms between the two groups.

Results

The frequency of the Gly16/Gly16 genotype in ADRB2 was not significantly associated with TPP (P=0.32). More CAG repeats (≥26) in the AR gene were not correlated with TPP (odds ratio [OR], 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 8.09; P=0.08). The allele frequency of the TT genotype in the GABRA3 gene was not associated with TPP (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 0.54 to 6.74; P=0.41).

Conclusion

The polymorphisms in the ADRB2, AR, and GABRA3 genes could not explain the genetic susceptibility to TPP in Korean men with GD.

Citations

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RNASET2 ,GPR174 , and PTPN22 gene polymorphisms are related to the risk of liver damage associated with the hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves’ disease
Qing Zhang, Shaozheng Liu, Yanxing Guan, Qingjie Chen, Qing Zhang, Xiang Min
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2018; 32(2): e22258. CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef
Periodic Paralysis and Encephalopathy as Initial Manifestations of Graves’ Disease
Theocharis Tsironis, Athanasios Tychalas, Dimitrios Kiourtidis, Jannis Kountouras, Georgia Xiromerisiou, Jobst Rudolf, Georgia Deretzi
The Neurologist.2017; 22(4): 134. CrossRef
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Zdeněk Doležel, Dana Novotná, Helena Schneiderová, Jan Papež, Martin Jouza
Pediatrie pro praxi.2016; 17(6): 379. CrossRef

Lack of Associations between Body Mass Index and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Hyemi Kwon, Mijin Kim, Yun Mi Choi, Eun Kyung Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Dong Eun Song, Jung Hwan Baek, Suck Joon Hong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):305-311. Published online November 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.305

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12 Citations

Abstract PDF PubReader Crossref - TDM

Background

Obesity is associated with aggressive pathological features and poor clinical outcomes in breast and prostate cancers. In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), these relationships remain still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between body mass index (BMI) and the clinical outcomes of patients with PTC.

Methods

This retrospective study included 1,189 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTCs equal to or larger than 1 cm in size. Clinical outcomes were evaluated and compared based on the BMI quartiles.

Results

There were no significant associations between BMI quartiles and primary tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion, cervical lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis. However, an increase in mean age was associated with an increased BMI (P for trend <0.001). Multifocality and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (stage III or IV) were significantly associated with increases of BMI (P for trend 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). However, these associations of multifocality and advanced TNM stage with BMI were not significant in multivariate analyses adjusted for age and gender. Moreover, there were no differences in recurrence-free survivals according to BMI quartiles (P=0.26).

Conclusion

In the present study, BMI was not associated with the aggressive clinicopathological features or recurrence-free survivals in patients with PTC.

Citations

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Erratum: Figure Correction: Standardized Thyroid Cancer Mortality in Korea between 1985 and 2010: Yun Mi Choi, Tae Yong Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):116-116. Published online March 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.116

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Standardized Thyroid Cancer Mortality in Korea between 1985 and 2010: Yun Mi Choi, Tae Yong Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):530-535. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.530

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Background

The prevalence of thyroid cancer has increased very rapidly in Korea. However, there is no published report focusing on thyroid cancer mortality in Korea. In this study, we aimed to evaluate standardized thyroid cancer mortality using data from Statistics Korea (the Statistical Office of Korea).

Methods

Population and mortality data from 1985 to 2010 were obtained from Statistics Korea. Age-standardized rates of thyroid cancer mortality were calculated according to the standard population of Korea, as well as World Health Organization (WHO) standard population and International Cancer Survival Standard (ICSS) population weights.

Results

The crude thyroid cancer mortality rate increased from 0.1 to 0.7 per 100,000 between 1985 and 2010. The pattern was the same for both sexes. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for thyroid cancer for Korean resident registration population increased from 0.19 to 0.67 between 1985 and 2000. However, it decreased slightly, from 0.67 to 0.55, between 2000 and 2010. When mortality was adjusted using the WHO standard population and ICSS population weights, the ASMR similarly increased until 2000, and then decreased between 2000 and 2010.

Conclusion

Thyroid cancer mortality increased until 2000 in Korea. It started to decrease from 2000.

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Solitary Skin Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Hyemi Kwon, Hyojung Kim, Sojung Park, Dong Eun Song, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):579-583. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.579

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A solitary skin metastasis is a rare manifestation of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A 55-year-old woman presented with a movable subcutaneous nodule in her anterior neck for several months. Three years ago, she underwent total thyroidectomy and remnant ablation for classical PTC (pT3N0M0) and was under thyroxine suppression therapy without any evidence of recurrent disease. The subcutaneous nodule was 0.4 cm in size, firm, and movable without any change in the overlying skin. Recurrent PTC was confirmed after excision biopsy. Eight months after, she got a new nodule along the previous excision site. After punch biopsy, metastatic PTC was confirmed in the deep dermis and was re-excised with a clear resection margin. This is the first report of a case of solitary skin metastasis of PTC in Korea. Although solitary skin metastasis of PTC is rare, it should be considered in patients with a skin nodule.

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Current Status and Future Perspectives in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):217-225. Published online September 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.217

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Thyroid cancer is increasing all over the world. The exact cause of this increase is still debated and there are conflicting reports. Sophisticated molecular studies suggest that environmental chemicals may have effects of thyroid carcinogenesis. The development of powerful molecular biology techniques has enabled targeted next-generation sequencing for detection of mutations in thyroid cancer, and this technique can make a specific diagnosis of thyroid cancer in cytologically indeterminate cases. The initial treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is surgery followed by radioiodine remnant ablation. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage of radioactive iodine for DTC patients with lateral neck metastasis. DTC is an indolent tumor and may cause death even decades later. Thus, long-term follow-up is mandatory. Recently, dynamic risk stratification (DRS) has begun to use stimulated thyroglobulin level at 1 year after the initial treatment and restratified the risk in accordance with the response to the initial treatment. This DRS strategy accurately predicts disease free survival and can be widely used in daily clinical settings. For the iodine refractory metastatic disease, redifferentiation therapy and targeted therapy are two promising alternative treatments. Sorafenib is the first approved agent for the treatment of progressive iodine refractory advanced thyroid cancer in Korea and may be very helpful for radioactive-refractory locally advanced or metastatic DTC. Selumetinib may be an effective redifferentiating agent and could be used within several years.

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Oncotarget.2017; 8(13): 21884. CrossRef
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Renfei Wang, Yueqian Zhang, Jian Tan, Guizhi Zhang, Ruiguo Zhang, Wei Zheng, Yajing He
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Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 87(3): 286. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(1): 102. CrossRef
Optimal cut-off age in the TNM Staging system of differentiated thyroid cancer: is 55 years better than 45 years?
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Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 86(3): 438. CrossRef
Initial Size of Metastatic Lesions Is Best Prognostic Factor in Patients with Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Confined to the Lung
Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim, Suyeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Jong Jin Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2017; 27(1): 49. CrossRef
Refining Dynamic Risk Stratification and Prognostic Groups for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer With TERT Promoter Mutations
Tae Hyuk Kim, Chang-Seok Ki, Hye Seung Kim, Kyunga Kim, Jun-Ho Choe, Jung-Han Kim, Jee Soo Kim, Young Lyun Oh, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Hye Won Jang, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2017; 102(5): 1757. CrossRef
Comparison of the Seventh and Eighth Editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim, Hye-Seon Oh, Suyeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Tae-Yon Sung, Min Ji Jeon
Thyroid.2017; 27(9): 1149. CrossRef
Growth Kinetics of Macronodular Lung Metastases and Survival in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim, Suyeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Sang Min Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2017; 27(7): 915. CrossRef
Preoperative clinicopathological characteristics of patients with solitary encapsulated follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas
Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim, Dong Eun Song
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Douglas Van Nostrand
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Xingchen Shang, Xia Zhong, Xingsong Tian
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Maria Joana Santos, Maria João Bugalho
Endocrine.2016; 53(3): 754. CrossRef
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Journal of Surgical Oncology.2016; 113(2): 152. CrossRef
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BIN LONG, MENGDI YANG, ZHIWEN YANG, HEQING YI, LINFA LI
Oncology Letters.2016; 11(2): 965. CrossRef
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CUN-ZHI LU, SU-SHENG CAO, WEI WANG, JUN LIU, NING FU, FENG LU
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Mohammad Javed Ali
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Low Prevalence of Somatic TERT Promoter Mutations in Classic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Soyoung Sim, Seonhee Lim, Hyemi Kwon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(1): 100. CrossRef
Dietary evaluation of a low-iodine diet in Korean thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine therapy in an iodine-rich region
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Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(2): 167. CrossRef
Features Predictive of Distant Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas
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Thyroid.2016; 26(1): 161. CrossRef
Alpha lipoic acid inhibits proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer cells
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Seonhee Lim, Hyun-Jeung Choi, Soyoung Sim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2016; 419: 113. CrossRef
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Asians
Bo Hyun Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(1): 62. CrossRef
Sub-Classification of Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Pathologic Criteria
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Yun Mi Choi, Dong Eun Song, Tae-Yon Sung, Jong Ho Yoon, Ki-Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Jin-Sook Ryu, Ji Min Han, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Konradin Metze
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0133625. CrossRef
The Impact of Low Adherence to the Low-iodine Diet on the Efficacy of the Radioactive Iodine Ablation Therapy
Dal Lae Ju, Young Joo Park, Hee-Young Paik, YoonJu Song
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Bo Hyun Kim, Seong-Jang Kim, Keunyoung Kim, Heeyoung Kim, So Jung Kim, Won Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Yong Ki Kim, In Joo Kim
Annals of Nuclear Medicine.2015; 29(8): 721. CrossRef
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Changes in the Pulmonary Function Test after Radioactive Iodine Treatment in Patients with Pulmonary Metastases of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Eun Kyung Jang, Won Gu Kim, Ho-Cheol Kim, Jin-Won Huh, Hyemi Kwon, Yun Mi Choi, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Jin-Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Karen M. Tordjman
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0125114. CrossRef
Negative Expression of CPSF2 Predicts a Poorer Clinical Outcome in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Tae Yon Sung, Mijin Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim, Yangsoon Park, Dong Eun Song, Su-Yeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Yun Mi Choi, Eun Kyung Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Young Kee Shong, Suck Joon Hong, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2015; 25(9): 1020. CrossRef
Thyroglobulin Level in Fine-Needle Aspirates for Preoperative Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Two Different Cutoff Values According to Serum Thyroglobulin Level
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Yun Mi Choi, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Jong Ho Yoon, Ki-Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
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A Closer Look at Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Won Bae Kim
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Protecting the normal in order to better kill the cancer
Bingya Liu, Lewis Ezeogu, Lucas Zellmer, Baofa Yu, Ningzhi Xu, Dezhong Joshua Liao
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Recent Changes in the Clinical Outcome of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Yun Mi Choi, Hyemi Kwon, Dong Eun Song, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ki-Wook Chung, Won Bae Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2015; 100(9): 3470. CrossRef

Four Cases of Malignant Pleural Effusion in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Min Ji Jeon, Ji Hye Yim, Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(4):330-334. Published online December 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.4.330

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma could be a rare cause of malignant pleural effusion. The development of malignant pleural effusion in patients with papillary thyroid cancer is an extremely adverse prognostic indicator. Here, we report four cases that showed development of malignant pleural effusion during the clinical course of the papillary thyroid carcinoma and consider the prognosis. In four patients, the median survival time after the development of malignant pleural effusion was only 17 months.

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Pleural fluid due to papillary thyroid cancer
Tomohiro Tamura, Toshihiro Shiozawa, Hiroaki Satoh, Koichi Kurishima, Katsunori Kagohashi, Norio Takayashiki, Nobuyuki Hizawa
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Outcome and characteristics of patients with malignant pleural effusion from differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Chisato Tomoda, Yuna Ogimi, Fumi Saito, Chie Masaki, Junko Akaishi, Kenichi Matsuzu, Akifumi Suzuki, Takashi Uruno, Keiko Ohkuwa, Hiroshi Shibuya, Wataru Kitagawa, Mitsuji Nagahama, Kiminori Sugino, Koichi Ito
Endocrine Journal.2016; 63(3): 257. CrossRef
A distinctive colour associated with high iodine content in malignant pleural effusion from metastatic papillary thyroid cancer: a case report
Andrew Rosenstengel, Ee Mun Lim, Michael Millward, YC Gary Lee
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2013;[Epub] CrossRef

Comparison of Different Staging Systems for Predicting Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Won Gu Kim, Eui Young Kim, Ji Hye Yim, Ji Min Han, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Jin Sook Ryu, Gyungyub Gong, Suck Joon Hong, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):53-61. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.53

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BACKGROUND
Various staging systems for thyroid cancer that focus on cancer specific death have been suggested, but this approach had a limitation due to the relatively long clinical course and very low rate of cancer death. This study was performed to evaluate the staging systems and to determine the most predictive staging system for predicting recurrence. METHODS: The patients who underwent first total or near total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) at Asan Medical Center between January 1995 and December 2001 were the subjects of this study. The commonly used 8 staging systems were applied to these subjects. Disease free survival (DFS) and the relative importance of each staging system were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, the Cox-proportional hazards model and the proportion of variation in the survival time explained (PVE). RESULTS: A total of 952 patients (M = 117, F = 835) were enrolled and their mean age was 45 years. During a median of 10 years of follow-up, 146 (15.3%) of 952 patients had recurred tumor. The independent prognostic factors were male gender, tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis. Risk stratification according to the American thyroid association (ATA) guideline was the most predictive staging system for recurrence of PTC (PVE 88.6%). The staging systems from EORTC (PVE 79.5%), and MACIS (PVE 68.4%) had significant values for predicting recurrence of PTC. The stage of NTCTCS could not predict recurrence (PVE 4.5%, P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Risk stratification according to the ATA was most predictive staging system for predicting recurrence of PTC. The MACIS and EORTC staging systems have good value for predicting recurrence of PTC.

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Unmet Clinical Needs in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Cancer
Won Bae Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(1): 14. CrossRef
Impact of delayed radioiodine therapy in intermediate‐/high‐risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mijin Kim, Minkyu Han, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, In Joo Kim, Jin‐Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Tae Yong Kim, Bo Hyun Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2019; 91(3): 449. CrossRef
Clinical Value of Lymph Node Ratio Integration with the 8th Edition of the UICC TNM Classification and 2015 ATA Risk Stratification Systems for Recurrence Prediction in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Jandee Lee, Seul Gi Lee, Kwangsoon Kim, Seung Hyuk Yim, Haengrang Ryu, Cho Rok Lee, Sang Wook Kang, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Woong Youn Chung, Young Suk Jo
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical prognostic significance of cancer stem cell markers in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Yoon‑Jong Ryu, Ji‑Young Choe, Kyoungyul Lee, Soon‑Hyun Ahn
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Dynamic Risk Stratification for Predicting Recurrence in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treated Without Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation Therapy
Suyeon Park, Won Gu Kim, Eyun Song, Hye-Seon Oh, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2017; 27(4): 524. CrossRef
Optimal cut-off age in the TNM Staging system of differentiated thyroid cancer: is 55 years better than 45 years?
Mijin Kim, Young Nam Kim, Won Gu Kim, Suyeon Park, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Hyeon Seon Ahn, Sin-Ho Jung, Sun Wook Kim, Won Bae Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Kee Shong, Tae Hyuk Kim, Tae Yong Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 86(3): 438. CrossRef
Sub-Classification of Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Pathologic Criteria
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Yun Mi Choi, Dong Eun Song, Tae-Yon Sung, Jong Ho Yoon, Ki-Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Jin-Sook Ryu, Ji Min Han, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Konradin Metze
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0133625. CrossRef
Recent Changes in the Clinical Outcome of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Yun Mi Choi, Hyemi Kwon, Dong Eun Song, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ki-Wook Chung, Won Bae Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2015; 100(9): 3470. CrossRef
Differentiating the location of cervical lymph node metastasis is very useful for estimating the risk of distant metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim, Ji Min Han, Eun Kyung Jang, Yun Mi Choi, Dong Eun Song, Jong Ho Yoon, Ki-Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2014; 81(4): 593. CrossRef
Influences of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis as Prognostic Factor of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hyun Ju Park, Dong Kun Lee, Ji Won Seo, Myung Koo Kang, Heon Soo Park, Rock Bum Kim, Sung Hwan Suh, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Jong Chul Hong
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2014; 57(5): 320. CrossRef

Postoperative Findings of the Cytological Diagnosis of Follicular Neoplasm or Hurthle Cell Neoplasm and the Risk of Malignancy.: Ji Hye Yim, Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Gyungyup Gong, Suck Joon Hong, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(4):316-320. Published online December 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.4.316

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BACKGROUND
Follicular neoplasm (FN) or Hurthle cell neoplasm (HN) is a less well understood pitfall when evaluating thyroid nodule with fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This study aimed to determine the rates of malignancy and the predictive factors for malignancy in thyroid nodules with a cytological diagnosis of FN or HN. METHODS: The patients who were cytologically diagnosed as having FN or HN after FNA between 1995 and 2004 at Asan Medical Center were included in this study. We collected the pathology data until 2009 and we analyzed the clinical characteristics associated with malignancy. RESULTS: A total 478 patients were cytologically diagnosed as having FN or HN during the study period and 327 (68%) among them underwent thyroid surgery. Thyroid malignancy was confirmed in 157 (48%) of 327 patients. Malignancy was confirmed in 124 patients with FN (124/253, 49%). They were 48 papillary, 65 follicular, 7 Hurthle cell and 3 medullary carcinomas and 1 anaplastic carcinoma. The malignancy in the cases of HN (33/71, 44.6%) was 9 papillary, 4 follicular and 20 Hurthle cell carcinomas. The risk of malignancy was not associated with male gender, a larger tumor size (> 4 cm) or the diagnosis of HN. However, an age below 20 years (RR 3.6, P = 0.03) and above 60 years (RR 2.3, P = 0.04) was associated with an increased risk of malignancy. CONCLUSION: About half of the patients with FN or HN on FNA cytology were diagnosed as having thyroid cancer after surgery. The malignancy rate for the cytologic diagnosis of HN was similar to that for FN. Thyroid surgery should be recommended for this situation, and especially for patients younger than 20 years or older than 60 years.

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Diagnostic Value of Preoperative Serum Thyroglobulin Measurement for the Diagnosis of Malignancy in Follicular or Hürthle Cell Neoplasms of the Thyroid Gland
Nam Kyu Kim, Seong Joo Kang, Weon Hyoung Lee, Go Eun Yeo, You Jin Han, Bu Kyung Kim, Su Kyoung Kwon, Yo-Han Park, Young Sik Choi
Kosin Medical Journal.2014; 29(1): 17. CrossRef
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Follicular Neoplasm: Cytohistologic Correlation and Accuracy
Changyoung Yoo, Hyun Joo Choi, Soyoung Im, Ji Han Jung, Kiouk Min, Chang Suk Kang, Young-Jin Suh
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(1): 61. CrossRef
Predictive Factors of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules with a Cytological Diagnosis of Follicular Neoplasm
Seong Hyeon Lee, Jeong Su Baek, Joo Young Lee, Jung Ah Lim, Soo Youn Cho, Tae Hyun Lee, Yun Hyi Ku, Hong Il Kim, Min Joo Kim
Endocrine Pathology.2013; 24(4): 177. CrossRef
Postoperative Findings of the Cytological Diagnosis of Follicular Neoplasm or Hürthle Cell Neoplasm and Risk of Malignancy
Jung Uee Lee, Minho Shong
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2010; 25(4): 298. CrossRef

Response: Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on Differentiation of Thyroid Cancer Cells.: Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(3):246-247. Published online September 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.3.246

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Factors Influencing Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Tri-Iodothyronine in Athyreotic Individuals during Levothyroxine Replacement.: Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):119-124. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.119

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Tri-iodothyronine (T3) is the main active hormone, and 20% of this is derived from the thyroid gland and 80% is from the peripheral tissue according to 5'-monodeiodination of thyroxine (T4). In the previous studies, normal T3 levels were achieved with traditional levothyroxine (LT4) therapy alone in athyreotic patients, but there has been no data about the factors influencing peripheral conversion of LT4. The aim of this study was to determine the factor(s) influencing peripheral conversion of LT4 to T3 in athyreotic patients during LT4 replacement. METHODS: The patients who underwent total-thyroidectomy for any cause, and mostly for thyroid cancers, at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2008 were enrolled. The free T4, T3 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and the T4 dose were measured. Only patients with normal ranges of free T4 and TSH were included in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were enrolled. The mean T3, free T4 and TSH levels were 143.7 ng/dL, 1.4 ng/dL and 1.6 microU/mL, respectively. The mean weight and BMI were 62.9 kg and 24.6 kg/m2, respectively. We divided them into two groups according to the serum T3 level and we compared the characteristics of the groups. There were no differences in age, the gender distribution, the T4 dose/weight and the BMI between the low T3 group (T3 < or = 122 ng/dL, n = 14) and the normal T3 group (T3 > 122 ng/dL, n = 129). In the low T3 group, the mean body weight was significantly lower than that of the normal T3 group (59.0 +/- 6.0 vs. 63.4 +/- 9.9, respectively, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Lean body mass seems to be an important factor for determining the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in human. This suggest that a combination of T3/T4 is better than T4 only when we treat the patients with hypothyroidism and who have a negligible amount of functioning thyroid tissue, if they have a low lean body mass.

Effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on Differentiation of Thyroid Cancer Cells.: Won Gu Kim, Doo Hee Han, Hyun Jeung Choi, Eui Young Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2010;25(1):28-36. Published online March 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2010.25.1.28

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Induction of re-differentiation is necessary for the proper treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) because cancer cells show de-differentiation in about 30% of these patients. In this study, we evaluated the expression of thyroid specific genes after treatment with various agents to induce re-differentiation in the follicular thyroid cancer cell line FTC-133. METHODS: FTC-133 cells were treated with U0126, LY294002, trichostatin A, retinoic acid (RA), 5'-azacytidine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). We evaluated mRNA expression of thyroid specific genes, thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium iodine symporter (NIS), PAX-8 and TTF-1 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantified expression of Tg mRNA was also evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The expression of Tg mRNA increased after 48 h of treatment with 0.1 uM RA and the expression of Tg mRNA and TTF-1 mRNA increased after 48-72 h of treatment with ALA (10~100 uM). There was no change in thyroid specific gene expression by the other agents. Increased expression of Tg mRNA was confirmed by real-time PCR (1.3 times by 10 uM ALA and 3.6 times by 100 uM ALA). There was no basal NIS mRNA expression in FTC-133 cells and none of the tested agents induced expression of NIS mRNA. There was no change in phosphorylation of AMPK1-alpha after ALA treatment of FTC-133 cells. CONCLUSION: ALA increases mRNA expression of Tg and TTF-1 of FTC-133 thyroid cancer cells and these effects are not mediated by activation of AMP kinase. The finding that ALA could be a potential re-differentiation inducing agent in thyroid cancer cells is novel. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of induction of re-differentiation. Furthermore, the effect of ALA on NIS expression and on iodine uptake should be evaluated using diverse thyroid cancer cell lines.

Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Delta on the Growth and Invasion of a Thyroid Cancer Cell Line.: Won Gu Kim, Hyun Jeung Choi, Eui Young Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Seong Chul Kim, Young Kee Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(1):25-32. Published online March 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.1.25

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is associated with many diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. However, the function of PPAR-delta is controversial in carcinogenesis since its ligands may inhibit or promote the growth of cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of GW501516, the specific agonist of PPAR-delta, in the growth and invasiveness of thyroid cancer cell lines by modulation of the target genes, ANGPTL-4 and MCP-1. METHODS: Three kinds of human cancer cell lines, FRO (thyroid anaplastic carcinoma), NPA (melanoma), and ARO (colon cancer) were treated with GW501516 in serum-free media. Cell viability was assayed using a colorimetric cell counting kit-8 assay. The changes in the level of expression of PPAR-delta and its target genes, angiopoietin-like protein-4 (ANGPTL-4) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), were determined by RT-PCR analysis and invasiveness was assessed by a cell invasion assay kit. RESULTS: GW501516 inhibited the cell growth of cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and modulated the stimulation of ANGPTL-4, as well as inhibition of MCP-1. These effects were more prominent in NPA and ARO, but less effective in the thyroid cancer cell line, which had higher PPAR-delta and lower ANGPTL-4 mRNA levels. The inhibitory effects of GW501516 on cancer invasiveness had a similar pattern. CONCLUSION: The activation of PPAR-delta by GW501516 reduced the cell growth and invasiveness of the thyroid cancer cell line. This effect of GW501516 was associated with a stimulatory effect of ANGPTL4 and an inhibitory effect of MCP-1 in cancer cell lines. GW501516 was less effective in the thyroid cancer cell line, which had a low basal ANGPTL-4 mRNA level. The findings of our study serve as an impetus for further studies to elucidate the precise role of ANGPTL-4 and PPAR-delta in carcinogenesis.

A Case of Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation (CASTLE) in the Thyroid.: Eun Hee Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Eui Young Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Kyung Min Kim, Ji Hye Yim, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Sun A Kim, Gyungyup Gong, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):272-276. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.272

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Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation (CASTLE) is a very rare malignant neoplasm of the thyroid, and this resembles lymphoepithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus. It originates from ectopic thymic tissue or remnants of the branchial pouches. We recently experienced a case of CASTLE in the thyroid gland of a 61-year-old woman. She presented with an asymptomatic mass in the right thyroid gland and she was diagnosed with 'poorly differentiated carcinoma' of the thyroid by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Total thyroidectomy was performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Histologic examination of the resected tumor showed that the tumor was lobulated with expanding fibrous bands, and it was infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. The tumor cells had oval, large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, and the immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD5 and bcl-2, so the patient was diagnosed with thyroid CASTLE. We report here on a case of CASTLE in the thyroid gland treated by surgery and external neck radiation therapy.

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Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation: Case report with cytomorphology, immunocytochemistry, and review of the literature focusing on cytology
Wen‐hao Ren, Kun Dong, Xiao‐zheng Huang, Yan‐li Zhu
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2019; 47(11): 1197. CrossRef
Cytologic Findings of Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymus-like Differentiation: A Case Report
Sunhee Chang, Mee Joo, Hanseong Kim
Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(3): 302. CrossRef

Effects of Simvastatin on the Growth and Invasion of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells Lines.: Hyun Jeung Choi, Tae Yong Kim, Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):238-244. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.238

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1 Citations

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BACKGROUND
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma has grave prognosis with most patient dying within 6 months of diagnosis. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been reported to have an anticancer effect in experimental and clinical studies. In this study, we investigated the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on cell growth, invasiveness, adherence and signal transduction to evaluate the possibility of simvastatin as an agent for treatment of thyroid cancer. METHODS: The viability of simvastatin treated 3 thyroid cancer cell lines (FRO, WRO, and ARO) were determined. We evaluated the cell migration, anchorage-independent growth and invasion ability in anaplastic thyroid cell line. The expression and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regurated kinase (ERK) were determined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: Three thyroid cancer cell lines showed concentration dependent decrease of viability after treatment with 100~200 mM of simvastatin. Anaplastic ARO cell line showed the most predominant decrease in viability. In ARO cell lines, cell migration was decreased by concentration dependent manner after treatment with simvastatin (concentration > or = 5 mM). Anchorage independent colony formation also decreased after simvastatin (> or = 10 mM). Finally, immunoblot analysis revealed that the phosphorylation status of FAK and ERK decreased in time dependent manner following treatment with 10 mM of simvastatin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that simvstatin exerts a favorable effect on the progression and metastasis of thyroid cancer. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the related mechanisms and signal transductions prior to its therapeutic application.

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The Effect of Atorvastatin and Simvastatin on NIS Expression of the TPC-1 Cell under the Therapeutic Blood Concentrations
Tae Kyoon Kim, Hye Sook Jung, Chang Shin Yoon, Jung Hae Ko, Hae Jung Jun, Min Jung Kwon, Sun Hee Lee, Mi Kyung Kim, Jeong Hyun Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2010; 25(3): 192. CrossRef

CAG Repeats in the Androgen Receptor Polymorphism do not Correlate with Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis.: Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jung Min Kim, Yoon Soo Rhee, Hyun Jeung Choi, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(2):117-122. Published online April 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.2.117

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BACKGROUND
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) occurs mostly in males, but no studies have addressed the role of androgen in the disease. Hyperinsulinemia can precipitate acute paralysis in TPP patients. CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR), an X-linked gene, correlate with serum insulin levels. AIM: To evaluate whether CAG repeats in the AR gene might predict the susceptibility to TPP in Korean male Graves' patients. METHODS: We evaluated CAG repeat length in a series of 33 male TPP patients and 48 control patients by direct sequencing of the PCR product of the AR promoter site. Control patients were male Graves' patients without a history of paralysis. RESULTS: The CAG repeat length varied from 15 to 34 (median of 23). The upper quartile of CAG length was equal to or above 26 repeats (long AR). The distribution of long AR was 0.30 in TPP and 0.15 in control patients, respectively (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.92~6.85; P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: AR gene polymorphisms may not confer genetic susceptibility to TPP in Korean male patients with Graves' disease.

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Contributions of CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and androgen profiles to premature pubarche in Korean girls
Min Jae Kang, Jeong Seon Lee, Hwa Young Kim, Hae Woon Jung, Young Ah Lee, Sun Hee Lee, Ji-Young Seo, Jae Hyun Kim, Hye Rim Chung, Se Young Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Endocrine Journal.2017; 64(1): 91. CrossRef
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis and Polymorphisms of the ADRB2, AR, and GABRA3 Genes in Men with Graves Disease
Suyeon Park, Tae Yong Kim, Soyoung Sim, Seonhee Lim, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(1): 142. CrossRef
Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Polymorphism and Effect of Testosterone Therapy in Hypogonadal Men in Korea
Min Joo Kim, Jin Taek Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(3): 225. CrossRef

A Case of Thyroid Microcarcinoma with Multiple Metastases, Including Liver Metastasis.: Sang Jin Lee, Won Gu Kim, Hyung Yong Kim, Hyun Gi Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Youn Suck Koh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(1):50-54. Published online February 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.1.50

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Abstract PDF: A 65-year-old woman presented with a dry cough and multiple various sized nodules in both lungs on chest X-ray. A CT scan showed a 9.5 cm sized hypervascular mass in the liver and a 5.5 cm sized intraabdominal mass. A percutaneous needle biopsy of one of the lung nodules revealed a metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, thyroid ultrasonography was performed, which revealed a 1 cm sized nodule in the right thyroid lobe. Cytology, obtained by ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration, revealed a follicular neoplasm. The tumor cells were weakly positive on galectin-3 immunostaining, which favored a follicular carcinoma. An ultrasonography guided biopsy of the liver and EUS (endoscopic ultrasonography)-guided biopsy of the intraabdominal mass revealed a metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma in the liver and peritoneum. We report a very rare case of a follicular thyroid microcarcinoma, with multiple metastases to the lung, liver and peritoneum.

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